Electrical Systems and Safety

Electrical Systems Protection

Seminar Week-4

Symmetrical Components
SEE 716

Unit Chair: Dr. Nasser Hosseinzadeh

School of Engineering, Deakin University, Australia
 Fundamentals of Symmetrical Components
 Balanced three phase waveform, and its symmetrical components:

(positive sequence only for a balanced three phase waveform):

2
 Fundamentals of Symmetrical Components
 Unbalanced three phase waveform, and its symmetrical components:

3
 Making 3 phase voltages from Symmetrical Components

 Composition of unbalanced three phase voltages from symmetrical components:

4
 Unbalnaced Phasors to Symmetrical Components
 Resolving phase voltages into three sets of sequence components

5
Analysis of a Three-phase System with mutual coupling
This is a model of a three-phase generator with its
internal impedance, with mutual coupling among
the phases. Its terminal is short circuited.
 Considering individual phase-to-neutral loop,
we can write the following equations using KVL
for each loop

-------(1)

 In matrix form: -------(2)

 Expressing in compact form

-------(3)

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 Calculating line currents
 Equation (3) is typical for a three-phase element with mutual
coupling
 It is analogous to “Ohm’s Law” for a single phase network,
when expressed in compact matrix form
-------(4)

 Three-phase current calculation involves inversion of impedance matrix

-------(5)

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 Transformation methods

 It is possible to diagonalise a given non-diagonal

matrix by means of a transformation matrix

 In power systems two transformation matrices

were proposed and popularly used

• First one proposed by C. L. Fortescue in 1918

• Second by Edith Clarke, called Clarke’s transformation or

0-α-β transformation

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Fortescue’s Transformation
 Fortescue’s transformed quantities are popularly called symmetrical
components or sequence components
 Fortescue’s transformation matrix [T] used in power systems

-------(7)

 Complex number ’a’ is referred to as the ‘unit phasor’, with the

following properties:

-------(8)

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The invers of Fortescue’s matrix
 The inverse of the transformation matrix [T] is
given by
-------(9)

 The inverse of [T] is essentially 1/3rd of the conjugate of

the original matrix.
 There are advantages in the transformation matrix being a unitary matrix,
i.e. the inverted matrix should be the transposed conjugate of the original
matrix.

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Clark’s Transformation
 Clarke’s transformation or 0-α-β transformation is given below:

-------(10)

 Although the transformation matrix contains square root but it does

not contain any complex numbers
 This feature is particularly useful for transient analysis in power
systems
 Complex numbers are relevant and useful only when system is under
a sinusoidal steady state condition
 Clarke’s transformation is quite relevant for both steady state and
transient analysis

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Steady-State Analysis with Fortescue’s transformation
 However, Fortescue’s transformation is commonly used for steady state
analysis, as it can diagonalise the impedance matrices but it can not be done
by Clarke’s transformation

-------(11)

 The above impedance matrix commonly occurs in case of steady state

models for rotating electric machines
 Therefore, symmetrical component transformation has become more
popular for steady state analysis
 Clarke’s or 0-α-β transformation is commonly used in transient analysis

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Symmetrical Component Transformation

 Finding sequence quantities from phase quantities

-------(15) -------(16)

 Finding phase quantities from sequence quantities

-------(17)

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Expanding matrix equations
 Equation (17) can be expressed as

-------(18)

 The equation for converting phase quantities to sequence quantities in

matrix and in equation form are shown below

-------(19) -------(20)

 Current quantities can also be expressed similarly

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Physical significance of sequence quantities
 In balanced three-phase system, the negative-sequence
voltage, current and torque will always be zero.
 One of the main objectives of power system operation is
to achieve as close to a balanced condition as possible
 The Zero-sequence values (Va0, Vb0, Vc0) have the same
magnitude and zero relative phase angle.
 The unbalance current flowing into the ground in a Star
connected winding is related to zero sequence value and
zero-sequence current can be shown as
I0 =(1/3) (Ia + Ib + Ic) = (1/3)rd of (ground current)
or unbalanced (ground ) current = 3 x zero-sequence current

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Physical significance of sequence quantities

 Hence the unbalanced current flowing into the ground

is proportional to the zero sequence current.

 In practice Overcurrent Relays are used to detect the

unbalanced current (or ground current) which is
normally called as Earth-fault relay.

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Effects of Symmetrical Components on Impedance matrix
 Note: The primary objective of the transformation matrix is to
diagonalise the impedance matrix
 Ohm’s law for a three-phase mutually-coupled impedance element is
-------(22)

 substituting Vabc and Iabc with the sequence transformation

 Multiplying both sides by [T]-1

-------(23)

where -------(24)

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Effects of Symmetrical Components on Impedance matrix
 Expanding Equation (24)

-------(25)

 Performing matrix multiplication and using the identity (1 + a +a2) =0

-------(26)

It is seen that in the sequence domain, the impedance matrix is

transformed to a diagonal matrix.

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Effects of Symmetrical Components on Impedance matrix

 Therefore the sequence impedances become

• Zero Sequence Impedance (Z0) = Zs + 2Zm

-------(27)
• Positive Sequence Impedance (Z1) = Zs – Zm

• Negative Sequence Impedance (Z2) = Zs – Zm

If Zm = 0, all sequence impedances would be equal to Zs.

Note: These impedance values are obtained for this specific circuit.
However, the transformation technique can generally be applied to
other circuits.

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Summary
 Steps involved in solving a three-phase mutually coupled circuit using
symmetrical components:

1. Establish the Zero, Positive and Negative sequence equivalent

circuits for a given three-phase circuit by inspection
2. Calculate Zero, Positive and Negative sequence impedances for
each branch
3. Establish the sequence component values for known voltages
and currents
4. Solve the individual sequence equivalent circuit for the unknown
quantities using traditional circuit analysis methods
5. Re-convert the quantities (e.g., Node voltage or branch current)
from sequence form to phase form by inverse transform

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Tutorial

 Question 4
The Figure shows a generator that
is short circuited at its terminal.
Consider a balanced source voltage
Ea = 200∠0oV
Zs = (8 + j10)
Eb = 200 ∠-120oV Zm = j4
Ec = 200 ∠120o V

Do the following:
(a) Calculate sequence voltage components;
(b) Calculate the branch impedance into symmetrical components form;
(c) Draw the three sequence networks;
(d) Solve the sequence networks for corresponding currents;
(e) Convert the sequence currents into phase form.

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Solution: 4(a)
 sequence voltage components for the source:

Source voltage is balanced, therefore

Zero sequence voltage: a = 1∠120o a2 = 1∠-120o

E 0 = ( 1 )( E a + E b + E c ) = ( 1 )(200∠0° + 200∠ − 120° + 200∠120°) = 0∠0°V
3 3
Positive sequence voltage:

E 1 = ( 1 )( E a + aE b + a 2 E c )
3
= ( 1 )(200∠0° + 1∠120° × 200∠ − 120° + 1∠ − 120° × 200∠120°) = 200∠0°V
3
Negative sequence voltage:

E 2 = ( 1 )( E a + a 2 E b + aE c )
3
= ( 1 )(200∠0° + 1∠ − 120° × 200∠ − 120° + 1∠120° × 200∠120°) = 0∠0°V
3

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Solution: 4(b)
 For the branch impedance,
Sequence impedance values are calculated as
Zero sequence impedance:
Z 0 = Z s + 2Z m = (8 + j10 + 2(0 + j 4)) = (8 + j18)Ω

Positive sequence impedance:

Z 1 = Z s − Z m = (8 + j10 − j 4)) = (8 + j 6)Ω

Negative sequence impedance:

Z 2 = Z s − Z m = (8 + j10 − j 4)) = (8 + j 6)Ω

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Solution: 4(c)
 Sequence networks Z 0 = (8 + j18)Ω

Sequence network voltage and

impedances were calculated, therefore
sequence networks are E 0 = 0∠0°V

Zero sequence
Z 1 = (8 + j 6)Ω

Z 2 = (8 + j 6)Ω

E 1 = 200∠0°V

Positive sequence
E 2 = 0∠0°V

Negative sequence

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Solution: 4(d)
 Sequence currents in the branch
Zero sequence current:
I 0 = (E 0 / Z 0 ) = 0 A

Positive sequence current:

200∠0° 200∠0°
I 1 = ( E1 / Z 1 ) = = = 20∠ − 36.87° A
8 + j 6 10∠36.87°

Negative sequence current:

I 2 = (E 2 / Z 2 ) = 0 A

As you see, since the system is balanced, I2 and I0 are both zero.

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Solution: 4(e)
 Branch currents in the phase domain
Obtaining phase currents:
 I a  1 1 1 I 0 
I abc = [T ]I 012  b 
 I  = 1 a
2  
a   I 1 
Phase ‘a’ current:  I c  1 a
  a 2   I 2 

I a = ( I 0 + I 1 + I 2 ) = (0∠0° + 20∠ − 36.87° + 0∠0°) = 20∠ − 36.87° A

Phase ‘b’ current:
I b = ( I 0 + a 2 I 1 + aI 2 ) = (0∠0° + 1∠ − 120° × 20∠ − 36.87° + 1∠120° × 0∠0°) = 20∠ − 156.87° A
Phase ‘c’ current:

I c = ( I 0 + aI 1 + a 2 I 2 ) = (0∠0° + 1∠120° × 20∠ − 36.87° + 1∠ − 120° × 0∠0°) = 20∠83.13° A

Phase ‘a’ current is same as positive sequence current. Phase ‘b’ lags phase ‘a’ by 120o
and phase ‘c’ leads phase ‘a’ by 120o (balanced currents).

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Any questions?