CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature/Prior Art Review

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of existing literature and prior art related

to piezoelectric shock power charging. The review focuses on research conducted in the field of

piezoelectric energy harvesting, its applications, and the advancements in materials and devices

used for energy generation from mechanical shocks.

Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting

Piezoelectric materials possess the unique property of generating an electric charge when

subjected to mechanical stress. This phenomenon has been explored extensively in various

research studies for potential applications in energy harvesting (Kaur et al., 2020). By converting

mechanical energy into electrical energy, piezoelectric materials offer a sustainable and efficient

means of generating power.

According to Sezer & Koc (2021), looking for an alternative energy system that may

gather ambient energy due to the global energy crisis and environmental pollutions mostly

caused by growing usage of nonrenewable energy sources. The most common ambient energy

that may be extracted and transformed into functional electric power is mechanical energy.

Compared to electrostatic, electromagnetic, and triboelectric transductions, piezoelectric

transduction has a higher electromechanical coupling factor and piezoelectric coefficient, making

it the most common mechanical energy harvesting technique. Thus, the scientific community is

quite interested in piezoelectric energy harvesting. The creation of piezoelectric generators with

advantageous properties like improved electromechanical coupling factor, piezoelectric

coefficient, flexibility, stretch-ability, and integrate-ability for a variety of applications has been

made possible by developments in micro and nanoscale materials and manufacturing techniques.

In addition, Electrical energy may be produced from oscillatory mechanical energy by

using piezoelectric materials. This technique can serve as the foundation for the energy

harvesting from mechanical motion, together with creative designs for mechanical couplings.

Walking motion may be captured and converted into electrical power using piezoelectric energy.

In the form factor of a boot, four proof-of-concept heel strike units were recently built.

Essentially, each unit is a miniature electric generator that uses piezoelectric components to

transform mechanical action into electrical power (Howells, 2009). This shows that Piezoelectric

energy harvesting is an intriguing, sophisticated, and potentially useful technology (Li & Lee,

2021).

Furthermore, the ability of a material to produce an electric field in response to the

application of mechanical force is the basis of the piezoelectric energy harvesting technology

(Covaci & Gontean, 2020). In the study of Song et. al., (2022), it was found that The quality

factor and half-power bandwidth percentage are used to calculate the energy harvesting

efficiency, and the reliability of the results is confirmed by comparing the simulation and

experimental data. When using the split-width approach to PEH with single-cantilever-beam

(SCB) enduring coupled bending-torsion vibrations, the Up-max1 and Pp-max1 are raised by

25.2% and 57.3%, respectively, under the multi-frequency stimulation. Under the various mass

ratios, the variances of Up-max1 and f0 for PEHDCB fall between 4.9 and 14.2% and 2.2% and

2.5%, respectively, and the measurement reliability is deemed satisfactory when taking into

account the impacts of incomplete clamping, damping, and inevitable assembly effects. When

several frequencies are used to excite environmental vibration, the energy harvesting efficiency
of the PEHDCB that is being described is significantly better than that of the traditional

PEHSCB.

Applications of Piezoelectric Materials

Piezoelectric materials have been utilized in a wide range of applications, including sensors,

actuators, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) (Chandra Sekhar et al., 2022). These

materials have also been explored for use in wearable devices, biomedical implants, and

transportation systems, where energy harvesting can enhance device functionality and autonomy

(Zhang & Zhu, 2021).

The study of Elmannai et. al., (2023) found out that their developed module's average

output voltage is 1.16 V when it has four piezo. When the number of piezo is increased, the

power output increases to 17.2 W. In less than 0.01 seconds, the system can send and store power

wirelessly and maintain a steady power state.

Moreover, Kumar (2015) study stated that electronic equipment nowadays frequently

employs wireless data transfer mechanisms. They require a wire connection to the power source

in order to be powered; otherwise, batteries may be used as the power source. Batteries need to

be charged, changed, and require additional upkeep. Therefore, some substitute techniques must

be created in order to maintain the batteries fully charged and to do so without using any

consumable external energy sources. Piezoelectric components are used in mechanical energy

harvesting, where deformations caused by various processes are immediately transformed to

electrical charge via the piezoelectric effect.

According to Sodano et. al., (2003), The power generated by a piezoelectric device

vibrating is often only a few milliwatts, which is far insufficient for most applications. In order to
assess each transducer's performance and capacity to store electrical power, nickel metal hydride

batteries of different sizes are charged.

Research has shown that piezoelectric shock-induced power charging can be an effective

method of energy harvesting. Elmannai et al. (2023) investigated the conversion of mechanical

shocks into electrical energy using piezoelectric materials. Their study demonstrated the

feasibility of using piezoelectric devices for charging energy storage units.

Advancements in piezoelectric devices have focused on improving energy conversion

efficiency and durability. Quelen et al. (2018) explored the use of synchronous electrical charge

extraction (SECE) and synchronized switch harvesting on inductor (SSHI) techniques to

optimize energy extraction from harmonic excitations. These methods improve the performance

and efficiency of piezoelectric energy harvesters.

While piezoelectric shock power charging shows promise, challenges remain in terms of

optimizing material properties and device designs for maximum energy conversion (Ding et al.,

2019). Future research opportunities include exploring new materials, enhancing device

durability, and expanding applications to various industries.