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On the Wallis Formula

Article in International Journal of Analysis and Applications · May 2015

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Bai-Ni Guo Feng Qi

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 ON THE WALLIS FORMULA

BAI-NI GUO AND FENG QI

Abstract. By virtue of complex methods and tools, the authors express the
famous Wallis formula as a sum involving binomial coefficients, establish the
expansions for sink x and cosk x in terms of cos(mx), find the general formulas
for the derivatives of sink x and cosk x, and recover the general multiple-angle
formulas for sin(kx) and cos(kx), where k ∈ N and m ∈ Z.

1. Introduction
It is well known [8, 9, 17, 19, 24] that
Z π/2 Z π/2 (π
n n (n − 1)!! for n even
In = cos x d x = sin x d x = × 2 (1.1)
0 0 n!! 1 for n odd
for n ∈ N, where n!! denotes a double factorial. Usually we call (1.1) the Wallis
cosine or sine formula, or simply say, the Wallis formula, in the literature. In
mathematical analysis, the Wallis formula (1.1) is derived generally by integrating
by parts and mathematical induction.
The formula (1.1) may also be represented by
√ √
π Γ((n + 1)/2) π Γ((n + 1)/2)
In = = ,
nΓ(n/2) 2 Γ((n + 2)/2)
where Γ(x) stands for the classical Euler gamma function which may defined by
Z ∞
Γ(z) = tz−1 e−t d t, <(z) > 0.
0
The Wallis ratio is defined [42] as
1 Γ n + 21


(2n − 1)!! (2n)!
Wn = = 2n =√ , n ∈ N.
(2n)!! 2 (n!)2 π Γ(n + 1)
It is clear that for n ∈ N
 
2 1 2n
Wn = I2n = 2n (1.2)
π 2 n
and
π
I2n−1 I2n = .
4n
There have existed plenty of literature about bounding the Wallis ratio. See, for
example, [4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 42, 43, 47].
In [19], the Wallis formula (1.1) was generalized as
Z π/2 Z π/2 √
t t π Γ((t + 1)/2)
I(t) = cos x d x = sin x d x = , t ≥ 0.
0 0 2 Γ((t + 2)/2)
See also [28, Section 2.3] and [48, 49].

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 33B10; Secondary 26A06, 26A09, 33B15.
Key words and phrases. Wallis formula; sine; cosine; derivative; multiple-angle formula.
Please cite this article as “Bai-Ni Guo and Feng Qi, On the Wallis formula, International
Journal of Analysis and Applications 8 (2015), no. 1, 30–38.”
1
2 B.-N. GUO AND F. QI

In [2, p. 123], it was claimed that if Im,n is a primitive of sinm x cosn x for
m, n ∈ R, then
sinm+1 x cosn+1 x m+1
Im+2,n = − + Im,n
m+n+2 m+n+2
is a primitive of sinm+2 x cosn x if m + n + 2 6= 0. With the aid of this formula the
formula (1.1) may be recovered.
In [3, 10], by establishing double inequalities for I2n−1 and I2n , the double in-
equality
√ Z √n √
π 2 π
p ≤ √ e−x d x < p
1 + (9π/16 − 1)/n − n 1 − 3/(4n)
was obtained for n ∈ N. As a result, the probability integral
Z ∞ √
2 π
e−x d x =
0 2
was recovered. For more information, please refer to [2, p. 123], [23, 35] and related
references therein.
In [13, 44], among other things, the sequence nIn2 for n ∈ N, which originates
from computation of the probability of intersecting between a plane couple and a
convex body, was proved to be increasing.
For recent developments on the gamma function and the ratios of two gamma
functions, please refer to the papers [11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 22, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 33,
34, 36, 37, 38, 41, 45, 46], the expository and survey articles [28, 29, 39, 40] and
closely related references therein.
The aims of this paper are, by virtue of complex methods and tools, to express
the sequence I2n−1 as a sum involving binomial coefficients and to recover the
identity (1.2). As by-products, the expansions for sink x and cosk x in terms of
cos(mx) for m ∈ Z, the derivatives for sink x and cosk x, and the general multiple-
angle formulas for sin(kx) and cos(kx) are established and recovered.

2. Main results
Now we are in a position to establish and recover our main results and by-
products.
Theorem 2.1. For n ∈ N, we have
2n−1
(−1)n+1 X (−1)k
 
2n − 1
I2n−1 = 2n−1 . (2.1)
2 2n − 2k − 1 k
k=0
√
First proof. Let i = −1 be the imaginary unit. Then for n ∈ N we have
Z π/2  ix 2n−1
e + e−ix
I2n−1 = dx
0 2
Z π/2 2n−1
X 2n − 1
1
= 2n−1 ei`x e−i(2n−1−`)x d x
2 0 `
`=0
2n−1
X 2n − 1 Z π/2

1
= 2n−1 ei(2`−2n+1)x d x
2 ` 0
`=0
2n−1
X 2n − 1
1 1  i(2`−2n+1)π/2 
= 2n−1 e −1
2 ` i(2` − 2n + 1)
`=0
 ON THE WALLIS FORMULA 3

2n−1
X  
1 2n − 1 1
i 1 − ei(2`−2n+1)π/2
 
=
22n−1 ` 2` − 2n + 1
`=0
2n−1 
X 2n − 1 
1 1 (2` − 2n + 1)π
= sin
22n−1 ` 2` − 2n + 1 2
`=0
2n−1 
X 2n − 1 
1 1
= cos[(` − n)π]
22n−1 ` 2` − 2n + 1
`=0
2n−1
X 2n − 1 (−1)`−n
1
= .
22n−1 ` 2` − 2n + 1
`=0

The formula (2.1) follows. 

Second proof. For n ∈ N, we have

Z π/2  ix n
e − e−ix
In = dx
0 2i
Z π/2
1 n
− e−i(x+π/2) d x
 i(x−π/2)
= n e
2 0
Z π/2 X n  
1 n−` n
= n (−1) ei`(x−π/2) e−i(n−`)(x+π/2) d x
2 0 `
`=0
n   Z π/2
1 X n
= n (−1)n−` ei[(2`−n)x−nπ/2] d x
2 ` 0
`=0
n   Z π/2  
1 X
n−` n π
= n (−1) cos (2` − n)x − n d x.
2 ` 0 2
`=0

Therefore, it follows that

2n−1  Z π/2
  
−1 X 2n − 1 π
I2n−1 = (−1)` cos (2` − 2n + 1)x − (2n − 1) dx
22n−1 ` 0 2
`=0
2n−1  Z π/2
(−1)n X

2n − 1
= 2n−1 (−1)` sin[(2` − 2n + 1)x] d x
2 ` 0
`=0
2n−1
(−1)n+1 X
   
` 2n − 1 1 (2` − 2n + 1)π
= 2n−1 (−1) cos −1
2 ` 2` − 2n + 1 2
`=0
2n−1
(−1)n X
 
` 2n − 1 1
= 2n−1 (−1) .
2 ` 2` − 2n + 1
`=0

The proof is completed. 

Corollary 2.1. For ` ∈ N, we have

`  
` 1 X `
cos x = ` cos[(2q − `)x], (2.2)
2 q=0 q
`
(−1)` X
   
` q ` `
sin x = (−1) cos (2q − `)x − π , (2.3)
2` q=0 q 2
4 B.-N. GUO AND F. QI

and
`  
X `
sin[(2q − `)x] = 0, (2.4)
q=0
q
`    
X ` `
(−1)q sin (2q − `)x − π = 0. (2.5)
q=0
q 2

Proof. From the second proof of Theorem 2.1, we conclude that

`   `  
1 1 X ` qix −(`−q)ix 1 X ` (2q−`)ix
cos` x = ` (eix + e−ix )` = ` e e = ` e
2 2 q=0 q 2 q=0 q
`  
1 X `
= {cos[(2q − `)x] + i sin[(2q − `)x]}.
2` q=0 q

Equating the real and imaginary parts in the above equality gives equalities (2.2)
and (2.4).
Similarly, we have
` `
(−1)` X
   
` 1 X `−q ` qix −(`−q)ix q `
sin x = (−1) e e = (−1) e(2q−`)ix
(2i)` q=0 q (2i)` q=0 q
` `
(−1)` −πi`/2 X (−1)` X
   
q ` (2q−`)ix q `
= e (−1) e = (−1) e[(2q−`)x−π`/2]i
2` q=0
q 2 `
q=0
q
`
(−1)` X
     
q ` ` `
= (−1) cos (2q − `)x − π + i sin (2q − `)x − π .
2` q=0 q 2 2

Hence, we obtain equalities (2.3) and (2.5). 

Corollary 2.2. For m, k ∈ N, we have
k  
dm cosk x
 
1 X k m π
= (2q − k) cos m + (2q − k)x , (2.6)
d xm 2k q=0 q 2
k
dm sink x (−1)k X
   
q k m π
= (−1) (2q − k) cos (m − k) + (2q − k)x , (2.7)
d xm 2k q=0 q 2

and
k    
X k π
(2q − k)m sin m + (2q − k)x = 0,
q=0
q 2
k    
X
qk m π
(−1) (2q − k) sin (m − k) + (2q − k)x = 0.
q=0
q 2

Proof. These identities follow from directly differentiating on all the sides of the
identities in Corollary 2.1. 
Remark 2.1. The formulas (2.6) and (2.7) were established and applied in the
paper [32].
Theorem 2.2. For n ∈ N, we have
 
π 2n
I2n = . (2.8)
22n+1 n
 ON THE WALLIS FORMULA 5

First proof. A direct calculation reveals that

Z π/2  ix 2n
e + e−ix
I2n = dx
0 2
Z π/2 X 2n  
1 2n i`x −i(2n−`)x
= 2n e e dx
2 0 `
`=0
2n   Z π/2
1 X 2n
= 2n ei(2`−2n)x d x
2 ` 0
`=0
" n−1 2n
!  Z  #
π/2
1 X X 2n i(2`−2n)x π 2n
= 2n + e dx +
2 ` 0 2 n
`=0 `=n+1
  n−1 2n
!  
π 2n 1 X X 2n 1  i(2`−2n)π/2 
= 2n+1 + 2n + e −1
2 n 2 ` i(2` − 2n)
`=0 `=n+1
  n−1 2n
! 
π 2n 1 X X 2n i
1 − ei(2`−2n)π/2
 
= 2n+1 + 2n +
2 n 2 ` 2` − 2n
`=0 `=n+1
  n−1 2n
! 
π 2n 1 X X 2n 1 2(` − n)π
= 2n+1 + 2n + sin
2 n 2 ` 2(` − n) 2
`=0 `=n+1
 
π 2n
= 2n+1 .
2 n
Consequently, the formula (2.8) is proved. 

Second proof. By virtue of (2.3), it follows that

2n   Z π/2
1 X 2n
I2n = 2n (−1)` cos[(2` − 2n)x − nπ] d x
2 ` 0
`=0
2n   Z π/2
(−1)n X 2n
= 2n (−1)` cos[(2` − 2n)x] d x
2 ` 0
`=0
" n−1 2n
! #
(−1)n
   
n 2n π
X X
` 2n 1 (2` − 2n)π
= 2n (−1) + + (−1) sin
2 n 2 ` 2` − 2n 2
`=0 `=n+1
 
π 2n
= 2n+1 .
2 n
As a result, the formula (2.8) is proved. 
π
Third proof. Letting ` = 2n and integrating from 0 to 2 on both sides of (2.2)
arrive at the formula (2.8). 

Remark 2.2. In [2, p. 100], the formula (2.8) was proved alternatively.

3. General multiple-angle formulas for sine and cosine

√
Let i = −1 be the imaginary unit. Then


 i, k = 1 + 4`,

−1, k = 2 + 4`,
ik =


 −i, k = 3 + 4`,
1, k = 4 + 4`,

6 B.-N. GUO AND F. QI

where k ∈ N and ` ≥ 0. The quantity ik may also be computed by

 1−(−1)k 
1 1−(−1)k
ik = (−1) 2 k− 2 i 2
and
kπ kπ
ik = ekπi/2 = cos + i sin .
2 2
It is well known [1, p. 72] that the first few multiple-angle formulas are
sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x,
cos(2x) = cos x − sin2 x = 2 cos2 x − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 x,
2
   
3 π π
sin(3x) = 3 sin x − 4 sin x = 4 sin x sin + x sin −x ,
3 3
   
3 π π
cos(3x) = 4 cos x − 3 cos x = 4 cos x cos + x cos −x ,
3 3
sin(4x) = 8 cos3 x sin x − 4 cos x sin x, cos(4x) = 8 cos4 x − 8 cos2 x + 1.
Theorem 3.1. For k ≥ 2, the general multiple-angle formulas for the sine and
cosine functions are
k  
X k `π
sin(kx) = sin sin` x cosk−` x
` 2
`=0

and
k  
X k `π
cos(kx) = cos sin` x cosk−` x.
` 2
`=0

Proof. By the formula

ekxi = cos(kx) + i sin(kx),
we have

k
ekxi = exi = (cos x + i sin x)k
k  
X k ` `
= i sin x cosk−` x
`
`=0
k   
X k `π `π
= cos + i sin sin` x cosk−` x
` 2 2
`=0
k   k  
X k `π X k `π
= cos sin` x cosk−` x + i sin sin` x cosk−` x.
` 2 ` 2
`=0 `=0

Further equating the real and imaginary parts yields the required general multiple-
angle formulas for the sine and cosine functions. The proof of Theorem 3.1 is
complete. 

Corollary 3.1. For k ≥ 2, we have

b(k−1)/2c  
X k (2` + 1)π
sin(kx) = sin sin2`+1 x cosk−2`−1 x
2` + 1 2
`=0
b(k−1)/2c  
X k
= (−1)` sin2`+1 x cosk−2`−1 x
2` + 1
`=0
 ON THE WALLIS FORMULA 7

and
bk/2c  
X k
cos(kx) = cos(`π) sin2` x cosk−2` x
2`
`=0
bk/2c  
X k
= (−1)` sin2` x cosk−2` x,
2`
`=0
where bxc is called as the floor function which expresses the biggest integer not more
than x.

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(Guo) School of Mathematics and Informatics, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo

City, Henan Province, 454010, China
E-mail address: [email protected], [email protected]
URL: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bai-Ni_Guo/

(Qi) College of Mathematics, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao

City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 028043, China; Department of Mathematics,
College of Science, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin City, 300387, China
E-mail address: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
URL: http://qifeng618.wordpress.com

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