Energy efficiency in architecture: Strategies and technologies

Tosin Michael Olatunde 1, *, Azubuike Chukwudi Okwandu 2, Dorcas Oluwajuwonlo Akande 3 and Zamathula
Queen Sikhakhane 4
1 Department of Electrical Power and Energy Systems (with Advanced Practice), Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.
2 Arkifill Resources Limited, Portharcourt, Rivers State Nigeria.
3 Principal Civil Engineer, Lagos State Building Control Agency (LASBCA), Lagos State Government, Alausa Secretariat,

Ikeja, Nigeria.
4 Independent Researcher, Durban, South Africa.

Open Access Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2024, 07(02), 031–041

Publication history: Received on 25 February 2024; revised on 07 April 2024; accepted on 09 April 2024

Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.53022/oarjms.2024.7.2.0024

Abstract
Energy efficiency in architecture is a critical consideration in the design and construction of buildings, aiming to reduce
energy consumption and minimize environmental impact. This abstract explores various strategies and technologies
that can be implemented to enhance energy efficiency in architecture. The importance of energy efficiency in
architecture lies in its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, lower energy costs, and create healthier indoor
environments. Achieving energy efficiency in architecture involves a combination of passive design strategies, such as
orientation, shading, and natural ventilation, as well as active technologies, including high-performance insulation,
energy-efficient lighting, and renewable energy systems. Passive design strategies are fundamental to energy-efficient
architecture, utilizing the natural elements of sunlight, shade, and airflow to minimize the need for mechanical heating,
cooling, and lighting. Proper building orientation, effective shading devices, and strategic placement of windows and
openings can maximize natural light and ventilation, reducing the reliance on artificial lighting and mechanical
ventilation systems. In addition to passive design strategies, active technologies play a crucial role in enhancing energy
efficiency in architecture. High-performance insulation materials, such as aerogel and vacuum insulation panels, can
significantly reduce heat loss and gain through building envelopes, improving thermal comfort and reducing energy
consumption. Energy-efficient lighting systems, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and daylight harvesting systems,
can reduce electricity usage for lighting, while renewable energy systems, such as solar photovoltaic panels and wind
turbines, can generate clean energy on-site, further reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Overall, energy efficiency in
architecture requires a holistic approach that considers both passive design strategies and active technologies. By
incorporating these strategies and technologies into building design and construction, architects and designers can
create buildings that are not only environmentally sustainable but also comfortable, healthy, and cost-effective for
occupants.

Keywords: Energy; Efficiency; Architecture; Strategies; Technologies

1. Introduction
Energy efficiency in architecture has become increasingly important in recent years, as the construction and operation
of buildings account for a significant portion of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (Mostafavi,
Tahsildoost & Zomorodian, 2021, Prada, et. al., 2020). Architects and designers are now tasked with creating buildings
that not only meet the functional and aesthetic needs of occupants but also minimize energy usage and environmental
impact. This introduction provides an overview of the importance of energy efficiency in architecture and highlights
key strategies and technologies used to achieve it.

* Corresponding author: Tosin Michael Olatunde

Copyright © 2024 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0.
 Open Access Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2024, 07(02), 031–041

Energy efficiency in architecture is crucial for several reasons (Odilibe, et. al., 2024, Röck, et. al., 2020). Firstly, buildings
are major consumers of energy, accounting for approximately 40% of total energy consumption worldwide. By
improving energy efficiency in buildings, we can significantly reduce energy consumption and mitigate the
environmental impact of energy production, including greenhouse gas emissions and resource depletion.

Secondly, energy-efficient buildings offer numerous benefits to occupants. They provide a more comfortable indoor
environment with stable temperatures, improved air quality, and better natural light, enhancing the health,
productivity, and well-being of occupants. Additionally, energy-efficient buildings can result in lower energy bills for
occupants, reducing the cost of living and improving affordability (Moeller & Bauer, 2022, Ogugua, et. al., 2024).

Achieving energy efficiency in architecture involves a combination of passive design strategies and active technologies.
Passive design strategies focus on using natural elements such as sunlight, shade, and airflow to reduce the need for
mechanical heating, cooling, and lighting. These strategies include building orientation, effective shading, natural
ventilation, and the use of thermal mass (Mukhtar, Yusoff & Ng, 2019, Yaman, 2021). Active technologies, on the other
hand, utilize mechanical systems to enhance energy efficiency. These technologies include high-performance insulation,
energy-efficient lighting, and renewable energy systems such as solar photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, and
geothermal systems. Integrating passive design strategies with active technologies can further enhance energy
efficiency and reduce overall energy consumption in buildings (Chel & Kaushik, 2018, Okoduwa, et. al., 2024).

Overall, energy efficiency in architecture is essential for reducing energy consumption, mitigating environmental
impact, and improving the comfort, health, and affordability of buildings (Omaghomi, et. al., 2024, Šujanová, et. al.,
2019). By incorporating energy-efficient strategies and technologies into building design and construction, architects
and designers can create buildings that are not only environmentally sustainable but also functional, comfortable, and
cost-effective for occupants.

2. Historical Perspective
Energy efficiency in architecture is not a new concept but has evolved over centuries in response to various societal,
technological, and environmental factors (Chen, et. al., 2021, Omaghomi, et. al., 2024). This article explores the historical
perspectives of energy efficiency in architecture, tracing the development of strategies and technologies from ancient
times to the modern era. The concept of energy efficiency in architecture can be traced back to ancient civilizations,
where passive design strategies were used to optimize natural resources for heating, cooling, and lighting (Hegazi,
Shalaby & Mohamed, 2021, Ozarisoy & Altan, 2021). In ancient Egypt, for example, buildings were oriented to maximize
sunlight exposure in winter and minimize it in summer, providing natural heating and cooling. Similarly, in ancient
Rome, the use of thermal mass and passive solar design principles helped maintain comfortable indoor temperatures
in buildings such as the Roman baths.

During the medieval period, vernacular architecture emerged as a response to local climatic conditions and available
resources. Vernacular buildings were designed using locally sourced materials and traditional construction techniques
to optimize energy efficiency (Stanimirovic, et. al., 2023, Umoh, et. al., 2024). For example, in hot and arid regions,
buildings were constructed with thick walls and small windows to reduce heat gain, while in colder climates, buildings
featured south-facing windows and insulated roofs to maximize solar heat gain. The industrial revolution brought about
significant technological advancements that revolutionized energy use in architecture (Ajiga, et. al., 2024,
Munirathinam, 2020). The development of steam power and later, electricity, enabled the widespread adoption of
mechanical heating, cooling, and lighting systems. However, these advancements also led to increased energy
consumption and environmental impact, prompting a renewed focus on energy efficiency in architecture. In the 20th
century, the modernist movement in architecture embraced technological innovation and efficiency (Akomolafe, et. al.,
2024, Konda & Shah, 2021). Architects such as Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius emphasized the use of new materials
and construction techniques to create efficient, functional, and affordable buildings. The modernist movement also
introduced the concept of "form follows function," emphasizing the importance of designing buildings that are efficient
and responsive to their environment.

The energy crisis of the 1970s sparked renewed interest in energy efficiency in architecture. The sustainability
movement gained momentum, leading to the development of energy-efficient building standards and certifications,
such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design). Architects began incorporating passive solar design,
high-performance insulation, and energy-efficient lighting systems into their designs to reduce energy consumption and
environmental impact. In the 21st century, sustainable design and green building practices have become mainstream
in architecture (Anyanwu, et. al., 2024, Poon, 2021). Buildings are now designed to be energy-efficient, environmentally
friendly, and socially responsible. Advanced technologies, such as smart building systems, building-integrated

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photovoltaics, and passive ventilation systems, are used to create high-performance buildings that minimize energy
consumption and maximize occupant comfort. In conclusion, the historical perspectives of energy efficiency in
architecture highlight the evolution of strategies and technologies to optimize energy use in buildings (Atadoga, et. al.,
2024, Economidou, et. al., 2020). From ancient passive design strategies to modern sustainable practices, architects
have continuously innovated to create buildings that are efficient, comfortable, and environmentally friendly.

3. Passive Design Strategies

Passive design strategies are an integral part of creating energy-efficient buildings (Ayinla, et. al., 2024, Elaouzy & El
Fadar, 2022). These strategies utilize the natural elements of sunlight, shade, and airflow to reduce the need for
mechanical heating, cooling, and lighting, thereby minimizing energy consumption and environmental impact. This
article explores four key passive design strategies: building orientation, shading and sun control, natural ventilation,
and thermal mass, highlighting their importance and implementation in energy-efficient architecture.

Building orientation plays a crucial role in passive design, as it determines the building's exposure to the sun and
prevailing winds (Ayinla, et. al., 2024, Borys, et. al., 2019). Proper building orientation can maximize solar heat gain in
winter and minimize it in summer, reducing the need for mechanical heating and cooling. In the northern hemisphere,
buildings should be oriented with the long axis facing south to maximize solar heat gain in winter, while in the southern
hemisphere, the reverse is true. Additionally, strategic placement of windows and openings can further enhance natural
light and ventilation, reducing the need for artificial lighting and mechanical ventilation. Effective shading and sun
control are essential for reducing solar heat gain in buildings. External shading devices, such as overhangs, fins, and
louvers, can block direct sunlight from entering the building, reducing the need for air conditioning (Chinyere, Anyanwu
& Innocent, 2023, Heidari, Taghipour & Yarmahmoodi, 2021). Internal shading devices, such as blinds, curtains, and
shades, can also be used to control sunlight and reduce glare. The use of reflective materials on roofs and walls can
further reduce heat gain and improve thermal comfort.

Natural ventilation utilizes the movement of air through a building to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures and
improve indoor air quality (Ahmed, Kumar & Mottet, 2021, Dada, et. al., 2024). Designing buildings with operable
windows, vents, and skylights allows for the natural flow of air, reducing the need for mechanical ventilation. Cross-
ventilation, where air enters and exits a building from opposite sides, can be particularly effective in maximizing airflow
and cooling. Thermal mass refers to the ability of a material to store and release heat. Materials with high thermal mass,
such as concrete, brick, and stone, can absorb excess heat during the day and release it at night, helping to stabilize
indoor temperatures (Dada, et. al., 2024, Faraj, et. al., 2021). Integrating thermal mass into the building's structure, such
as in walls, floors, and ceilings, can reduce temperature fluctuations and the need for mechanical heating and cooling.

In conclusion, passive design strategies are essential for achieving energy efficiency in architecture (Albayyaa, Hagare
& Saha, 2019, Dozie, et. al., 2024). By incorporating these strategies into building design and construction, architects
and designers can create buildings that are not only environmentally sustainable but also comfortable, healthy, and
cost-effective for occupants.

4. Active Technologies
In addition to passive design strategies, active technologies play a crucial role in enhancing energy efficiency in
architecture (Cabeza & Chàfer, 2020, Emeka-Okoli, et. al., 2024). These technologies utilize mechanical systems to
reduce energy consumption and minimize environmental impact. This article explores three key active technologies:
high-performance insulation, energy-efficient lighting, and renewable energy systems, including solar photovoltaic
panels, wind turbines, and geothermal systems, highlighting their importance and implementation in energy-efficient
architecture.

High-performance insulation is essential for reducing heat transfer through the building envelope, minimizing the need
for mechanical heating and cooling (Emeka-Okoli, et. al., 2024, Zhang, Xiao & Wang, 2021). Insulation materials with
high thermal resistance, such as foam boards, fiberglass, and cellulose, can significantly improve the thermal
performance of a building. Proper installation and sealing of insulation materials are critical to preventing air leaks and
maximizing energy efficiency. Energy-efficient lighting plays a significant role in reducing electricity consumption in
buildings. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are more energy-efficient than
traditional incandescent bulbs, consuming less electricity and lasting longer (Emeka-Okoli, et. al., 2024, Wei, 2018).
Additionally, daylight harvesting systems, such as sensors and dimmers, can automatically adjust lighting levels based
on natural light availability, further reducing energy consumption.

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Renewable energy systems harness natural resources, such as sunlight, wind, and heat from the earth, to generate clean
energy on-site (Emeka-Okoli, et. al., 2024, Wang, et. al., 2023). These systems can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels
and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Three key renewable energy systems used in architecture are: Solar
photovoltaic (PV) panels convert sunlight into electricity, providing a sustainable and renewable source of power for
buildings. PV panels can be integrated into building facades, roofs, or ground-mounted systems, depending on the
available space and sunlight exposure (Emeka-Okoli, et. al., 2024, Wu, et. al., 2022). Wind turbines use wind energy to
generate electricity, offering a renewable source of power for buildings located in windy areas. Small-scale wind
turbines can be installed on rooftops or in open areas to supplement the building's energy needs (Esmailnejad, 2021,
Ibeh, et. al., 2024, Shahbazi, Kouravand & Hassan-Beygi, 2023). Geothermal systems utilize heat from the earth to
provide heating, cooling, and hot water for buildings. Ground-source heat pumps are the most common type of
geothermal system, circulating fluid through underground pipes to extract heat in winter and reject heat in summer.

In conclusion, active technologies play a crucial role in enhancing energy efficiency in architecture (Economidou, et. al.,
2020, Ibekwe, et. al., 2024). By incorporating high-performance insulation, energy-efficient lighting, and renewable
energy systems into building design and construction, architects and designers can create buildings that are not only
environmentally sustainable but also comfortable, healthy, and cost-effective for occupants.

5. Integration of Passive and Active Strategies

Achieving energy efficiency in architecture often requires a combination of passive design strategies and active
technologies (Ibekwe, et. al., 2024, Yaman, 2021). Passive design strategies utilize natural elements such as sunlight,
shade, and airflow to reduce energy consumption, while active technologies employ mechanical systems to further
enhance energy efficiency. This article explores the synergy between passive and active design strategies and presents
case studies illustrating successful integration in energy-efficient architecture.

The integration of passive and active design strategies can result in synergistic benefits that maximize energy efficiency
and occupant comfort. Passive design strategies, such as building orientation, shading, and natural ventilation, can help
reduce the building's overall energy demand (Bosu, et. al., 2023, Cillari, Fantozzi & Franco, 2021, Huang, et. al., 2022).
Active technologies, such as high-performance insulation, energy-efficient lighting, and renewable energy systems, can
then be used to further reduce energy consumption and provide supplemental energy needs. For example, passive solar
design principles can be used to maximize solar heat gain in winter, reducing the need for mechanical heating. Active
technologies, such as solar photovoltaic panels, can then be used to generate electricity from sunlight to power lighting,
appliances, and other electrical systems, further reducing energy consumption and reliance on the grid. The Edge is a
prime example of successful integration of passive and active design strategies. The building features a smart facade
with integrated solar panels that generate electricity and regulate natural light (Ilojianya, V et. al., 2024, Lam, et. al.,
2021, Vermesan, et. al., 2022). Additionally, the building incorporates high-performance insulation, energy-efficient
lighting, and a rainwater harvesting system, further enhancing its energy efficiency. 2. One Central Park, Sydney,
Australia: One Central Park integrates passive design strategies such as green walls and natural ventilation with active
technologies such as photovoltaic panels and wind turbines. The building's green walls not only provide shade and
improve air quality but also contribute to the overall aesthetics of the building.

The Crystal showcases the integration of passive and active design strategies to achieve high levels of energy efficiency
(Majemite, et. al., 2024, Satola, et. al., 2022). The building features a high-performance envelope, efficient lighting
systems, and renewable energy systems such as solar panels and ground-source heat pumps. The integration of these
strategies has helped the building achieve several sustainability certifications, including LEED Platinum and BREEAM
Outstanding. In conclusion, the integration of passive and active design strategies is essential for achieving energy
efficiency in architecture (Matos, Delgado & Guimarães, 2022, Yaman, 2021). By combining these strategies, architects
and designers can create buildings that are not only environmentally sustainable but also comfortable, healthy, and
cost-effective for occupants.

6. Benefits of Energy Efficiency in Architecture

Energy efficiency in architecture offers a wide range of benefits, ranging from environmental and economic advantages
to improved health and well-being for occupants (Obijuru, et. al., 2024, Šujanová, et. al., 2019). This article explores
these benefits in detail, highlighting the importance of energy efficiency in creating sustainable and comfortable built
environments. Energy-efficient buildings consume less energy, resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions from
energy production. This helps mitigate climate change and reduce the building sector's overall environmental impact.

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By reducing energy consumption, energy-efficient buildings help conserve natural resources such as fossil fuels, water,
and raw materials used in energy production and building materials (Abatan, et. al., 2024, Rathnam & Ram, 2022).
Energy-efficient buildings contribute to the preservation of ecosystems by reducing the demand for energy-intensive
activities such as mining, drilling, and deforestation. Energy-efficient buildings consume less energy, resulting in lower
utility bills for occupants and building owners. This can lead to significant cost savings over the life of the building.
Energy-efficient buildings are often more attractive to buyers and tenants due to lower operating costs and improved
comfort (Adekanmbi, et. al., 2024, März, Stelk & Stelzer, 2022). This can lead to increased property value and higher
rental or resale prices. The development and implementation of energy-efficient technologies and practices can create
new job opportunities in sectors such as construction, manufacturing, and renewable energy. Energy-efficient buildings
are designed to provide adequate ventilation and reduce indoor pollutants, resulting in improved indoor air quality and
better respiratory health for occupants.

Energy-efficient buildings are designed to maintain stable indoor temperatures, providing occupants with greater
thermal comfort and reducing the risk of temperature-related health issues (Abatan, et. al., 2024, Rumpca, 2022).
Energy-efficient buildings often feature soundproofing materials and construction techniques, reducing noise pollution
and improving the overall comfort and well-being of occupants. In conclusion, the benefits of energy efficiency in
architecture are manifold, encompassing environmental, economic, and health-related advantages. By prioritizing
energy efficiency in building design and construction, architects and designers can create sustainable, cost-effective,
and healthy built environments for present and future generations (Adekanmbi, et. al., 2024, Adeleye, et. al., 2024, Ajiga,
et. al., 2024).

7. Challenges and Considerations

Energy efficiency in architecture offers numerous benefits, but it also presents several challenges and considerations
that need to be addressed (Belussi, et. al., 2019, Nwokediegwu, et. al., 2024). This article explores these challenges,
including the initial cost vs. long-term savings, maintenance and operation considerations, and regulatory and policy
challenges, highlighting the importance of overcoming these obstacles to achieve sustainable and energy-efficient
buildings.One of the primary challenges of energy efficiency in architecture is the perceived higher initial cost compared
to traditional building methods. Energy-efficient materials, technologies, and design strategies often require a higher
upfront investment, which can deter developers and building owners from pursuing energy-efficient solutions
(Decuypere, et. al., 2022, Nwokediegwu, et. al., 2024). However, it is essential to consider the long-term savings
associated with energy-efficient buildings. While the initial cost may be higher, energy-efficient buildings typically have
lower operating costs due to reduced energy consumption. Over time, the savings on utility bills can offset the initial
investment, making energy-efficient buildings more cost-effective in the long run. Energy-efficient buildings require
careful maintenance and operation to ensure optimal performance. (Belussi, et. al., 2019, Nwokediegwu, et. al., 2024)
For example, proper maintenance of mechanical systems, such as HVAC systems and lighting controls, is essential to
maintain energy efficiency. Inadequate maintenance can lead to system failures and increased energy consumption.
Additionally, occupants play a crucial role in the energy efficiency of a building. Educating occupants about energy-
saving practices, such as turning off lights when not in use and using appliances efficiently, can help reduce energy
consumption and improve the overall efficiency of the building.

Regulatory and policy challenges can also hinder the adoption of energy efficiency in architecture (Economidou, et. al.,
2020, Nwokediegwu, et. al., 2024). Building codes and regulations vary by region and can sometimes be complex and
restrictive, making it challenging to implement energy-efficient design strategies and technologies. Furthermore, the
lack of incentives and financial support for energy-efficient building projects can be a significant barrier. Governments
and policymakers play a crucial role in promoting energy efficiency by providing incentives, such as tax credits and
rebates, and setting ambitious energy efficiency targets.

In conclusion, while there are challenges associated with energy efficiency in architecture, these challenges can be
overcome through proper planning, education, and policy support. By addressing these challenges, architects, designers,
and policymakers can work together to create sustainable and energy-efficient buildings that benefit both the
environment and society.

8. Future Trends and Innovations

As the demand for sustainable and energy-efficient buildings continues to grow, architects and designers are exploring
new trends and innovations to enhance energy efficiency in architecture (Gan, et. al., 2020, Nwokediegwu & Ugwuanyi,
2024). This article explores three key future trends and innovations: smart building technologies, net-zero energy

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buildings, and advancements in materials and construction techniques, highlighting their potential to transform the
field of energy efficiency in architecture. Smart building technologies are revolutionizing the way buildings are designed,
constructed, and operated. These technologies utilize sensors, automation, and data analytics to optimize building
performance and energy efficiency.

BEMS monitor and control building systems, such as HVAC, lighting, and security, to optimize energy use and reduce
waste (Al-Ghaili, et. al., 2021, Mariano-Hernández, et. al., 2021). These systems can automatically adjust settings based
on occupancy, weather conditions, and energy prices, maximizing energy efficiency. IoT devices, such as smart
thermostats and occupancy sensors, can collect data on building performance and occupant behavior, allowing for more
precise control and optimization of energy use. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns and
trends, helping optimize building operations for maximum energy efficiency. Net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) are
designed to produce as much energy as they consume over the course of a year, resulting in a net-zero energy balance
(D'Agostino, et. al., 2022, Nwokediegwu, et. al., 2024). These buildings typically incorporate passive design strategies,
high-performance insulation, energy-efficient lighting, and renewable energy systems to achieve net-zero energy status.
NZEBs are a key trend in energy efficiency in architecture, representing a shift towards more sustainable and self-
sufficient buildings.

Advancements in materials and construction techniques are also driving innovation in energy efficiency in architecture
(Nwokediegwu, et. al., 2024, Teng, et. al., 2021). New materials, such as aerogel insulation and phase change materials,
offer improved thermal performance and energy efficiency compared to traditional materials. Additionally,
prefabrication and modular construction techniques can reduce waste and energy consumption during the construction
process. In conclusion, future trends and innovations in energy efficiency in architecture are focused on leveraging
technology, design, and materials to create more sustainable and energy-efficient buildings. By embracing these trends,
architects and designers can play a crucial role in shaping a more sustainable future for the built environment.

9. Conclusion
Energy efficiency in architecture is a critical component of sustainable building design, offering numerous benefits for
both the environment and building occupants. This article has explored various strategies and technologies for
achieving energy efficiency in architecture, highlighting their importance and potential impact.

Key points discussed include the integration of passive design strategies and active technologies to maximize energy
efficiency, the environmental, economic, and health benefits of energy efficiency, and the challenges and considerations
that need to be addressed. Passive design strategies, such as building orientation, shading, natural ventilation, and
thermal mass, can reduce energy consumption by utilizing natural elements. Active technologies, including high-
performance insulation, energy-efficient lighting, and renewable energy systems, further enhance energy efficiency in
buildings. The integration of passive and active strategies can result in synergistic benefits that maximize energy
efficiency and occupant comfort. Energy efficiency in architecture offers environmental benefits, such as reduced
greenhouse gas emissions and conservation of natural resources, as well as economic benefits, including lower energy
costs and increased property value. Challenges such as the initial cost vs. long-term savings, maintenance and operation
considerations, and regulatory and policy challenges need to be addressed to promote energy efficiency in architecture.

It is essential for architects, designers, policymakers, and building owners to collaborate and take action to implement
energy-efficient strategies and technologies in architecture. By prioritizing energy efficiency in building design and
construction, we can create sustainable, comfortable, and healthy built environments that benefit both people and the
planet. In conclusion, energy efficiency in architecture is not just a goal but a necessity. By embracing energy-efficient
strategies and technologies, we can pave the way for a more sustainable future and ensure the well-being of current and
future generations.

Compliance with ethical standards

Disclosure of conflict of interest

No conflict of interest to be disclosed.

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