TOPIC I

ELECTRICITY

A. LEARNING OUTCOME OF THE TOPIC

Code Learning Outcome of the topic

L1 The students are able to listen and speak about electricity based on the videos
given.
L2 The students are able to read and answer questions regarding electricity based on
the passage given.
L3 The students are able to mention the tips of writing letters, the forms of letters and
kinds of letters.
L4 The students are able to write friendly letters and social notes.

B. DESCRIPTION
The chapter discusses about how to listen and speak about electricity based on
the videos given. It also discusses about how to read and answer the questions
regarding electricity based on the passage given. Next. It discusses the tips of writing
letters, forms of letters, and kinds of letters. Finally, it discusses about how to write
friendly letters and social notes.

C. TEACHING AND LEARNING MATERIAL

1. LISTENING AND SPEAKING SECTIONS
Listen to the videos and talk something about them!
Video 1: Electricity 1 https://www.youtube.com/live/YLgNrNe3HnU?feature=share
Video 2: Electricity 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bjx8HpmEkR0

2. READING SECTION
Read the passage and answer the questions.

ELECTRICITY
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence
and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related
to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described
by Maxwell's equations. Various common phenomena are related to electricity,
including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many
others.
The presence of an electric charge, which can be either positive or negative,
produces an electric field. The movement of electric charges is an electric current and
produces a magnetic field.
When a charge is placed in a location with a non-zero electric field, a force
will act on it. The magnitude of this force is given by Coulomb's law. If the charge
moves, the electric field would be doing work on the electric charge. Thus we can
speak of electric potential at a certain point in space, which is equal to the work done
by an external agent in carrying a unit of positive charge from an arbitrarily chosen
reference point to that point without any acceleration and is typically measured
in volts.
Electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies, being used for:
 electric power
Here the electricity deals with electric current which is used to energize
equipment
 electronics
Here the electricity deals with electrical circuits which involve active electrical
components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits,
and associated passive interconnection technologies.

Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though progress in

theoretical understanding remained slow until the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. The theory of electromagnetism was developed in the 19th century, and by
the end of that century electricity was being put to industrial and residential use
by electrical engineers. The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time
transformed industry and society, becoming a driving force for the Second Industrial
Revolution. Electricity's extraordinary versatility means it can be put to an almost
limitless set of applications which include the transport, heating, lighting
communications, and computation. Electrical power is now the backbone of modern
industrial society.
Answer the following questions based on the passage above.
1) What is electricity?
2) What are various common phenomena which are related to electricity?
3) What can be produced by electric field?
4) When a charge is placed in a location with a non-zero electric field, what will
act on it?
5) Why do you say that electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies?

3. WRITING SECTION
Writing Letters
Almost everybody needs to write letters for one or more purposes---a son
sends a letter to his parents in hometown asking for some money, a businessman in
New York writes a business letter to his partner in Indonesia and so on. Therefore,
whatever is the subject that a student majors in, he or she should study how to write a
letter, i.e., how to write friendly letters, social notes and business letters.

Four Tips on Writing Letters

No Matter what kind of letter you write, you should remember to do these
things:
1. Make your letter clear
Remember that when your letter is read, you will not be there to explain what
you mean. In order not to leave out important details in a business letter, plan what
you are going to say and how you are going to say it. Furthermore, if you will think
about what you are going to say before you write a friendly letter, then you can avoid
many careless errors that often interfere with clarity.
2. Write an attractive letter
Take pride in the appearance of your letter. A letter represents you. If you send
a neat and clearly written letter, the receiver will respect you as a considerate person.
On the other hand, if you mail a messy letter, then your reader’s opinion will drop
accordingly. Especially is this true in the business world. Many times a businessman
receives letters from people whom he has never met and never will meet. The writer is
judged entirely by his letter. If a businessman receives a messy, illegible letter, he
naturally assumes that the writer either doesn’t know any better or doesn’t care
enough to take the time to make the letter readable and attractive.
3. Use correct English punctuation, and spelling
A letter filled with errors in writing will not only lead the reader to believe that
you are uneducated but will also mar the clear expression of your ideas. Run-on
sentences, mistakes in usage like “he done” or “for Joe and I,” and misspelled words
like “dosen’t” or “truble” will never make a good impression upon your reader.
4. Be yourself
Above all else, be natural. Don’t make your letters sound like an English
teacher or a clever friend of yours. Moreover, don’t be a slavish imitator of models of
letters in textbooks. Originality is always better than imitation. There are few better
ways of reflecting your personality than a letter written by you, in your own style,
saying what you want to say.

FORM (LAYOUT) OF A LETTER

Letter Head
(Sender’s Address)

Reference Number

Receiver’s name Date

and Address

Salutation

Subject of the Letter

Body of the letter:

- Introduction
- Purpose
- Ending

Complimentary Close

Signature and
Sender’s name
Position in the company

CC.
Encl.

Secretary initials

Attention:
 1. Letter Head: Sender’s Address
2. Inside Address:
- Sender’s Address
- Receiver’s Address
3. Reference Number
4. Date
5. Salutation: Dear ……...
6. Subject of the Letter
7. Body of the Letter:
- Introduction
- purpose/content
- Ending
8. Complementary Close:
- Yours Sincerely
- Yours Faithfully
- Yours
- Love
9. Signature
10. cc: Carbon Copy
11. Encl.: Enclosure
12. Secretary initial

FRIENDLY LETTERS
The friendly letter is informal, casual and personal. It is the kind of letter you write to
your family and friends. Although there are no rigid, inflexible rules for writing
friendly letters, you should learn to follow a few accepted practices.
1. Choose stationery and ink that are appropriate for friendly letters
Use letter stationary, preferably white or lightly tinted. Writing on paper that is
gaudy or that reeks with perfume is considered poor taste. Do not write a letter of any
kind on lined paper. Instead of using a pencil, you should always write in ink, which
is much easier to read and is more attractive on the page. Use blue, black, or blue-
black ink. If you like green, purple, or red ink, use it for writing to only your closest
friends; never use it for writing to a new acquaintance or someone else that you do not
know very well.
 It is all right to type friendly letters, but be sure to sign your name in ink. If
you type your letter, do not strike over letters or make messy erasures on your paper.
Whether you type or use longhand, always be neat.
2. Observe standard practices regarding the arrangement of the pages of a
friendly letter.
You should arrange your letters so that your reader can easily follow your train
of thought. Pay special attention to the margins, page, order, and spacing.
Margins
Be sure to have even margins on both sides of the page. Don’t run lines or
afterthoughts up and down the margins. If you must add something you forgot to
include, use a postscript (P.S.). Also remember that margins at the top and bottom of
the page are just as important as those at the sides.
Page Order
If you use folded stationary and if your letter is more than two pages long, use
the page order of a book. Write the second page on the back of the first page. If your
letter is only two pages long, however, write your second page on the third page of
your stationary. Before you mail the letter, check to see that each page is in the proper
order.
Spacing
Always have at least two lines of your last paragraph on the last page of your
letter. Never finish your last paragraph on one page and then put the closing and
signature on the next.
3. Learn the proper form for the five parts of a friendly letter
The parts of the friendly letter are the heading, solution, body, closing, and
signature. The form below shows where these parts are placed upon the page.

Sender’s Address
Date………………
…………………..…

Salutation………...

……………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….
……

……………………………………………………………………………………
 ……………………………………Body....
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
…

………closing…………

……..Signature……………

Attention:
1) Sender’s Address and the date
The first line of the sender’s address is your street address, number of your
rural route, or your post office box number. The second line has the name of your
town, followed by the postal zone number if there is one, and the name of your state.
A comma is placed after the zone number, between the town and the state. The third
line gives the month, day, and year that the letter is written: a comma comes after the
day of the month.
Example: 4801 Live Oak Street Jalan Padi 2 Blok A No.11
Dallas 4, Texas Perumahan Pusri Sako Kenten, Palembang
March 6, 2019 March 10, 2019

The rules for the sender’s address and the date are, of course, flexible
depending upon the person to whom you are writing. For instance, if you are writing
to your father, who is away for a few days on business, then certainly you would not
need to give him your home address, and “Tuesday morning” or “Friday night” might
enough for the date. You give your complete address and the exact date when you are
not sure that the receiver knows this information. If you prefer, you may put your
address and the date at the end of the letter --- in the lower left-hand corner of the
page.
Since, in the mind of some readers, abbreviations give the impression of
careless haste, it is better not to use abbreviations. If you do use them, however, be
consistent by abbreviating the word Street as well as the name of the state.
2) Salutation
Your salutation greets the reader. The usual form is the word Dear followed
by the name of the person to whom you are writing. A comma comes after the
salutation.
Examples:
- Dear George,
- Dear Augusta,
- Dear Sis,
- Dear Mr. Nelson,
3) The Body
The body is the letter itself. Be sure to divide your letter into paragraphs,
making clear indentions of the first line. If you type your letter, you have to double
space below the salutation, between paragraphs, and before the closing.
4) The Closing and Signature
Among the many appropriate closings for a friendly letter are: Sincerely yours,
Sincerely, Love, with love, affectionately. Do not use formal phrases such as Very
truly yours or respectfully yours, which are found in business letters. Notice that only
the first word of the closing is capitalized. Whether you type your letter or write it in
longhand, always sign your name below the closing. Write legibly, and do not trail off
into the space reserved for the right margin.
4. Address the envelope correctly
Place your own name and address in the upper left-hand corner of the
envelope. Do not give yourself a title such as Miss or Mr. You do, however, always
use a title like Mr., Mrs., Miss, Dr, before the name of the person to whom you are
writing. (Notice that Miss, which is not an abbreviation, is never followed by a
period.) Place his or her name and address on the lower half of the envelope, about
midway between the ends. Do not use such abbreviations as St., Ave., Rd., on the
envelope, and do not abbreviate the name of the state. You may write the name of the
state on a separate line.
 Lynn Melton
4143 South Redford Street
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Miss Helen Earnests
8 Hillsville Circle
Knoxville 19
Tennessee

5. Make the content of your friendly letters lively and interesting.

The most important things for you to remember when writing friendly letters
are to be yourself and to say what you mean. Certainly this book cannot tell you what
to say in your letters. After all, a friendly letter is like a conversation, and your letters
should be filled with lovely, original comments that reflect your interests and
personality. There are, however, several “do s” and “don’t s” that you should keep in
mind as you write friendly letters.
1. Write about those things that will interest your reader.
Just as a good speaker considers his audience, a good letter writer remembers
the interests of the person to whom he is writing. Your friend Bill may enjoy hearing
about your recent hunting trip; whereas your Aunt Martha may be more interested in
canning strawberries. If you are writing to your grandmother, she will probably want
to know the news about your family and the progress you’re making at school. When
you are corresponding with friends of your own age, write about what you and they
usually talk about when you are together. In short, make the content of your letter
appropriate to the receiver.
2. Be specific
Generalizations are always dull. A sentence like “School is about the same” is
never so interesting as one with specific details, such as “At school, Miss McMahan is
still harping about our errors in spelling, and Jerry Cates keeps on making up different
excuses for dragging in late to math class every morning.” Telling in detail about a
definite incident at home is always more interesting than a lazy comment like “The
family is fine.”
3. Don’t gossip
 Talking about mutual friends is always interesting and appropriate. Do not,
however, make sarcastic remarks or repeat malicious gossip. Instead, look at your
friends’ good characteristics as you speak of what they say, where they go, and what
they do.
4. Don’t ask too many questions
Don’t start your letter with a series of questions like “How goes it with you?
Are you still going out with Larry? Has your father started teaching you to drive yet?
Are you and he still arguing about money? What have you been doing lately? Why
don’t you write to me more often?” (The answer to the last question is rather
obvious.) The person to whom you write wants a letter from you, not a nosy
questionnaire.
5. Write a strong last paragraph
When you plan a composition, you often save the most important point until
the last; and when you write a letter, you should make the last paragraph especially
interesting. Don’t suddenly stop with I’ve got to go eat now, No more news, or I’ll see
you in my dreams. Instead, you might suggest that your friend plan to visit in your
home or that you may have other interesting news to report in your next letter, after
the ball game on Friday or the dance on Saturday. Or you might make reference to
something you would like to hear about when your friend answers your letter.

SOCIAL NOTES
As social creatures, human beings should communicate to deliver their ideas
or feeling. The communication can be conducted orally or in written. One of written
communications can be conducted by using letters. We recognize friendly letters,
social notes and business letters. When we write, we have to be careful so that what is
sent via letter will be the same with what is received by the readers. Therefore, the
writers should obey the rules in writing a letter. Usually, a letter has letter head or
sender’s address, reference number, receiver’s name and address, date, salutation,
subject of the letter, body of the letter, complimentary close, signature and sender’s
name, position in the company, carbon copy, enclosure, and secretary initial. Body of
the letter includes introduction, purpose, and ending (Ashley, 1986). The form of
friendly letter and social note are flexible. It is not so complete like in business letter.
However, we still can find important parts like heading or sender’s address, salutation,
body, closing and signature. The following is the example of social note.
MODEL 1: INFORMAL INVITATION

Jl. Padi 2 Block A No.11

Perum Pusri-Sako Kenten
March 20, 2016

Dear Rachel

Jonathan, David and I are going to have dinner at Manhattan

Restaurant at 07.00 P.M. on March 25, 2016. I am very happy if you can come
together with us. We’ll celebrate David’s birthday. We can make surprise for
him. I am sure we will have a lot of fun there. I’ll drive to the restaurant at six
o’clock and pick you up at 06.15 P.M. I hope you are ready when I come to
your house. Bye…... I’ll see you then.

Yours sincerely
Carmela

Now write your own informal invitation.

Sender’s address
Date

Salutation

BODY OF THE LETTER

Closing
Signature
MODEL 2:
REPLYING TO INFORMAL INVITATION: NOTE OF ACCEPTANCE

Jl. Mawar No. 19

March 21, 2016

Dear Carmela

It will be wonderful to have dinner together with you, David and

Jonathan. You know that David is like a star for me. I cannot forget his
kindness and patient. He is everything for me. Therefore, I can hardly wait for
the time to go to that restaurant. Do you have any idea about the dress code?
Well, I’ll be ready when you arrive to my house at 06.15 P.M.

Affectionately
Rachel

MODEL 3:
REPLYING TO INFORMAL INVITATION: NOTE OF REFUSAL

Jl. Mawar No. 19

March 21, 2016

Dear Carmela

I am glad you invite me to have dinner together with you, David and
Jonathan. You know that David is like a star for me. Unfortunately, I cannot
accept this wonderful invitation since I have to accompany my father in a
hospital. He is ill and he needs a total bed rest. I hope all of you will have a
wonderful dinner at Manhattan Restaurant. Send my best regard to David and
Jonathan.

Affectionately
 Rachel

MODEL 4: THANK YOU NOTE

Jl. Padi 2 Block A No.11
Perum Pusri- Sako Kenten
December 21, 2016

Dear Fiona
Thank you very much for the beautiful hand bag. The color of the hand
bag fits with my new dress. Susan likes the model very much. She says that the
hand bag is very modern.
Next Saturday I’ll come to a wedding party of my friends. I plan to bring
that hand bag with me. I’m sure many ladies will see my beautiful hand bag.

Sincerely
Rita

MODEL 4: BREAD-AND-BUTTER NOTE

Jl. Padi 2 Block A No.11

Perum Pusri- Sako Kenten
December 21, 2016

Dear Fiona
It was great to spend a very happy holiday with you and Jane.
I felt much fun there having dinner outdoor, seeing night panorama of the town
and swimming on the swimming pool near the waterfall. Thank you for
entertaining me in your lovely house.

Sincerely
Rita
 MODEL 5: CONDOLENCE LETTER

Jl. Padi 2 Block A No.11

Perum Pusri- Sako Kenten
December 24, 2016

Dear Caroline

Please accept our heartfelt sympathy on the passing away of your beloved
mother. May all her good deeds while she was alive bring her to a decent place
beside God.

Loves
Angeline and Davidson

D. SUMMARY
The chapter discusses about how to listen and speak about electricity based on
the videos given. There are 2 videos that should be watched by the students. It also
discusses about how to read and answer the questions regarding electricity based on
the passage given. Next. It discusses the tips of writing letters, forms of letters, and
kinds of letters. Finally, it discusses about how to write friendly letters and social
notes.

E. ASSIGNMENT:
Based on the explanation above, you write a letter to a friend talking about the
electricity. Type the letter in A4 paper, use Times New Roman 12.