Arm Reviewer
Arm Reviewer
Surveys
Interviews
direct observation
focus groups
existing documents & records
Feasibility studies address things like where and how the business will operate. They provide in-depth details about
the business to determine if and how it can succeed, and serve as a valuable tool for developing a winning business
plan.
1. Legal Feasibility
2. Economic Fessly
3. Technical Feasibility.
4. Scheduling Feasibility
5. Operational Feasibility
HYPOTHESIS
Revenue - Expenses = Profit
Revenue - Expenses = Loss
Go/No Go Decision - The feasibility study will be a major information source in making this critical decision
OPPORTUNTIY SEIZING
► The "pushing through" with the chosen opportunity.
► It involves refining and developing the opportunity.
► To succeed in the new venture, the entrepreneur should introduce innovation.
► Innovation is the process of positively improving an existing product or service.
PRELIMINARY PAGES
Cover Page
Title Page (Proposal)
Biographical Sketch
Certificate of Originality
Approval Sheet (Proposal)
Dedication (optional)
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents (Proposal)
List of Tables (Proposal, when applicable)
List of Figures (Proposal, when applicable)
Abstract
Chapter II METHODOLOGY
► Research Locale
► Research Design
► Population and Sampling/Sample
► Research Instrumentation/Research Instrument
► Data Gathering Procedure
► Data Analysis
► Ethical Considerations
WRITING THE INTRODUCTION - Make the introduction captivating and attention- getting. Since it is the opening
part of the academic paper, it should capture and arouse the interest and curiousity of the readers. Include a general
description of the project and your preliminary plan for its completion.
- The introduction begins with a broad subject related to the title of the research, then narrows down to the variables and
the questions/problems which are going to be solved in the research. Generally, in introduction you need to explain what
the reader is going to read about.
-Organize well the ideas that constitute the theme of the research. Use connecting or transition words between paragraps
to ensure coherence.
-Use words that are simple and understandable to the different kinds of readers. Use layman's terms as much as possible.
-If the word/s have technical meaning, be sure that the technical and operational definition is provided in the definition of
terms for reference.
- Check the grammatical construction of the sentences. Consult a language expert if possible.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
*usually an annex to a work (book, research paper, pamphlet,etc.) either at the beginning or more likely near the end with
a list of acronyms, jargon, credits.
*an important part of research paper or report in which the key or important terms in the study are clearly defined.
* gives the readers an understanding of the concepts or factors that will be discussed throughout the study, as well as
contextual information as to how the researcher will be using those concepts in the study.
* ensures that the readers will understand the components of the study in the way that the author will be presenting them,
because often the readers may have their own understanding of the terms, or not be familiar with them at all.
Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure. If research has high validity, that
means it produces results that correspond to real properties, characteristics, and variations in the physical or social world.
High reliability is one indicator that a measurement is valid.
CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 2
• Research Design
• Research Locale
• Research Participants
• Research Instrumentation
• Data Gathering Procedures
• Ethical Considerations
• Data Analysis Tools
1. RESEARCH DESIGN
refers to the overall strategy that you choose, to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent
and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem.
constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.
Descriptive Research
• does not usually begin with a hypothesis, but consequently developed after collection of data
• systematic collection of information requires careful selection of the units studied and careful
measurement of each variable
Exploratory Research
• research design used to investigate a problem which is not clearly defined. It is conducted to have a better
understanding of the existing problem, but will not provide conclusive results.
• the foundation for understanding a problem, occurrence or phenomenon by finding its basic properties.
This ensures that a business finds the right information (such as the variables) which can be further
studied in descriptive, correlational and experimental research.
• forms the basis of a research issue on which businesses can set up objectives and requirements for
continual studies.
2. RESEARCH LOCALE
a term that refers to a specified area and/or subject that is being studied in a research project.
discusses the place or setting of the study. It describes in brief the place where the study is conducted.
Only important features which have the bearing on the present study are included.
3. RESEARCH PARTICIPANT
also called a human subject or an experiment, trial, or study participant or subject, is a person who
voluntarily participates in human subject research after giving informed consent to be the subject of the
research. A research participant is different from individuals who are not able to give informed consent,
such as children, infants, and animals. Such individuals are preferentially referred to as subjects.
TARGET RESPONDENTS/PARTICIPANTS
Explain why should they be your chosen target respondents. Can their responses shed light to the
questions under survey and to the problem at hand.?
4. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION
various methods through which a researcher obtains data from respondents which will answer the
issues/problems of the study
can be tests, survey questionnaire (with scaled items, items checklist or open ended option), interview,
Focus Group Discussion (FGD), observation (with checklist as in skill assessments), quantitative and
qualitative reports/records
the use of any particular research instrument depends on the type of data to be collected and the types of
research to be carried out
the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic
fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The
data collection component of research is common to all fields of study including physical and social
sciences, humanities, business, etc. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate
and honest collection remains the same.
includes the discussion of the series of protocols to be followed in data collection from the onset of data
gathering undertaking up to its completion.
6. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Research Ethics is a codification of scientific morality in practice. Guidelines for research ethics specify
the basic norms and values of the research community. They are based on general ethics of science, just
as general ethics is based on the morality of society at large.
of numbers
- a statistical method which calculates the average by multiplying the weights with its respective
mean and taking its sum
- a type of average in which weights are assigned to individual values in order to determine the
relative importance of each observation
3. Simple Percentage
FINANCIAL RATIOS
• a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's financial statements.
• created with the use of numerical values taken from financial statements to gain meaningful information about a
company. The numbers found on a company‟s financial statements – balance sheet, income statement, and cash
flow statement – are used to perform quantitative analysis and assess a company‟s liquidity, leverage, growth,
margins, profitability, rates of return, valuation, and more.
RESEARCH POPULATION/UNIVERSE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
POPULATION (N)
- comprehensive group of individuals, institutions, objects and so forth with have a common characteristics
that are the interest of a researcher
- common characteristics of the groups distinguish them from other individual, institutions, objects and so
forth
SAMPLE (n)
- miniature picture of cross selection of the entire group or aggregate from which the sample is taken
TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING THE SAMPLE
1. Random/Probability Sampling
• picking the desired sample size and selecting observations from a population in such a way that each
observation has an equal chance of selection until the desired sample size is achieved.
- A researcher randomly picks numbers, with each number corresponding to a subject or item, in order to create
the sample. To create a sample this way, the researcher must ensure that the numbers are well mixed before
selecting the sample population.
- Systematic sampling is an extended implementation of probability sampling in which each member of the group
is selected at regular periods to form a sample.
- A researcher chooses elements from a target population by selecting a random starting point and selects sample
members after a fixed „sampling interval.‟
- a method of sampling that involves dividing a population into smaller groups–called strata
- the groups or strata are organized based on the shared characteristics or attributes of the members in the group
- a method of probability sampling that is often used to study large populations, particularly those that are widely
geographically dispersed
- researchers usually use pre-existing units - researchers divide a population into smaller groups known as
clusters
2. Non-Random/Non-Probability Sampling
a sampling method in which not all members of the population have an equal chance of participating in the
study
sampling method which is most useful for exploratory studies like a pilot survey (deploying a survey to a
smaller sample compared to pre-determined sample size)
A. Quota Sampling
- method of non-probability sampling when the samples are selected based on the probability proportionate to the
distribution of a variable in the population
- a sampling method which is used so that the proportion of samples for each category will have the same proportion
assumed to exist in the population
B. Convenience Sampling
- non-random sampling technique which simply includes the individuals who happen to be most accessible to the
researcher
- an easy and inexpensive way to gather initial data, but there is no way to tell if the sample is representative of the
population, so it cannot produce generalizable results
C. Judgemental/Purposive Sampling
- type of non-random sampling technique which involves the researcher using their judgement/criteria to select a sample
that is most useful to the purposes of the research
D. Snowball Sampling
- if the population is hard to access, snowball sampling can be used to recruit participants via other participants. The
number of people you have access to “snowballs” as you get in contact with more people.
1. Research Design
• Check the purpose of the study, the data to be collected and the tools to be used for analysis.
2. Research Local
• Discuss the significant characteristics/features of the place which have impact on the proposed business.
3. Research Participants
• The respondents of the market study should be the well defined target market of the proposed business.
Other respondents are those who are sources of raw information for other aspects of the study.
• Determine the sample size from the target population of the market study.
• Discuss the sampling techniques to be used in the study. Justify why it is used.
4. Research Instrumentations
• Select the most suited data gatehering tools for the study.
• Refer to the purpose of the study and the types of data to be gathered.
• Discuss as to what specific interdependent components of the study the research instrument intends to
elicit data or information.
• Discuss specifically all the steps to be undertaken before, during and after the data gathering activity.
5. Ethical Considerations
• Discuss all the ethical standards that the researchers have conformed with in the conduct of the
investigation.
6. Data Analysis
• Take cognizance of the objectives of the study, the type of data gathering tools used and the types of data
to be analyzed.
• Provide the definition and formula of the quantitative analysis tools. For qualitative data, just provide the
definition.
• Discuss briefly about how they will be used and in what particular interdependent components of the
study they will be employed.
Target Market - Describe and discuss the consumers of the product/service. (State here, the general description of your
market: its size and composition, geographical location, population, age group, income level, job categories, family size,
etc.