12

Personal
Development

Quarter 2
Module 4:
Family Structures
& Legacies

Minnie Cherryl L. Labang

Contextualizer
 MODULE 4
FAMILY STRUCTURES AND LEGACIES
The learners demonstrate an understanding the
Content Standard: importance of the impact of one’s family on his/her
personal development during middle and late
adolescence
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to identify the firm and
gentle sides of family care that affect a person’s
development during middle and late adolescence.
Learning
Outcome/s (Syllabus): Upon completion of the module, learner is expected to
identify one’s family structure and the type of care
he/she gives and receives and create a genogram of
his/her own family up to the third generations.

Competencies: 1. Appraise one’s family structure and the type of

care he/she gives and receives, which may help in
(MELC) understanding himself/herself better; and
2. Make a genogram and trace certain physical,
personality, or behavioral attributes through
generations.

What I Know
Before exploring this module, let us try to check how far you know about
Family Structures and Legacies by answering the questions below.
Directions: TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is true and
FALSE if it is false.
The family is the basic unit of society.
_______ 1.

A couple without a child is still considered as a family.

_______ 2.
A mother and father may switch roles due to financial reasons.
_______ 3.
Aunts/uncles living together with a nuclear family is also
_______ 4.
considered an extended family.
_______ 5. A household is also called a family.
_______ 6. The wife is traditionally the breadwinner of the family.
_______ 7. The neighborhood is considered the first place where growing
children learn their basic social skills.
_______ 8. Extended families only have positive influences on the child.
_______ 9. Authoritarian parenting is much better in the psychosocial
development and foster a healthy and positive impact on the adolescent’s
development.
_______ 10. Uninvolved parenting is when parents tend to be lenient toward
their children.
_______ 11. Authoritative parenting tend to develop reasonable and
consistent expectations for their children’s behavior
_______ 12. There is around 10-30% chance of personality traits being passed
on through heredity.
_______ 13. Intelligence can be passed on through heredity.
_______ 14. Heredity and environment does not influence the physiological
and psychological makeup of persons.
_______ 15. A genogram is also called a family tree.

Lesson
Family Structures and Legacies
1

What I Need to Know

Hello Senior High Learner! Welcome to the 2nd Quarter Module 4. I
guess you are excited to learn more about your family, understanding the
importance of one’s family and understanding one’s family structure. In this
module you can understand your own family structure and know the type of
care one gives and receives, which may help in understanding yourself and
others better. Family structures varies across generations and new
variations come up as we experience multicultural exchanges.
It is essential that you know and understand your own family structure to
prepare a plan on how to make your own family members firmer and gentler
with each other. Later, you will learn to choose the kind of family structure
one prefers and know how to deal with family members when faced in
various situations in relation to the kind of family structure one may have.

You relate with your families on a daily or regular basis. And there are times
that we encounter challenges in relating with them and them in
understanding you. This module will enable you to fully experience and
appreciate one’s family structure and then trace your origin thus
understanding your physical, personality, behavioral attributes and etc.

At the end of the module you are expected:

▪ Discuss an understanding of one’s family structure and the
type of parenting style one receives and gives, towards better
self-awareness.

What’s In

How are you today Senior High Learners?! I hope you are doing great! Are
you excited for this module? You should be excited and be active in reading and
doing the activities in this module. You have learned from the previous module
about Social Relationships in Middle and Late Adolescence. This module has a
connection with the previous one considering that this module will talk about
family structures, parenting styles and the genogram. All of these are just
interrelated considering that you will use these concepts in planning for your
own future family and be able to develop and apply healthy parenting styles for
your own family in the future. As an adolescent you know what type of a family
structure that you have and thus you would want to share the same or a
different family structure with your future life partner. As a member of a family
and society, it is essential to know all these most importantly the different
parenting styles so you would comprehend which one effective, healthy, and/or
applicable to the kind of family you want
to have. For you to learn more, let us work on the activities, read, learn, and
enjoy this module.

Directions: Write your answer on a sheet of paper. In silence, think

about your own family for at least three (3) minutes. Think about the
members, current situations, and the quality of their relationships.
Narrate

Activity No. 1
1) How would you describe your own family in terms of its members?
How many members of the family are you composed of? Who are they?
2) Do you live together in one roof? How do they related to one another?

What’s New
According to Merriam Webster Online Dictionary the simplest definition of
what a FAMILY is “a group of individuals living under one roof and usually
under one head”. While from a sociological point of view, the Filipino sociologist
Belen T. G. Medina, PhD (Medina 2001) defined family as “two or more persons
who share resources, share responsibility for decisions, share values and goals,
and have a commitment to each other over time”.

My Own Family Portrait

Directions: Use a blank sheet of bond paper. Have

some drawing materials with you such as pens,
pencils, crayons, colored papers, scissors, etc.
1. Draw the portrait of your own family. Draw it
according to how you perceive your own
family—who is close to whom.
2. Time: 10 minutes. There is no right or wrong https://bit.ly/3r825u
C Retrieved:
illustrations.
12/28/2020
 What Is It

“Call it a clan, call it a network,

call it a tribe, Call it a family. Whatever
you call it, whoever you are, You need
one” ~Jane Howard, “Families”
Family Structure refers to a family
support system which involves two married
individuals providing care and stability for
their biological offspring/s. The family is
created at birth and establishes ties across
https://bit.ly/3t9SC8 generations.
1
Retrieved: 12/28/2020

Filipino Sociologist Belen T. G.

Medina, PhD (2001) and her definition of a family practically encompasses
all kinds of relational variations. Shelton (2010) categorized the basic types
of families such as the Nuclear Family, Single Parent Family, Extended
Family and Childless Family (Santos, 2019). Then, later on new variations
of family structures have surfaced such as Interracial Marriages, Adoptive
Families and Same-Sex Marriages. Below are the enumeration and
definition of each type of family structure:

Basic Types of Family Structures:

1) Nuclear or Traditional Family – A family

unit consisting of at most a father, mother
and their dependent offspring/s. The father is
usually the provider or breadwinner while the
mother stays at home as the homemaker who
manages the house and their child/ren.

As the society evolves, it has changed the

traditional set-up of the traditional nuclear family
where there’s reversal of roles between the mother and
the father. It is called Contemporary Lifestyles.
 The Incredibles:
https://cutt.ly/PkueFuj Retrieved: 01/30/2021
An example of it is that the mother’s role becomes the breadwinner, and the
father manages the home calling him as “househusband”. Common reason is
financial reason where whoever earns more becomes the breadwinner
compared to the other. Another variation from the traditional family is where;
both husband and wife are breadwinners and hiring caregivers or asking
relatives to entrust their growing children.

Guide Question: Is the adopted child/ren considered as part of the

traditional Nuclear Family? Answer: Yes!

2) Single Parent Family – This can either

be a father or a mother who is solely
responsible for the raising of a child while
earning for a living to provide for the
offspring/s (either by choice or by life
circumstances). The child can be by
birth/adoption. The father or mother may
https://cutt.ly/Okub8gq
Retrieved: be supported by relatives or hired
caregivers (common occurrence in many
Asian countries). He/she may be assisted financially by parents or relatives.
Some single parents decide on cohabiting with partner who is not the
biological parent of the child/ren.

3) Extended Family – A family

consisting of a nuclear family (parents
and children), plus the parents of
either the husband or wife, or both
their

shorturl.at/pqrvI
Retrieved: 01/30/2021

parents, along with either or both

grandparents, aunts or uncles, cousins
grandchildren etc. This is a very common family arrangement most
particularly in Asia. Commonly, the husband/man of the house is the head
of the family. However, in an extended family, there could exist some friction
when it comes to decision making related to family affairs especially with the
presence of the couple’s parents.

4) Childless Family – This is just composed of a couple (husband and

wife) who either cannot or choose not to have children. Sometimes called the
“Forgotten Family”. They may or may not have household help assisting
around the house. Some couples adopt a pet in their home.

NEW VARIATIONS OF FAMILY STRUCTURES:

1) Interracial Marriages – A family where

the parents are members of different racial
identity groups.

shorturl.at/ryAWX
Retrieved: 01/30/2021

2) Adoptive Families – A
family wherein one or
more of the children has
beenadopted.

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Retrieved: 01/30/2021
 3) Same-sex Marriage –

sexual orientation is gay or lesbian and

decided to cohabit. This has become a

norm especially in the United Sates and

more countries are allowing same-sex

marriages.

shorturl.at/exBFS
Retrieved: 01/30/2021

INFLUENCE OF FAMILY STRUCTURE ON THE ADOLESCENT

The family is considered the first place where growing children learn
their basic social skills (Bautista, 2019). As cited in Papalia & Feldman
(2012) from (Overbeek et al, 2007), the child’s future relationships as he or
she approaches adulthood is determined by his/her interaction and quality
of relationship between the parent and the child. Family influences may vary
based on the family structure present in the home (Bautista, 2019).

Here are some family influences according to family structure on

adolescent/s:

Type of Family Positive Influence Negative Influence

Structure
Nuclear Family Values, social skills,
and behavior are
directly learned from
the parents (and/or
primary caregivers);
Unique parenting
styles;
Nature of parental
authority they
practice;
General atmosphere
 at home.

Single Parent Single Parents try to The absence of one parent

Family become both the (either the father or mother)
mother and father; who serves as role models may
create an impact on the
The child may grow
growing child;
up well-adjusted or
problematic There’s a need to seek out a
depending on how the relative (usually of the
single parent opposite sex) to stand in to
managers the child. compensate for the absence of
the parent.
Extended Family Values taught may Influence only comes from
also come from the one parent and may differ
grandparents. according to what the parent
Provides the child aSometimes causes a clash
sense of stability in between the parents and the
relationships because grandparents and may
of the presence of confuse the child most
different generations especially when the biological
within a home; parents may adopt a parenting
style that is opposite that of
To see continuum of
the grandparents.
the family line;
Provides the child a
sense of anchoring to
the family’s history
enabling the child to
appreciate family
heritage and traditions
becauseofthe
presence of
grandparents.
BAUMRIND’S PARENTING STYLE MODEL
Before we discuss the types and its definition, let us define key terms such as
Support and Demandingness. The amount of affection, acceptance, and warmth a
parent provides to a child is called Support or Responsiveness. Whereas
Demandingness refers to the degree a parent controls a child’s behavior.

https://bit.ly/3pDPVto
Retrieved: 01/12/2021

1) Authoritative Parent – This is when parents have high-but reasonable and

consistent expectations for children’s behavior, communicate well with them,
are warm and responsive, and se reasoning rather than coercion to guide
one’s behavior. This kind of parenting is considered as the key factor
 in the psychosocial development of the adolescent. It helps foster a healthy
and positive impact on the adolescent development.

An authoritative parent insists on essential values, norms and rules so

their children could learn yet they are also willing to sit down to listen and
negotiate. These kind of parents exercises control to a child’s behavior but
not the child’s emotions, beliefs, and self-concept has =

2) Authoritarian Parent – this is when parents have low support and high
in demandingness. They do this because they expect obedience because
they are “in charge” and no explanations

3) Permissive/Indulging Parent – this is when there his high support and

low in demandingness among parents toward their children. Parents tend
to be lenient; they do not expect their children to follow rules and
regulations and also tend to avoid confrontation. These children raised on
this parenting style tend to rank low in happiness and self-regulation, and
more likely to have problems with authority.

4) Uninvolved/Neglectful Parent – this is when parents are low in both

support and demandingness. Children who has experienced this kind of
parenting style tend to rank lowest across all life domains, lack of self-
control, have low self-esteem, and are less competent than others of the
same group age.

ALBERT BANDURA’S THEORY OF SOCIAL LEARNING

The children and adolescents learn through observing many types of
behaviors and attitude they see in their family; this is how they learn from their
society. Do you remember learning how to ride a bike? How did you learn this
skills? Did you learn by watching someone do it? Did you imitate and practice? It is
called the Social Learning Theory as proposed by a Behaviorist, Albert Bandura.
He emphasized that human behavior is learned through the importance of
Observing, Modelling, and Imitating behaviors, attitudes, and emotional
reactions of others.

https://cutt.ly/yky74sP
Retrieved: 12/30/2020

The four important factors in observational learning are explained below:

1) Attention – The learner needs to pay attention first in order to learn. If

there is distraction, it will affect the amount or quality of learning that
occurs.
2) Retention – This is the learner’s ability to store information learned
which is very important. To reinforce this, one can adapt some memory
 techniques such as writing and repetition or application of learning to real-
life situations.
3) Reproduction – is the production of the first two steps: attention and
retention. Simply, it is called practice. You do this by performing the
observable behavior and further practice in order to improve and sharpen
your skills.
4) Motivation – To achieve success in observational learning, you need to be
motivated to imitate the modeled behavior. In this stage, reinforcement
and punishment affects motivation. If one is rewarded, one is likely to
continue and repeat the behavior. If otherwise, one may extinguish the
behavior because he/she is ignored or punished.

To further explain the Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura (1977) in

parenting, the following concepts below are explained/discussed:

Parents need to understand the challenges involved in parenting

adolescents.

They can serve as role models that adolescents can emulate while
supporting their development toward young adulthood.

The parent’s life situations such as personal relationships may also have
an effect on how success is defined by the adolescent

The adolescent observes and internalizes all of these which they can
imitate and claim them as their own.

FAMILY HEREDITY

What is Heredity? Heredity, is the sum of all biological processes by which

particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring (Url:
Britannica, 2021).

What are some characteristics that are influenced by heredity and even by
the environment? They are the physical, intellectual, traits/personality and
other health related genetics.

Some Characteristics influenced by heredity/environment are the following:

 1. Physical – Obesity or leanness

2. Health Related Genetics – Predispositions to certain diseases.

3. Mental/Cognitive – Intelligence including other factors such as brain size

and structure and the compilation of many genes. Environmental factors
include proper nutrition during pregnancy or childhood.

4. Personality traits – 40-50% of our personality traits we got from our

parents.

a. Temperament is the characteristics manner by which an individual

looks at the situations and how they react to them.

b. Environmental factors – are influential in the development for

such traits.

c. These can be learned through Observation.

Always, a healthy lifestyle and diet surely can possibly offset the predisposition
of diseases.

GENOGRAM
A graphical map of a family’s history that traces and illustrates patterns
in its structure and characteristics using special symbols to describe
relationships, major events, diseases, traditions, social and personal beliefs and
rituals, cultural heritage, religious beliefs, value systems, philosophies about life,
and the dynamics of a family over several generations.

There are possible traits you may want to trace in your family:

● Physical characteristics (skin tone, shapes of eyes, nose, lips etc., hair
type, baldness, disease tendencies etc.)

● Genetic or external factors (artistic, musical, literary and sports abilities

etc.)

● Social and economic backgrounds (occupations, educational level, school

and political affiliations, etc.)

● Religious values ( religious affiliations, practices and beliefs)

 ● Family values (family cohesion, exclusivity, respect for elders, etc.)

● Cultural background (provincial origins, languages or dialects spoken,

social skills, world views such as feng shui, karma, superstitions)

Activity No. 3
Directions: Use a blank sheet of bond paper. Have some drawing materials
with you such as pens, pencils, crayons, colored papers, scissors, etc.
1) On a clean bond paper, make your family tree or Genogram up to the
third generation.
☺
2) You may prepare colored pens. Thank you!

https://cutt.ly/5ky687K
Retrieved: 12/30/2020

Step 1
o Ask yourself this question: “What
is my purpose of creating a
genogram?”
o Start creating a list of people in
your family.
o Start collecting relevant info. That
are easily accessible to you like
your parents, siblings, close
relatives and friends.
(Santos, 2019)

Step 2
o Determine the number of generations you would like to be represented in
your genogram.
o In our example, let us trace up to your maternal and paternal
 grandparents generation. So now, list down all the people who will
form your genogram:
• Grandparents on your mother’s side
• Grandparents on your father’s side
• Your parents

o Your parents’ siblings

o Your siblings
o Your first cousins

Step 3
o Start your research by asking your parents and grandparents (if they are
still living).

STEP 4
o Design your genogram. Let it be free-hand or a template.

STEP 5
o Connect the symbols with lines.
Note: Single lines indicate unions or marriages. Double lines indicate
separation or divorce.

STEP 6
o Use representative symbols.

STEP 7
o Identify if there are patterns (these should be consistent).
Note: Patterns are helpful in explaining the height differences in your family.

Helpful Tips:
o Remember that there are some people, even if they are your relatives, who
may be sensitive about a certain physical trait, like height. Approach your
research by asking questions with sensitivity.
o Clarify with your family members that the genogram you are making is to
help you understand certain family traits, characteristics, events, other
sensitive topics and explain to them about the situations.
o Consider talking to a professional when making a genogram on hereditary
problems.
o Be careful with your conclusions after you have done your genogram.
These might offend some relatives.
 o Keep your genogram hidden and shown to only a few selected group of
relatives if the conclusions are sensitive or even confidential.

Sample for connecting the dots on the family tree.

(Santos, 2019)

Optional: You may make use of different genogram applications available on the
internet. Okay?

What I have Learned

Kindly discuss your learning from the Genogram Activity for your REFLECTION.

Instructions: On a clean short bond paper, answer the following questions:

1. How did you feel when you were creating the portrait of your family?

2. How easy or difficult was it for you to make the Genogram?

What made it easy? What made it difficult?

3. What have you realized from the Genogram you made?

4. What new things did you realize or discover about your family after making
the family portrait and genogram?
 What I can Do

Personal Action Plan Activity. This activity aims to create an initial plan on
how to become an effective and warm parent to a growing young adolescent
thus, making him/her realize the importance of the dynamism of a family, its
roles/responsibilities and visualize the kind of family one wishes to have.
Instructions:
1. Get a separate sheet of paper.
2. Answer the 3 questions shown on Activity Number 5 for your Action Plan.
1. What kind of family structure do you plan to have in the near future with
your own family? And why?
2. What kind of parenting style do you indeed to apply when you become a
parent in the future and why?
3. According to Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, how would you foster or apply
this own child (if there’s any)? And, are their positive characteristics would
you want your child to emulate from you or your ideal partner?

Assessment
How are you doing Senior High Students? I hope that you learned
and enjoyed from the activities we had. Now, if you are ready, you may now
answer the post-test. Read the items carefully and answer accurately as this
is a formative assessment and is graded/recorded.

I. Read and analyze each item and carefully select the correct
answer by writing the letter on the paper.

Directions: Write the letter of your answer on a sheet of paper.

1. Inborn traits from both biological parent’s side.

A. Heredity
B. Maturation
C. Climate
D. Development
2. This is a factor influencing human and personal development that
refers to the world outside and the experiences we have including our
interaction with the external world.
A. Heredity
B. Maturation
C. Development
D. Environment
3. Which of the following conditions affects the intellectual capacity of an
unborn child?
A. an alcoholic mother
B. a drug addict father
C. parents who are smokers
D. all of the above
4. In Learning culture, intelligence and the brain plays a great role.
Which among the concepts below is True?
A. 60-80% of the child’s intelligence & mental capacity is hereditary.
B. Children’s intelligence can be both acquired through genetics and
developed through nurture
C. Child’s intelligence can only be developed when nurtured.
D. both A and B.
5. Defined as the basic unit of the society.

A. Cell
B. Family
C. Community
D. Society
6. The type of family that is comprised of a father, mother and their
offspring/s.
A. Couple
B. Extended Family
C. Nuclear Family
D. Single Parent Family
7. The type of family that is comprised of a nuclear family PLUS the
parents of either the husband or wife, or their siblings.
A. Reconstituted Family
B. Extended Family

C. Nuclear Family

8. This is a graphic representation of a family generations that displays

detailed data on relationships among individuals. It allows to analyze
hereditary patterns and psychological factors that punctuate
relationships.
A. Family Tree
B. Polygram
C. Genogram
D. A and C
9. The following are NEW variations of the basic family structures, except.

A. Adoptive Families
B. Nuclear Family
C. Interracial Marriages
D. Same-Sex Marriage
10. The following are types of Parenting Styles, EXCEPT.
A. Autocratic Parent
B. Authoritative Parent
C. Permissive Parent
D. Uninvolved Parent
11. The behaviorist who proposed the Theory of Social Learning.
A. Albert Bandura
B. Belen T. G. Medina, PhD
C. Erik Ericson
D. Sigmund Freud
12. The developmental psychologist who proposed the four parenting style
model.
A. Albert Bandura
 B. Belen T. G. Medina, PhD
C. Erik Ericson
D. Diana Baumrind
13. The factor in observational learning where the learner needs to observe
and focus in order to learn.
A. Attention
B. Reproduction
C. Retention
D. Motivation
14. This also means, “Practice makes Perfect!”
A. Attention
B. Reproduction
C. Retention
D. Motivation
15. There is a 40-50% chance of personality traits being passed on through
heredity.
A. False
B. True

Additional Activities

Activity: Poem Writing

Congrats Senior High Students you are almost done with module 4. Before
proceeding to the next module, I would like you to search for a saying or passage
or make a poem about FAMILY. Make a creative output using the available
materials at home and be unique in your work. If you are done in this activity
you may put the saying/passage/poem inside a picture frame. Then, take a
picture of your output and send/submit it to your teacher.