Coordinate Geometry

1. Coordinate Plane

A cartesian plane divides plane space into two dimensions and is useful for
locating points. It's also known as the coordinate plane.

The coordinate plane has two axes: the horizontal x-axis and the vertical y-
axis.

These coordinate axes divide the plane into four quadrants, and the point of
intersection of these axes is the origin (0, 0).

Furthermore, each point in the coordinate plane is represented by a point (x, y),
where

• The x value is the position of the point with reference to the x-axis, and

• The y value is the position of the point with reference to the y-axis.

2. Coordinates of a Point

A coordinate is an address that helps in the positioning of a point in space. The

coordinates of a point in a two-dimensional space are (x, y).

3. Coordinate Geometry Distance Calculation (Two Point formula)

The distance between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is equal to the square root of
the sum of the squares of the difference of the two provided points' x and y
coordinates.

The following is the formula for calculating the distance between two locations.

D = √(x2−x1)2+ (y2−Y1)2

4. Slope

The inclination of a line is represented by its slope. The slope can be calculated by
selecting any two points on the line or by calculating the angle formed by the line
with the positive x-axis.

The slope of a line inclined at an angle θ with the positive x-axis is m = Tanθ.
The slope of a line joining the two points (x1, y1)and (x2,y2) n is equal to m =
(y2−y1)/(x2−x1)

m = Tanθ

m = (y2−y1)/(x2−x1)

5. Mid-point

The formula for finding the midpoint of the line connecting the points (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2) yields a new point with an abscissa equivalent to the average of the x
values of the two provided points and an ordinate equal to the average of the y
values of the two given points.

The midpoint is positioned exactly between the two locations on the line
connecting them.

(x,y)=[(x1+x2)/2 ,(y1+y2)/2]

6. Section Formula in Coordinate Geometry

The section formula can be used to get the coordinates of a point that divides the
line segment connecting the points (x1, y1) and (x2,y2) in the ratio m:n.

The point dividing the provided two points is located on the line connecting the
two points and can be found either between the two points or outside the line
segment between the points.

(x,y)=[(mx2+nx1)/(m+n),(my2+ny1)/(m+n)]

7. The centroid of a Triangle

A triangle's centroid is the point at which its medians connect. (A median is a line
that connects a triangle's vertex to the midpoint of the opposing side.)

The following formula yields the centroid of a triangle with vertices A(x1,y1),
B(x2,y2), and C(x3,y3).

(x,y)=[(x1+x2+x3)/3,(y1+y2+y3)/3)]

8. Area of a Triangle Coordinate Geometry Formula

The following formula calculates the area of a triangle with the vertices A (x1,y1),
B (x2,y2), and C (x3,y3).

This triangle area formula is applicable to all forms of triangles.

Area of a Triangle = 1/2|x1(y2−y3)+x2(y3−y1)+x3(y1−y2)|

9. Finding the Equation of a Line in Coordinate Geometry

With the use of a basic linear equation, this line equation depicts all of the points
on the line. The standard form of the equation of a line is ax + by + c= 0.

There are several methods for determining a line's equation. The slope-intercept
form of the equation of a line (y = mx + c) is another integral part of the equation
of a line.

y = mx + c

Here

m is the slope of the line

c is the y-intercept of the line.

Basic Formulas of Coordinate Geometry

The following are the formulas relevant to Coordinate Geometry questions:

S.No To Calculate Formulas

1 Distance between two points D =√(x2 − x1)2 + (y2−y1)2

The slope of a line joining the

2 two points (x1, y1)and (x2,y2) n m = (y2 − y1)/(x2 − x1)
is equal to

3 Mid-point (x,y) = ((x1 + x2)/2,(y1 + y2)/2)

Section Formula in Coordinate (x,y) = ((mx2 + nx1)/(m +n),

4
Geometry (my2 + ny1)/(m + n))
S.No To Calculate Formulas

(x,y) = ((x1 + x2 + x3)/3,

5 The centroid of a Triangle
(y1 + y2 + y3)/3)

Area of a Triangle Coordinate

6 1/2
Geometry Formula

7 Equation of a Line y = mx + c

Example 1. In which quadrant does the point (-3,4) lie?

1. 1st quadrant

2. 2nd quadrant

3. 3rd quadrant.

4. 4th quadrant

Sol: Option 2
The point is negative in the x axis and positive for the y axis , thus the point must
lie in the 2nd quadrant.

Example 2. Find the co-ordinates of a point on x-axis, which is at a distance of 5

units from the point (6, -3).

1. (2, 0) and (10, 0).

2. (0,2) and ( 0,10).

3. (2, 10) and (0, 0).

4. None of these

Sol: Option 1
Let the co-ordinates of the point on the x-axis be (x, 0).
As distance D2 = (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2,
so 52 = (x-6)2 + (0-(-3))2
⇒ 25 = x2 - 12x + 36 + 9.
⇒ x = 2 or x = 10
So the required points are (2, 0) and (10, 0).

Example 3. The quadrants where abcissa and ordinate have different signs are?

1. 1st & 2nd quadrant

2. 2nd & 3rd quadrant

3. 1st & 3rd quadrant

4.2nd & 4th quadrant

Sol: Option 2
The signs are different for 2nd and 4th quadrants.

Example 4. Find the co-ordinates of the point of intersection of the medians of

triangle MNO; given M = (-2, 3), N = (6, 7), O = (4, 1).

1. (5/3 , 1/3)

2. (3/8 , 3/11)

3. (8/3 , 11/3)

4. (5/3 , 17/3)

Sol: Option 3
Point of intersection of medians is called as centroid, at which each median is
divided in the ratio 2 : 1. Firstly find the midpoint of NO and take it as P

Take the point C, where medians meet and it will divide the median MP in the ratio
2: 1.

Example 5. What is the slope of the line passing through the points J (-2, 3) and
(2, 7)?
1. 2

2. 1

3. 3

4. 4

Sol: Option 2

Example 6. Find the equation of the line whose slope is 2 and y intercept is - 3.

1. y =2/3x- 1

2. Y=3x-2

3. Y=2x-3

4. None of these

Sol: Option 3
Given m = 2 and c = - 3. Substituting values in y = mx + c, we get y = 2x – 3.

Example 7. Find the equation of the line passing through (2, -1) and parallel to the
line 2x – y = 4.

1. y=2/5x- 1

2. Y=5x-2

3. Y=2x-5

4. None of these

Sol: Option 3
The given line is 2x – y = 4 ⇒ y = 2x – 4 (Converting into the form of y = mx + c)
Its slope = 2. The slope of the parallel line should also be 2.
Hence for the required line
m = 2 and (x1 , y1) = (2, -1).
Equation = (y-y1) / (x/x1) = (y2-y1) / (x2-x1)
⇒ (y-y1) / (x-x1) = m
⇒ y-y1 = m (x-x1) ⇒ y - (-1) = 2(x-2)
⇒ y = 2x – 5.

Example 8. Find the coordinate of the point which will divide the line joining the
point (2, 4) and (7,9) internally in the ratio 1:2?

1. (5/3 , 1/3)

2. (3/8 , 3/11)

3. (8/3 , 11/3)

4. (11/3 , 17/3)

Sol: Option 4
The internal division will use the formula (mx2 + nx1 )/ (m + n)
y = (my2 + ny1 )/(m + n).
So, the point becomes (11/3,17/3).

Example 9. Find the coordinates of the point which will divide the line joining the
points (3, 5) and (11, 8) externally in the ratio 5: 2.

1. (5/3 , 1/3)

2. (3/49 , 1/10)

3. (49/3 , 10)

4.None of these

Sol: Option 4
The external division case will use the formula
x = (mx2 – nx1 )/(m – n)
y = (my2 – ny1 )/ (m – n)
where m:n is 5:2 in our case.
Putting the values you will get points (49/3, 10).

Example 10. Find the equation of straight line passing through (2, 3) and
perpendicular to the line 3x + 2y + 4 = 0
1. y =5/3x- 2

2. 3Y=2x+5

3. 3Y=5x-2

4. None of these

Suggested Action:

Sol: Option 2
The given line is 3x + 2y + 4 = 0 or y = (-3x/2) - 2
Any line perpendicular to it will have slope = 2/3
Thus equation of line through (2, 3) and slope 2/3 is
(y – 3) = 2/3 (x – 2)
⇒ 3y – 9 = 2x – 4
⇒ 3y – 2x – 5 = 0.

Example 11. Find the area of the triangle formed by the vertices (4, 5), (10, 12)
and (-3, 2)

1. 3

2. 4.5

3. 4

4. 3.5

Sol: Option 4
The area of the triangle having its vertices as P(x1, y1), Q(x2, y2) and R(x3, y3) is
given by