Q.1. .

Draw a neat diagram of cell and give functions of nucleus Cell Diagram
Ans. Functions of nucleus:- 1) Regulation and transmission of heredity characters. 2) Responsible for
life Controlling centre of all vital activities of cell. 3)Contains chromosomes and genes i.e. hereditary
material. 4) Takes initiative in the cell division. Take direct part in growth and growth.

Q.2. Define mutation. Give types of mutation and describe gene mutation.
Ans. Mutation:- The phenomena causing sudden and heritable change in genotype of an organism is
called as mutation. Mutation classified into two: i) Gene mutation ii) Chromosomal mutation.
Different Types of mutations are:- A) Location:- i) Somatic ii) Germinal. B) Effect:- i) Detrimental ii)
Lethal iii) Visible. C) Direction: i) Forward ii) Backward or Reverse. D) Occurance: i) Recurrent ii) Non-
recurrent. E) Size:- Point mutation ii) Gross mutation. F) Quality: i) Structural mutation ii)
Rearrangement mutation G) Origin:- i) Spontanious ii) Genetic iii) Indused.
•Gene mutation:-Genes arises only from genes and heredity is due in last analysis to accurate gene
replication. The process of gene reproduction is exact but occasionally it goes wrong that is copy of
genes differs from original and modified gene goes on reproducing its changed structures. This is gene
mutation. In this case only one character is affected at one time.

Q.3.Enlist different types of gene action and describe allelic interaction

Ans. Types of gene actions :- A) Additive gene action. B) Non-additive gene action:- a) Allelic interaction:
1) Dominance:- i) Complete dominance ii) Incomplete or partial dominance. 2) Overdominance
b) Non-allelic interaction or Epistatis :- a) Allelic interactions:- 1) Dominance: Heterozygote (A,A2) is not
midway between AA, or A2 A2 for its phenotype. The dominance of alleles depends on the direction of
heterozygote towards any of the two homozygotes. When dominance is complete, identical phenotypes
are produced by heterozygous and dominant homozygous. In partial dominance phenotypic value of
heterozygous is in between two homozygous. II) Overdominance: The phenotypic value of heterozygotes
is superior either of the two homozygotes

Q.4. Enlist various phases of meiosis and describe leptonema phase.

Ans. Phases of meiosis:- i) leptonema ii) Zygonema iii) Pachenema iv) Diplonema v) Diknesis leptonema:
In this phase chromosomes are highly stretched and bed like structure are offen visible.
Chromosome may remain attached with one of their end by portion of nuclear membrane.

Q.5. Give classification of feed stuffs suitable examples.

Ans. A) Roughages: 1) Dry:- i) Straw-Jowar, maize, paddy, wheat. Ii) Hay-a) Legume hays- Lucerne, cow
pea b) Non legume hay – Sorghum. 2) Green Roughages:- i) Pasture-grasses, shrubs. ii) Green fodder-
a) Legume Lucerne, cow pea b) Non legume - Jowar, maize, oat etc. iii) Tree leaves- Babul, Bel,, Subabul,
Pipal. iv) Silage. v) Root crops - Tapioca, tubers, potatoes.
B) Concentrates:- I) Energy rich- cereal grains & by products II) Protein rich-Oilseed cakes, pulse chuni.
C) Feed supplements:- Vitamin and minerals like A, D, K, B. D) Feed additives-terramycin, flavomycin etc.

Q.6. What nutrients. Enlist six classes of major feed nutrients and functions of protein.
Ans. Nutrients:- Is a substance that promotes the growth, maintenance, function and reproduction of a
cell or an organism. •Classes:- 1. Water. 2. Protein 3. Carbohydrates. 4. Fats. 5. Vitamins. 6. Minerals.
•Functions of proteins:- 1) Enzyme or catalytic:- A most essential protein function is in exercising the
acceleration of chemical conversions. 2) Hormonal & regulatory:- Regulation of intracellular metabolism
& integration of cellular metabolism throughput the whole organism. 3) Transport: Binding & transport
of materials between tissues & through the cell membranes. 4) Supply of energy:- Amino acids break
down & liberate energy .

Q.7. Differentiate between quantitative and qualitative traits.

Ans. A) Quantitative traits:- 1) These are measurable. 2) These are controlled by many pairs of genes.
3) These are affected by environmental effect. 4) e.g. Milk production, wool production carcass yield.
5) Continuous variation and can not be Classified into distinctly separate classes such as good or bad
6) Character of degree.
B) Qualitative traits:- 1) These are not measurable. 2) These are controlled by single or few pairs of
genes. 3) These generally free from environmental effect. 4) e.g. coat colour, blood antigen.
5) Discontinuous variation can be classified into distinct classes. 6) Character of kind.
Q.8. Differentiate between roughages and concentrates.
Ans. A) Roughages:- 1) Contain more than 18% CF Contain less than 60% TDN. 2) They are more bulky.
3) They have comparatively low digestibility. 4) Low weight per unit volume.
B) Concentrates:- 1) Contain less than 18% CF Contain more than 60 % TDN. 2) They are less bulky.
3) They have Higher digestibility. 4) Higher per unit volume.

Q.9. What is feed additives? Enlist different feed additives and explain about antibiotics.
Ans. Feed supplements are the compounds used to improve so as to take care of any deficiency.
a) Antibiotic. b) Arsenic. c) Antifungal. d) Antioxidants. e) Copper sulphate. f) Coccidiostats.
g) Hormonal preparation. h) Enzyme preparations. i) Pellet binders. j) Pigmentation compounds.
k) Probiotics. L) biostimulators. m) Mold inhibitors.
•Antibiotic:- Are the antibacterial chemical substances produced by the living which inhibits growth or
kill the bacteria. They are used in small quantities. e.g. - Terramysin, zinc bacitracin, flavomycin etc
-Addition of Auromycin to calf rations has increased growth rates of dairy calves.

Q.10. What is variation? Give classification and causes of variation.

Ans. Every individual even of same species varies from other in some characteristics is known as
•Classification: 1) Hereditary variation:- Variation is genetic in origin and may be transmitted from one
generation to other. 2) Non- hereditary variation:- Which is not genetic in origin but due to effect of
environmental factors like feeding light., temperature etc. •Causes of variation:- 1) Recombination of
genes. 2) mutation. 3) chromosomal aberration. 4) non- disjunction. 5) translocation. 6) duplication.
7) deletion. 8) inversion. 9) Polyploidy. 10) food, light, temperature & soil.

Q.11. What do you mean by gene? Explain the functions of gene.

Ans. Gene:- "The hereditary units which are transmitted form one generation to next generation is called
as gene”. • Functions of Gene:- 1) The gene must carry genetic information from cell to cell
generation to generation. The identification of DNA (genes) as hereditary, carrier of traits from one
generation of organism to the next generation of organism. 2)Gene must be duplicate-(genes) serves as
template for copies of itself. 3)Gene must mutate. 4)There must exist some mechanism for translating
the genetic information into action in the developing individuals. Genes are coded by specific DNA
sequence. 5) RNA production:- Through a process called Transcription, DNA is transcript into RNA (direct
product), which is a template for protein production. 6) Protein Production Through another process
called Translation, RNA in translated into protein. 7) Expression of character:- In theory, one gene codes
for one protein. Proteins carry out most of the necessary functions in the cell.

Q.12. What is feeding standards? Classify the feeding standards and give its advantages.
Ans. Definition:- Feeding standards are the tabulation of nutrients requirements of farm animals for
growth, maintenance, production, reproduction work etc.
•Classification of feeding standards:- A) Comparative type e.g. 1) Thaer’s. 2) Scandinavians.
B) Digestible nutrients type e.g. 1) Grouven’s. 2) Kuhn’s. 3) Wolff’s. 4) Haecker’s. 5) Savages.
C) Productive type e.g. 1) Kellner’s. 2) Armsby’s. 3) Morrison’s. 4) N.R.C. 5) A.R.C. 6) Indian
•Advantages of Feeding Standards:- 1) Serves as a general guide for feeding of livestock. 2) Useful for
practical feeding purpose. 3) Gives an idea about total feed and nutrient requirement of energy specific
for physiological functions. 4) Useful in planning the experiments and interpreting the results depending
upon nature and objective of the investigation. 5) Useful for calculation of total requirement of here and
thus helps in planning of feeding schedule for future. 6) Being flexible feeding standards can be modified
as per demand, availability and cost of feeding stuffs.

Q.13. Differentiate between plant and animal body.

Ans. A) Plant Body :- 1) Walls of the cell are composed of CHO Material. 2) CHO constituents 1/4 of the
dry Weight Of plant. 3) Starch is the major storage from of CHO. 4) Fat is higher in leaves and seeds.
5) Synthesize all vitamins. 6) Chemical composition affected by soil composition, fertilizer application,
irrigation, seasonal variation, stage of growth, frequency of cutting. variety and strain.
B) Animal Body :- 1) Wall of the body cell are of protein substance. 2) CHO content at animal body is
less than 1 %. 3) Glycogen is the major storage from. 4) Fat is located in adipose tissue and fat depots.
5) Do not synthesize all vitamins. 6) Composition is affected by the physiological stage and the species.
Q.14. Explain in brief digestive system of ruminant with a neat diagram.
Ans. Function:- 1) Mouth:- When feed enters the mouth it is masticated or chewed by teeth and mixing
of saliva with feed which lubricates the bolus, help in deglutition and digestion of the food materials.
2) Pharynx:- Helps in deglutition of food. 3) Oesophagus:- It is provide passage of food from mouth to
stomach. 4) Rumen:- a) Receiving and storage of food for some time stomach. B) Provide place for
fermentation by bacterial, yeasts and protozoa in rumen. During fermentation of feed carbohydrates,
methane and nitrogen gas will be produced. C) Builds up the complete protein from non-protein
nitrogenous substances like urea, amides, amines, ammonia etc. manufacture the vitamins of B complex
group.D) Absorption of certain nutrients from the wall of the rumen. E) Reticulum:- 1) To store retains
the undesirable objects such as iron, mails, coin which may be swallowed unknowly along with the food.
2) To help in the process of regurgitation and rumination. F) Omasum: 1) To press hard squeeze out
water from food and absorbs VFA produced by the microbes during splitting of crude fibre of feed.
G)Abomasum:- 1) Secretion of gastric juice from the walls of the stomach. 2) Digestion of food nutrients
present there in and absorption of same nutrients. 5) Small Intestine:- It is the main site for absorption
of nutrients through villi and walls of the intestine and their transportation into the blood stream.
6) Large Intestine:- Absorption of those nutrients which escaped absorption from the wall of small
intestine and undigested portion is discharge as dung through anus.

Q.15. Define selection. Describe the methods of selection.

Ans. Define:- Selection is defined as the process in which certain individuals in population are preferred
over others for producing offspring of the next generations. Selection is the systematic choice of animals
in a population. •Methods of selection:- The methods of selection are: 1) Tandon methods 2)
Independent culling method. 3) Selection index method.
1) Tandon Method:- -In this method, only one trait is selected at a time. -The process of selection is
continued until goal for selected trait is achieved. -After achievement of first goal, selection is directed to
another trait. 2) Independent calling method:- -In this method, selection is made for few traits at a
time.-The minimum standard is set for each trait. -The animals which do not meet minimum standard
are culled. -The effectiveness of this method depends on the standard chosen for each of the traits.
3) Selection index method or total score method:- In this method several traits are selected
simultaneously. -It is the most effective method of mass selection. -The selection is made on the basis of
selection index. The selection index is calculated for each individual based on different traits. While
calculating selection index weightage for each trait depends upon :- a) Relative economics of the traits.
b) Heritability of the trait. c) Genetic correlation between traits.

Q.16. Classify feed stuff and explain in brief the role of feed additives and supplements in animal nutri
Ans. Feed stuff's are mainly classified into 4 classes viz. 1) Roughages. 2) Concentrates. 3) Feed
supplements. 4) Feed additives. The detailed classification is as under:-
1) Roughages:- A) Succulent:- 1) Pasture e.g. Marvel, Moshi,. 2) Cultivated fodders a) Non legume
fodder e.g. Maize, Jowar, b) Legume e.g. Cowpes,Berseen. 3) Root crops c.g. Turnip,Carrot, fodder Beet.
4) Tree crops e.g. Subabul, Shivan,. 5) Silage e.g. Maize silage Jawar silage. B) Dry:- a) Hay:- I) Legume
hay e.g. Lucerne hay. Ii) Non legume hay e.g. Maize hay. b) Straw:- I) Legume e.g. Cowpea, mung. Ii)
Non legume straw, E.g. paddy wheat straw.
2) Concentrates:- A) Energy rich:- a) grain and seeds e.g. Maize Jowar, Bajara. b) Mill by product e.g.
Rice bran, wheat bran. c) Root crops e.g. Turnip, Carrot, Tapioca. d) Molasses. B) Protein rich:- 1)
Animal origin:- a) Animal by products e.g. Blood meal, Meat meal. b) Marine by products e.g.Fish meal.
c) Avian by products e.g.Poultry litter, Feather meal. 2) Plant origin:- a) Pulse by products e.g. Tur,
Mung, Gram Chuni b) Oil seed cakes e.g. Cottonseed cake, Groundnut cake. c) Brewers grain and yeast
3) Feed supplements:- A) Mineral supplements e.g. Cattlemin, Poultrymin, Eggmin, Common salt.
B) Vitamin supplements e.g. Vit. A synthetic, Vitablend.
4) Feed additive :- e.g. Antibiotics, Enzymes, hormones, probity’s

Q.17. Explain in brief gene frequency.

Ans. Gene frequency is defined as the no, of genes present in the population. it expressed as proportion
or percentages. Gene frequency in the most general sense, means the degree to which it is rare or
abundant. When only two members of allelic series, say A and a, are involved and there are N individuals
in the population, the gene frequency is conventionally designated by the letter q and that of it Allele by
1-q Gene frequency. q= ΣA loci/ΣA loci + ΣA loci. And (1-q)= Σ a loci / ΣA loci +Σ a loci.
Q.18. Write the concept of preparation of complete feed block.
Ans. 1) Concept of preparation of complete feed block. The complete feed concept is based on group
rather than individual feeding and associated with fewer changes in diet formulation according to milk
yield. In complete feed system, the required nutrients are supplied through mixed diets to meet the
requirements of maintenance, production and reproduction of animals. The objective of the system us to
simplify the process of feeding to save labour, and to provide substrates of uniform composition. The
complete feeds are also processed in different ways. A)Chaffed mix:-Forages are finely chaffed and
evenly mixed with ground concentrate. B) Mash mix:- Forages are ground and evenly mixed with
ground concentrate ingredients. C) Pellets:- Forages are ground, evenly mixed with ground concentrate
ingredients and converted to pellets. → Thus, changing the physical from of the diets also affects the
performance characteristics of the animals and can be judged by an increased growth rate and increased
milk. Meat and wool production.

Q.19. Define cell division. Explain the phases of mitosis.

Ans. Cell division:- It is the process of reproduction or formation of new cells from the pre-existing cells
resulting into growth of an organism. It is the process of duplication or multiplication rather than
division. •Mitosis:- It is the division of somatic cells and two daughter nuclei are formed whose
chromosome number is same as that of original parent". Mitotic cell division is divided into following
five stages- 1) Interphase-G1,S,G2 Phase. 2) Prophase. 3) Metaphase. 4) Anaphase. 5) Telophase
2) Prophase:- During this stage, the chromatin network begins to coil and appears as a long thread like
structure called the chromosomes. Each chromosome consists of two chromatids that lie side by side
and joined at the center called centromere. The Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear at the end
prophase. In animal cells, Centrioles move to the opposite poles and the centrosome form the aster rays.
3) Metaphase:- Spindle fibers are formed and chromosomes are arranged on equatorial plate or in the
centre of cell. Spindle fibers are attached to the centromere. The of chromosomes. Chromosomes are
clearly visible; hence, chromosome morphology and number confirmation is done at Metaphase.
4) Anaphase:- Centromere of each chromosome divides and the sister chromatids / daughter
chromosomes separate from each other and move towards opposite poles. Thus each chromosome
produces two daughter chromosomes, which form two groups at opposite poles. 5) Telophase:-Two
groups of chromosomes reach at opposite poles and reorganize into two nuclei. -Spindle fibers
degenerates and nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear. Thus two daughter nuclei formed at two
poles. -Chromosomes uncoil, elongate and lose their stainability and finally appear at Interphase.

Q.20. Objective
A) Define:- 1) Nutrition:- Nutrition is a series of processes by which an animal text in an digested feed
for normal health and production. 2) Oestrous cycle: It is the sexual desire and excitement of the
female during heat. it is the cycle of physiological event that beings at one oestrous period and ends at
the next. 3) Animal Husbandry:- Is deals with the production of domestic animals or livestock and it
includes all aspects of breeding feeding heeding and management of animals. 4) Heredity:- It is the
transition of character from parents offspring from generation to generation. 5) Genotype:- An animal’s
genotype for a character is the combination of genes he possesses which influence his character. 6)
Zygote:-Diploid cell formed by fertilization of an ovum by as a sperm. 7) Gene frequency:- It is defined as
the number of genes present in the population. It is expressed as proportion or percentage. 8)
Digestion:- Is the process whereby the organic and inorganic nutrients in the feeding stuffs are made
soluble and diffusible so that the nutrients may be utilized for building of new tissues, repair of worn out
tissues & transformation of energy for the life processes.

B) Fill in the blanks:-1) Nutrients are the chemical substances found in feed material and used for
maintenance, production and health. 2) An individual carrying identical pair of alleles at a particular
gene/locus found on the chromosome is termed as Homozygous. 3) A male which has only one testicle
in the scrotum is called Monorchid individual. 4) Pedigree is the record or history of ancestors of an
individual.

C) State true or false:- a) Insufficient amount of carbohydrates results into ketosis:-True

b) Urea is used as a source of NPN in special feed:-True
c) Gene is a basic unit of inheritance located on the chromosomes. -True
d) Legumes are rich in iron.- False