THE CHILDANDADOLESCENT LEARNERSANDLEARNING PRINCIPLES
Prepared by:Apostol, Maurene P.Espiritu, Daniel Joshua S.Morante, Marianne P.Porca, Ricanel V.Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English3A
Chapter 1Human Development
Human Development
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he pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through
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the lifespan
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Includes growth and decline
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Can be positive or negative
Major Principles of Human Development
1. Development is relatively orderly
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Proximodistal Pattern -
Development proceeds from the center of the body outward.
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Cephalocaudal Pattern -
Development proceeds from the head downward.
2. While the pattern of development is likely to be similar, the outcomes of developmentalprocesses and rate of development are likely to vary among individuals.3. Development takes place gradually.4. Development as a process is complex because it is the product of biological, cognitive andsocio- emotional processes.
Approaches to Human Development
1. Traditional Perspective -
Believes that individuals will show extensive change from birth toadolescence, little or no change in adulthood and decline in late old age.
2. Life-span Approach -
The life- span perspective believes that developmental change continuethroughout adulthood, encompassing biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional dimensions. It isa plastic process that is possible throughout the lifespan. Development is contextual, recognizingindividuals as evolving beings in a changing world. It involves growth, maintenance, andregulation, with individual goals varying among developmental stages. No developmental stagedominates development.
Chapter 2The Stages of Development and Development tasks
Prenatal development
Conception occurs, and development begins. All of the major structures of the body are forming,and the health of the mother is of primary concern. Understanding nutrition, teratogens (or environmentalfactors that can lead to birth defects), and labor and delivery are primary concerns.
Three Phases:1. Germinal Stage2. Embryonic Stage3. Fetal Stage
Infancy and Toddlerhood
The first 1.5 to two years of life are marked by significant growth and change. A newborn withhearing but poor vision transforms into a walking toddler, while caregivers become constantly movingguides and safety inspectors for the energetic child, transforming from managing feeding and sleepschedules
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Early Childhood
Early childhood, also known as preschool years, is the period following toddlerhood and beforeformal schooling. As a three to five-year-old, they are learning language, developing independence, andunderstanding the physical world. However, this knowledge takes time and may involve early conceptionsof size, time, space, and distance. Toddlers may fear falling down the drain or demonstrate time byholding fingers apart. As they grow, their determination may shift to a sense of guilt for actions that may bring disapproval.
Middle Childhood and Late Childhood
Middle childhood, spanning from six to twelve years, is characterized by early schoolinvolvement, academic learning, and self-assessment. Schools compare students through team sports, testscores, and other recognition methods. Growth rates slow down, and children refine their motor skills.They also learn about social relationships beyond family through interaction with friends and fellowstudents. This period is crucial for children's development and growth, as they begin to understand theworld around them.
Adolescence (13 to 18 years old)
Adolescence is a period of physical growth, puberty, and cognitive change, as adolescents explorenew possibilities and abstract concepts like love, fear, and freedom. However, their sense of invincibilityincreases their risk of death from accidents or sexually transmitted infections, which can have lifelongconsequences.
Early Adulthood (19 to 29 years old)
The twenties and thirties are often considered early adulthood, a period of physiological peak buthigh risk for violent crimes and substance abuse. This stage is characterized by focusing on the future andmaking choices to become a full adult, with love and work being primary concerns. Mid-30s studentsoften enjoy being young adults.
Middle Adulthood (30 to 60 years old)
Middle adulthood, from the late thirties to mid-sixties, is a period of increased aging and peak productivity in love and work. This age group gains expertise in certain fields, understands problemsmore efficiently, and becomes more realistic about possibilities.
Late Adulthood (61 years old and above)
Late adulthood has become increasingly prevalent in industrialized countries, with it oftendivided into two or three categories: young old (65-79) and old old (80 and older). The young are similar to midlife adults, working, healthy, and active. The old remain productive and active, livingindependently, but face increased risks of diseases like arteriosclerosis, cancer, and cerebral vascular disease. Issues such as housing, healthcare, and extending active life expectancy are also significantconcerns for this age group. To understand the diversity of people in late adulthood, it is essential toexamine whether a person is experiencing optimal aging, normal aging, or impaired aging. The young aresimilar to midlife adults, while the old are more susceptible to diseases like arteriosclerosis, cancer, andcerebral vascular disease. Understanding the differences between these groups can help better understandthe diversity of late adulthood.