Understanding Culture,

Society and Politics

Quarter 2 – Module 4:
Explain Government Programs
and Initiatives in Addressing
Social Inequalities
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 4: Explain Government Programs and Initiatives in Addressing
Social Inequalities
First Edition, 2020

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Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Quarter 2 – Module 10:
Explain Government Programs
and Initiatives in Addressing
Social Inequalities
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Explain the Government Programs and
Initiatives in Addressing Social Inequalities!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Explain the Government Programs and
Initiatives in Addressing Social Inequalities

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

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 What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
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4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
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not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module discusses the Social Inequality in our modern times. This was
designed and written with you in mind. This module was designed and written
with you in mind. It is here to help you master the nature of Cultural, Social and
Political Change Sources of social, cultural and political change. The scope of this
module focused on the Social Inequality. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into four topics, namely:

• Lesson – Definition of Social Equality
• Lesson – Factors that contribute Social Inequality
• Lesson - Government Programs and Initiatives in
Addressing Social Inequalities
• Lesson – Social Issues in the 21st Century in the context of social
inequalities

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define the Social Inequality.
2. Identify the factors contributing Social Inequality.
3. Examine the Types of Social Equality.
4. Recognize new challenges faced by society in the social Equality.
5. Explain government programs and initiatives in addressing social
inequalities e.g. local, national, global.

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 What I Know

Modified True or False

DIRECTIONS: Read each statement below carefully. Place a T on the line if you think a
statement it TRUE. Place an F on the line if you think the statement is FALSE.

TRUE
_____ 1. Changes also connote challenges and people response with it.
TRUE
_____ 2. Human race wanted equal protection, equal rights, equality in wealth
and equality of life.
TRUE
_____ 3. Equality is ensuring individuals or groups of individuals are not treated
differently or less favourably, on the basis of their specific protected
characteristic, including areas of race, gender, disability, religion or belief, sexual
orientation and age.
TRUE
_____ 4. Social inequality exists when people frequently receive more of a society’s
‘valuable goods’ than others owing to their position in the social network of
relationships

TRUE
_____ 5. Global inequality can also be manifested through the operations of
transnational corporations and organizations that operate on a global scale.
FALSE
_____ 6. The division and disagreement of civilization is a long desire of man since
the time of memorial
FALSE
_____ 7. Social inequality brought about by equal distribution of wealth.
FALSE
_____ 8. A social issue in the contemporary times is NOT essential topic when
talking about social inequality

FALSE
_____ 9. Global inequality is NOT manifested through the operations of
transnational corporations and organizations that operate on a global scale.
FALSE
____ 10. Social inequality is NOT the state of unequal access to the needs of
individual and society.

TRUE
____ 11. International inequality refers to the idea of inequality between
countries. This can be compared to global inequality which is inequality between
people across countries.
TRUE
____ 12.Humans affected by the change in culture and social inequality.
TRUE
____ 13.Social inequality is universal.
TRUE
____ 14. Social inequality is essential topic which needs to be converse.

TRUE
____ 15. Educational Attainment is consider one of the factors that contribute to
social inequality

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 Lesson Social Inequalities

Equality is about making sure that everyone has an equal opportunity to make the
most of their desire to live. It is also the belief that no one should have poorer life
chances because of the way they were born, where they come from, what they
believe, or whether they have a disability.

Nonappearance of the said equality of man leads to the inequality. Generation

down to generation’s human race aims for the total equality among individual as
well as to the group and society. Social inequality arises when they are imbalances
among individual or group of people.

“Social inequality in education is an enduring feature of the twentieth century.

There have been changes in which social groups are advantaged and
disadvantaged, but groups that are disadvantaged in the larger society are
generally—though not always—disadvantaged with respect to educational
achievement and attainment, if not with respect to educational opportunities. Many
societies have implemented changes that make access to education formally more
open to disadvantaged groups, but these changes and reforms have not
succeeded in creating equality of educational outcomes. P. Barnhouse Walters,
in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001

What’s In

You learned in the previous lesson that social stratification is the

ranking of people or categorizing the social status of people. Learner’s Learned the
concept, characteristics and forms of stratification systems using sociological
perspectives. Social stratification is the social ranking and social inequality in our
society. Thus, it teaches us the reality of life that we are not equal.

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 What’s New

DIRECTIONS: Think of Social Inequality here in the Philippines then write your answer
inside the first diagram box. Complete the diagram by writing the cause and effects the
said social inequality.

Social Inequality Causes Effects

Briefly discuss your answer

Activity 2. Create a short POEM using the letters EQUALITY in an acrostic form below.
Write new challenges faced by human in contemporary world.

E–
Q–
U–
A –
L –
I–
T–
Y–

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 What’s is It

Living in an unequal society causes stress and status anxiety, which may
damage your health. In more equal societies people live longer, are less likely to
be mentally ill or obese and there are lower rates of infant mortality. Social
inequality refers to relational processes in society that have the effect of limiting or
harming a group's social status, social class, and social circle.
The major examples of social inequality include gender inequality, health
care, social class. In health care, some individuals receive better and more
professional care compared to others. They are also expected to pay more for
these services.
Philippine government recognizes the gender inequalities and trying to
solve the problem. And to address these issues there are some laws to insure the
gender equally must be properly addressed. Here are the following proofs that
Philippine government trying to address the said issues:

1. Philippine Law
> R.A. 7610 or also known as Women and Children rights or This Act shall be
known as the “Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and
Discrimination Act.”
> The Philippines has finally enacted gender equality legislation after years of
lobbying from female rights campaigners. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
signed the country's Magna Carta of Women in Manila last week, helping to
define gender discrimination and outlining approaches to eliminate it. August 18,
2009
> and other related law passed by our legislature.

2. Allowing Top Government Position to be handle by women

Women nowadays taking top position both in private and government posts,
former President Corazon Aquino and Former President Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo, not to Former Supreme Court Justice Maria Lourdes Serreno

Philippine government keeps on encouraging more effective dialogue and

consultative process and strengthening access to justice remains a priority. This
will help to bridge the cultural divide that gives rise to discrimination and exclusion
and will increase the voice of indigenous people’s decision-making at every level. It
will also help to build fair and shared solutions to the conflicts that emerge over
ancestral lands and the use of natural resources.

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 The Equality of humanity is a long desire of man since the time of
memorial. Human race wanted equal protection, equal rights, equality in wealth
and equality of life.

The factors that contribute to social inequality consists of educational

attainment, wealth and poverty, power, and Gender Inequality which lead to social
inequality between individuals and groups of people.

The following are the factors that contribute to social inequality:

1. Educational Attainment
Inequality and Educational Attainment is evidence from many instances. The
reality of Rich can get better education in an easy way but poor hardly get their
diploma. Educational inequality is the unequal distribution of academic resources
and still needs policies that encourage educational attainment for men and women
based on merit, rather than gender.
2. Wealth and poverty
Social Inequality brought about by unequal distribution of wealth. The Covid19
pandemic teaches us the advantages of the upper and the lower class. Evidently
the struggles get by middle and lower class compare to the upper class. There’s a
huge different between allocation of wealthy and the poor in many ways.
3. Power
Power in the context of Social inequality connotes economic, cultural and
social positions. Thus, there’s symbolic with is reputation and certain position in
society.

Economic
money, and
other tangible
asset

Social Forms cultural

family,
networks, and
of knowledge and
cultural
dispossition
relationships
Capital

Symbolic
honours and
reputation

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4. Gender Inequality
Acknowledges that men and women are not equal and that gender affects an
individual's living experience. These differences arise from distinctions in biology,
psychology, and cultural norms. Some of these distinctions are empirically
grounded while others appear to be socially constructed. Studies show the
different lived experience of genders across many domains including education,
life expectancy, personality, interests, family life, careers, and political affiliations.
Gender inequality is experienced differently across different cultures.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_inequality

• Social Issues in the 21st Century

A social issue in the contemporary times is essential topic when talking about
social inequality. Thus, government programs and initiatives in addressing social
inequalities e.g. local, national, global to address these issues is continues
process.

• Local Inequality
Current state of the Indigenous Cultural communities. Ethnic group is involved in
the local inequality. Sometimes, they are less fortunate whose right are violated
with rich people. An ascribed status, a form of organization, a focus of identity and
a subculture are the characteristics of an ethnic group.
Institutional completeness is the development of a strong sense of solidarity, an
ethnic identity, and ethnic institutions by an ethnic population.

• National Inequality
Economic and Political current circumstances. Economic policy is a national
interest and it gives direction to the future. If national government fail to do its job
effectively and candid way ----- the equilibrium of the rich and the poor arises
much.
Thus, if political policies fail to give national interest for all with consideration of
better futures, then discrimination also take place.

• Global Inequality
International inequality refers to the idea of inequality between countries. This can
be compared to global inequality which is inequality between people across
countries. This may refer to economic differences between countries. As well as
medical care and education differences.
Inequality does not exist only in societies and states, but also among states.
There are states that are wealthier and more powerful than other states, and the
former end up being more influential in the global community. This leads to a
situation of global inequality, where poorer and less powerful states end up being
controlled and influenced the richer and more powerful states.

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 What’s More

Activity 3: Function and Interpretation

DIRECTIONS: Define the meaning of gender inequality Laws in the Philippines.

Indigenous People Rights Act
of 1997 (IPRA) Magna Carta for
An act to recognize, protect, and
promote the rights of indigenous Republic Act Women
It shall promote empowerment
cultural communities/indigenous
people No. 8371 of women and pursue equal
opportunities for women and
men and ensure equal access
to resources and to
development results and
outcome.
Social

An Act Strengthening the Institution

Prohibition of Discrimination Against
Women with Respect to the Terms
and Conditions of Employment,
Amending for the Purpose Article
One Hundred. Thirty-Five of the
Labor Code, As Amended Republic Act
RA 6725
No. 9710

3.1 Critical Thinking

DIRECTIONS: Describe in words associated with Social Media, Political Conflict
and Gender Inequality. Write the pros and cons of the social inequality in the
space provided.

Event Pros Cons

Social Media

Political Conflict

Gender inequality

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 What’s More

Activity 4: Organizations Functions

DIRECTIONS: Think about how social network sites affect your daily life. Write your
thoughts on the lines.

• A Day without Laws in the Facebook

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_________.

• Philippines laws makes my life

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________.

• For me, Republic Act No. 8371 is

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________.

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 What I Have Learned

➢ Social inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for

different social positions or statuses within a group or society. Although the
United States differs from most European nations that have a titled nobility,
the U.S. is still highly stratified. Social inequality has several important
dimensions. Income is the earnings from work or investments,
while wealth is the total value of money and other assets minus debts.
Other important dimensions include power, occupational prestige,
schooling, ancestry, and race and ethnicity.

➢ Global Inequality does not exist only in societies and states, but also among
states. There are states that are wealthier and more powerful than other
states, and the former end up being more influential in the global
community. This leads to a situation of global inequality, where poorer and
less powerful states end up being controlled and influenced the richer and
more powerful states.

➢ Social Issues in the 21st Century. A social issue in the contemporary times
is essential topic when talking about social inequality. Thus, government
programs and initiatives in addressing social inequalities e.g. local, national,
global to address these issues is continues process.

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 What I Can Do

Activity 5: Flow Chart

DIRECTIONS: Using the flow chart. Give the example of the following factor
contributing social inequality and briefly explain your answer on the space
provided.

Factor contributing social inequality

Educational Attainment Explanation

Factor contributing social inequality

Wealth and poverty

Explanation

Factor contributing social inequality

Gender Inequality

Explanation

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 Activity 6: Essay Writing

DIRECTIONS: Write a short article on how you can show respect for persons
with disability.

___________________________________
Title

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Assessment

Short Quiz : Multiple Choice.

DIRECTIONS: True or False

Read each statement below carefully. Place a T on the line if you
think a statement it TRUE. Place an F on the line if you think the
statement is FALSE.

_______ 1. Social inequality in education is an enduring feature of the

T
twentieth century.

_______
T 2. Republic Act 7610 is also known as Special Protection of
Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act.

T
_______ 3. Women nowadays taking top position both in private and
government posts, former President Corazon Aquino and Former President
Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo, not to Former Supreme Court Justice Maria
Lourdes Serreno

F
_______ 4. Social inequality issues is not important especially in the
Philippines.

F
_______ 5. Equality is about making sure that everyone has
an equal opportunity to make the most of their desire to live.

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 Additional Activities

Activity 7: Graphic Organizer

DIRECTIONS: Using the graphic organizer below, list the 5 proofs that Philippine
government trying to address the social inequality here in the Philippines.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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Answer Key

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References

Books
Arcilla-Serapio, Ma. Perpetua (2016). Understanding Society, Culture & Politics,
Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Contreras, Antonio P., PhD. (2016). Understanding Society, Culture &Politics,
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Electronic
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Social_mobility
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/social-
mobility/

https://study.com › academy › lesson › what-is-social-inequality-in-sociology-

definition-effects-causes.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_inequality
https://www.scholastic.com › teachers › articles › teaching-content › ethnic
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Minority_group
https://talkpoverty.org/2015/06/10/solutions-economic-inequality/

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Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]

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