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SQL SYLLABUS
What is SQL?

Structure Query Language (SQL) is a database query language used for

storing and managing data in Relational DBMS. SQL is a standard language for
accessing and manipulating databases where, you can insert records, update
records, and delete records. You can also create new database objects such as
databases and tables and you can drop (delete) them. Some of the advanced
features in SQL includes creating stored procedures (self-contained scripts),
views (pre-made queries). Also, setting permissions on database objects (such
as tables, stored procedures, and views). It is a limited language that allows you
to directly interact with the database.

RESTRICTION AND SORTING :

• Processing Character Strings and Dates

• Comparison Operators (> < >= <= = <> != ^=)
• Logical Operator (AND, NOT, OR)
• Oracle Operator (IN, LIKE, BETWEEN..AND, IS NULL)
• Using Logical operator in Oracle Operator (NOT IN, NOT LIKE,
NOT BETWEEN..AND , IS NOT NULL)
• Rules of Precedence
• Sorting Using ORDER BY Clause
• Position Based sorting
• Column Based Sorting
• Sorting By Column Aliases
• Sorting by Multiple Columns Using Order by Clause
• NULLS FIRST and NULLS LAST
SINGLE ROW FUNCTION :

• Describe the differences between single row and multiple row functions
• Manipulate strings with character function in the SELECT and WHERE clauses
• String : UPPER( ) LOWER( ) INITCAP( )
• Character : LENGTH( ) CONCAT( ) REVERSE( )
• SUBSTR( ) INSTR( )
• LPAD( ) RPAD( ) LTRIM( ) RTRIM( )
• REPLACE( ) TRANSLATE( )
• Manipulate numbers and Dates by using
• ROUND( ) TRUNC( ) MOD( ) POWER( )
• CEIL( ) FLOOR( ) ABS( ) SIGN( )

DATE FUNCTION :

• Handling the date format data and can process

Arithmetic operation with date
• MONTHS_BETWEEN( )
• ADD_MONTHS( )
• NEXT_DAY( )
• LAST_DAY( )
• Type Conversion Function
• Implicit conversion and Explicit Conversion
• Convert one data type into another Explicitly
• TO_NUMBER( )
• TO_CHAR( )
• TO_DATE( )
• General Function – To Process NULL Values
• NVL( ) NVL2( ) NULLIF( ) COALESCE( )
• NVL() and NVL2() Difference
MULTIPLE ROW FUNCTION

• Group Function / Aggregate Function

• MIN( ) MAX( ) SUM( ) AVG( ) COUNT( )
• Filtering Grouping Results using Having
• GROUP By and HAVING Clause
• Difference between group by and order by.
• GROUPING SETS
• Difference Between GROUP BY and HAVING Clause
• Multi Level Grouping
• Analyzing the data using Rollup, Cube

DECODE FUNCTION AND CASE EXPRESSION

• How to use Decode and Case

• Real Time implementation
• Difference Between Decode and Case
• Is Null equal to Null in Decode

DATA DEFINE LANGUAGE (DDL)

• Introduction to Data Types Include LONG, LOB(CLOB, BLOB, BFILE)

• Difference between Char and Varchar2
• Creating and Managing Tables
• CREATE , ALTER (ADD, RENAME, MODIFY and DROP), RENAME,
DROP, TRUNCATE
• Creating Table by using Sub Query With Data
• Creating Table by using Sub Query Without Data
• Adding Multiple columns by using ALTER Statement
• Difference Between DROP and TRUNCATE

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)

• INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and MERGE

• Inserting data by using sub query
• Approaching MERGE with real time scenario
• Difference Between DROP and TRUNCATE and DELETE
• Difference between DDL and DML
CONSTRAINTS

• Introduction to Constraints
• Why we are using Constraints, How it helps in Business
• Creating constraint at the time of table creation
• Creating Constraint after Table creation
• Is the NOT NULL Constraint, If Yes then how to declare not null
constraint after the table created.
• Types of Constraints(NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY,
FOREIGN KEY, CHECK)
• Adding a Constraint, Dropping a Constraint by using ALTER
• Primary key and Foreign Key with Real time examples.
• Primary key and Unique key difference.
• Composite Primary key and its real time implementation
• Data Dictionary tables for constraints
• ENABLE and DISABLE Constraints
• DROPING Constraints and Validating Constraints
• NOVALIDATE

PSEUDO COLUMNS

• Understanding Pseudo Columns in Oracle

• Types of Pseudo Columns in Oracle
• USER, UID, ROWNUM, ROWID, NEXTVAL, CURVAL, LEVEL
• NEXTVAL and CURRVAL – Sequence related Pseudo Columns
• CONNECT BY LEVEL
• Eliminating the Duplicate record Using ROWID

CREATING SEQUENCE

• Create, Alter and Drop the Sequence.

• Max value for the sequence
• Default start value of sequence
• Generating Negative values using the sequence
• NOCHAHCE, NOCYCLE
ANALYTICAL FUNCTION

• Real time implementation in Analytical function

• Types of Analytical function
• ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), DENSE_RANK(), FIRST_VALUE()
• LAST_VALUE(), LEAD(), LAG(), LISTAGG => 11g concept
• MIN(), MAX(), AVG(), COUNT()
• ORDER BY Clause, PARTITION BY Clause
• Difference Between DENSE_RANK() and RANK()
• What is a window function in SQL?
• Using Group By Function in windows Specification
• Eliminating the Duplicate record Using ROW_NUMBER()

CREATING SEQUENCE

• Create, Alter and Drop the Sequence.

• Max value for the sequence
• Default start value of sequence
• Generating Negative values using the sequence
• NOCHAHCE, NOCYCLE

CREATING SYNONYM

• Real time implementation

• Type of synonym
• Data Dictionary table for synonym

CREATING INDEX

• Creating, Dropping index

• Types of index
• Unique index, Non Unique index
• BTREE, BITMAP, FUNCTION BASED, REVERSE INDEX, COMPOSITE INDEX
• Clustered index, Non clustered index
• When we choose index, When we should not use index
• Illustrate how index will help to retrieve the data fastly
• Data Dictionary tables for index.
DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE (DCL)

• GRANT and REVOKE

• Creating User
• Introduction to Tablespaces
• Types of Tablespaces
• Reseting password to the schema
• Controlling User Access
• Allocating space on Tablespaces
• Account lock and unlock
• DROP particular user

TRANSACTIONAL CONTROL LANGUAGE

• Commit
• Rollback
• Savepoint

SQL LOADER

• SQLLDR – Loading CSV file / Flat file into ORACLE table.

• Loading the file into Mutliple table
• Control file, Bad file, Discard File
• Loading the data based on the condition
• SQLLDR – Loading txt file / Delimiter File into ORACLE table
• Improve The Performance Of SQL*loader
• Difference Between The Conventional And Direct Path Loader

EXTERNAL TABLE

• Loading CSV, TXT file/Flat file and Delimiter File into ORACLE table
• What is difference Between EXTERNAL TABLE and SQL LOADER
• Loading the data based on the condition
• Create the directory for EXTERNAL TABLE access.
• Loading the file into Mutliple table
• Getting the permission to for External table directory
SELECTING DATA FROM MULTIPLE TABLES ( JOINS )

• EQUI JOIN / SIMPLE JOIN / NORMAL JOIN

• INNER JOIN, JOIN … USING clause, JOIN … ON clause,
• CROSS JOIN, NON-EQUI JOIN, SELF JOIN
• Self Join, Cross Join, Natural Join
• Difference Between Equi Join and Outer Join
• Writing Join by using ANSI and Oracle Standard
• Multi table Joins, Complex Joins – How to simplified complex joins.
• SET OPERATOR
• UNION
• UNION ALL
• DISTINCT
• MINUS
• How Joins Differ From Set operator
• Sub-Queries
• Basic Subqueries with examples
• Subquery Rules and Suggestions
• Single Row Sub Queries
• Multiple Row Sub Query operators
• Single Row Sub Query Operators
• Multiple Row Sub Queries (IN, ANY/SOME, ALL)
• Using sub Query With all Clauses
• Multiple Column Subqueries
• Scalar Sub Query
• Inline View
• Nested Sub Query
• Correlated Subqueries
• EXISTS, NOT EXISTS
• Difference between EXISTS and IN
• Update, Delete using EXISTS and NOT Exists
• Correlated DELETE, Correlated UPDATE

WHEN WE WILL USE THE SQLPLUS TOOL IN REAL TIME

• Pagesize, Linesize, Column heading, Column format, COLSEP

• Set server output on, set timing on, set auto trace on,
• Set wrap off
• tTitle , bTitle , break on column, spool , CSV file generation,
Text file generation
HIERARCHICAL RETRIEVAL

• LEVEL Pseudo column,

• Connect by prior

MULTI-TABLE INSERT

• Unconditional INSERT ALL

• Conditional INSERT ALL
• Conditional FIRST INSERT, INSERT ANY