Semana 16-I
Semana 16-I
Semana 16-I
TEMA
HYDROCEPHALUS
Sección:………………………….… Apellidos:……………………………………
Docente: Dr. Mikhail FIDAROV Nombres:……………………………………
CAUSE:
CURSO DE INGLÉS PROFESIONAL PARA LA SALUD II Mikhail FIDAROV
Congenital:
29. Congenital hydrocephalus is present in the infant prior to birth, meaning the fetus
developed hydrocephalus in utero during fetal development. The most common
cause of congenital hydrocephalus is aqueductal stenosis, which occurs when the
narrow passage between the third and fourth ventricles in the brain is blocked or too
narrow to allow sufficient cerebral spinal fluid to drain. Fluid accumulates in the
upper ventricles, causing hydrocephalus.
30. Other causes of congenital hydrocephalus include neural-tube defects, arachnoid
cysts, Dandy–Walker syndrome, and Arnold–Chiari malformation. The cranial
bones fuse by the end of the third year of life.
31. For head enlargement to occur, hydrocephalus must occur before then. The causes
are usually genetic, but can also be acquired and usually occur within the first few
months of life, which include intraventricular matrix hemorrhages in premature
infants, infections, type II Arnold-Chiari malformation, aqueduct atresia and stenosis,
and Dandy-Walker malformation.[citation needed]
32. In newborns and toddlers with hydrocephalus, the head circumference is enlarged
rapidly and soon surpasses the 97th percentile. Since the skull bones have not yet
firmly joined together, bulging, firm anterior and posterior fontanelles may be present
even when the person is in an upright position.[citation needed]
33. The infant exhibits fretfulness, poor feeding, and frequent vomiting. As the
hydrocephalus progresses, torpor sets in, and infants show lack of interest in their
surroundings. Later on, their upper eyelids become retracted and their eyes are
turned downwards ("sunset eyes") (due to hydrocephalic pressure on
the mesencephalic tegmentum and paralysis of upward gaze).
34. Movements become weak and the arms may become tremulous. Papilledema is
absent, but vision may be reduced. The head becomes so enlarged that they
eventually may be bedridden.
35. About 80–90% of fetuses or newborn infants with spina bifida—often associated
with meningocele or myelomeningocele—develop hydrocephalus.
Acquired:
36. This condition is acquired as a consequence of CNS infections, meningitis, brain
tumors, head trauma, toxoplasmosis, or intracranial hemorrhage (subarachnoid or
intraparenchymal), and is usually painful.
TIPE
CURSO DE INGLÉS PROFESIONAL PARA LA SALUD II Mikhail FIDAROV
37. The cause of hydrocephalus is not known with certainty and is probably multifactorial. It
may be caused by impaired CSF flow, reabsorption, or excessive CSF production.
38. Obstruction to CSF flow hinders its free passage through the ventricular system
and subarachnoid space (e.g., stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct or obstruction of
the interventricular foramina secondary to tumors, hemorrhages, infections or
congenital malformations) and can cause increases in ICP
39. Hydrocephalus can also be caused by overproduction of CSF (relative obstruction)
(e.g., choroid plexus papilloma, villous hypertrophy).
40. Bilateral ureteric obstruction is a rare, but reported, cause of hydrocephalus.
41. Hydrocephalus can be classified into communicating and noncommunicating
(obstructive). Both forms can be either congenital or acquired.