INTRODUCTION TO 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

8051 is one of the first and most popular microcontrollers also known
as MCS-51. It was designed by Intel in 1981. It is an 8-bit
microcontroller. It is built with 40 pins DIP (dual inline package), 4kb of
ROM storage, and 128 bytes of RAM storage, 2 16-bit timers.

It consists of four parallel 8-bit ports, which are programmable as well as

addressable as per the requirement. An on-chip crystal oscillator is
integrated into the microcontroller having a crystal frequency of 12 MHz.
 INTRODUCTION TO 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

Initially, it came out as an N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor

(NMOS) based microcontroller, but later versions were based on
complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS) technology. These
microcontrollers were named 80C51, where C in the name tells that it
is based on CMOS technology.

It is an 8-bit microcontroller which means the data bus is 8-bit.

Therefore, it can process 8 bits at a time. It is used in a wide
variety of embedded systems like robotics, remote controls, the
automotive industry, telecom applications, power tools, etc.
 THE FAMILY MEMBERS OF 8051
8052 and 8031 are considered as the family members of 8051.

8052 – 8052 is the super set of 8051 as it has all the features of
8051 with an extra timer and an extra RAM of 128 bytes.
Therefore, 8052 has a total of 256 bytes of RAM and 3 timers in
all. Also all the programs written for 8051 will run on 8052 as 8052
is super set of 8051, but it’s reverse is not true.

8031 – 8031 is referred to as ROM-less microcontroller chip because

it has 0 K byes of on-chip ROM. For it’s operation, 8031 requires
external ROM which aids it in fetch and execute operations. Apart
from this, it shares almost all the features of 8051.
 THE FAMILY MEMBERS OF 8051

80C31/80C52: The 80C31 and AT89C51/52: The AT89C51 and

80C52 are enhanced versions of AT89C52 are popular derivatives of
the 8031 and 8052, respectively. the 8051 developed by Atmel
They have additional features Corporation. They have additional
such as an on-chip oscillator, an features such as an on-chip flash
expanded interrupt structure, memory, an expanded interrupt
and a power-down mode. These structure, and a power-down mode.
microcontrollers are also These microcontrollers are also
compatible with the 8051 in compatible with the 8051 in terms of
terms of pinout and instruction pinout and instruction set, making it
set. easy to migrate code between them.
 THE FAMILY MEMBERS OF 8051

STC89C5x: The STC89C5x series of microcontrollers are based on

the 8051 architecture but have additional features such as an on-
chip flash memory, an expanded interrupt structure, and a power-
down mode. They also have higher clock speeds and more I/O pins
than the 8051. However, they are not fully compatible with the
8051 in terms of pinout and instruction set, so code migration
between them requires some modifications.
COMPARISON OF 8051 WITH ITS OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS
THE KEY FEATURES OF THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

4 KB on-chip ROM (Program memory).

128 bytes on-chip RAM (Data memory).
The 8-bit data bus (bidirectional).
16-bit address bus (unidirectional).
Two 16-bit timers.
Instruction cycle of 1 microsecond with 12 MHz crystal.
Four 8-bit input/output ports.
128 user-defined flags.
THE KEY FEATURES OF THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

Four register banks of 8 bit each.

16-byte bit-addressable RAM.
The general purpose registers are 32, and each is 8-bit.
8051 has two external and three internal interrupts.
8051 microcontroller specifies some special function
features like UARTs, ADC, Op-amp, etc.
It has a 16-bit program counter and data pointer.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051 ΜICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECHTURE
PIN DIAGRAM OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PINS

The 8051 microcontroller pin diagram is comprised of 40 pins, as

may be seen below. Four Ports named P0, P1, P2, and P3 are used
to store wherepins and each port has eight pins.

Pins 1 to 8
It is also known as PORT 1. The 8-bit bidirectional input and
output ports with inbuilt pull-up resistors make up PORT 1 Pins.
Older 8051 microcontrollers only have an 8-bit I/O port on port 1.
This port doesn't serve any additional purposes, unlike other ports.
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PINS
Pin 9
It is an active HIGH pin, meaning the microcontroller will be reset
if the RST Pin (Pin 9) is HIGH for at least two machine cycles. So
it is the RESET pin used to reset it to its default values when
operating or at the beginning of an application.

Pins 10 to 17
It is also known as PORT 3. Interrupts, timer input, control
signals, serial communication signals Receive Data (RxD) and
Transmit Data (TxD), and other operations are served by this
port.
Pins 10 to 17 DESCRIPTION OF THE PINS
Pin 3.0 - This pin is known as the serial input pin and its function
is to receive data during serial communication.
Pin 3.1 - This pin is known as the serial output pin and its function
is to transmit data during serial communication.
Pin 3.2 - This pin is used as an external trigger for interrupt 0.
Pin 3.3 - This pin is used as an external trigger for interrupt 1.
Pin 3.4 - This pin is for external input for Timer 0.
Pin 3.5 - This pin is for external input for Timer 1.
Pin 3.6 - This pin is used for writing data to the external memory.
Pin 3.7 - This pin is used for reading data from the external
memory.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PINS
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PINS

Pins 18 and 19
The pins connecting an external oscillator are 18 and 19, or XTAL
2 and XTAL 1, respectively. A Quartz Crystal Oscillator is often
attached here.

Pin 20
The ground pin on an 8051 microcontroller is pin 20, or GND. It
connects to the power supply's negative terminal (0V), representing
0V.
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PINS
Pins- 21-28
The PORT 2 Pins on the 8051 Microcontroller are Pins 21 through
28. The PORT 2 pins function as either inputs or outputs because
it is a bidirectional port. Additionally, PORT 2 pins work as the
higher-order address byte when external memory is interfaced.

Pin 29
Program Store Enable, often known as PSEN, is used to interpret
signals from external program memory.
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PINS

Pin 30
This pin is linked to Vcc(Voltage Common Collector) to drag it high
if there is no requirement for external memory.

Pin 31
It is also known as Address Latch Enable or ALE and is used to
demultiplex the port 0 address data indication (for external
memory interfacing).
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PINS

Pins 32 to 39
Pins 32 to 39 are known as Port 0 (P0.0 to P0.7), and they are
multiplexed with low-order data/address bus signals to act as
input/output ports (to provide the use of outer memory
interfacing).

Pin 40 (VCC)
The circuit receives power supply voltage, or +5 Volts, from this
pin, VCC (Voltage Common Collector).
THE PIN DIAGRAM OF THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER IS AS FOLLOWS:
1. VCC - This pin provides +5V power supply to the circuit.

2. GND - This pin in connected to the negative terminal of the

device to provide a 0V supply.

3. XTAL1 and XTAL2 - These pins are connected to the external

oscillator to provide clock frequency.

4. Reset - This pin is used to reset the microcontroller.

5. Port 1 - This port is a collection of 8 bidirectional pins used for

simple input/output operations. These do not serve any additional
purpose.
THE PIN DIAGRAM OF THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER IS AS FOLLOWS:

6. Port 2 - This port is a collection of 8 bidirectional pins used for

simple input/output operations. These do not serve any additional
purpose.

7. Port 3 - This is a collection of 8 bidirectional pins.These act as

higher-order address bytes whenever an additional external
memory is interfaced with the 8051 microcontroller.

8. Port 4 - This port is a collection of 8 bidirectional pins. These

pins are used to provide functionality like Interrupts, Timer input,
control signals, and serial communication.
THE PIN DIAGRAM OF THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER IS AS FOLLOWS:

9. INT0 - This pin is used as a trigger to external interrupt 0.

10. INT1 - This pin is used as a trigger for external interrupt 1.

11. T0 - This pin is used as external Timer 0.

12. T1 - This pin is used as external Timer 1.

13. WR - This pin gives the write signal for external memory.

14. RD - This pin giver the read signal for external memory.

15. ALE - This pin gives the signal to enable the latch to get the
address for the external memory.
THE PIN DIAGRAM OF THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER IS AS FOLLOWS:
16. PSEN - This pin is used to give the signal for accessing the
program memory.

17. 17-24. Address bus - These pins transmit address from the
microcontroller to the external memory.

18. 25-32. Data bus - These pins transmit data from the
microcontroller to the internal memory.

19. RST - This pin gives the signal that the microcontroller is
being reset.
THE PIN DIAGRAM OF THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER IS AS FOLLOWS:

20. EA - This pin is used for selecting the program memory.

21. VPP - This pin is used in the programming and configuration of

the microcontroller.

22. 36-39. XTAL - These pins are connected to the oscillator to

provide clock frequency.

24. P1.0 (AD0) – P1.7 (AD7) - These pins are used to interface
external devices with the microcontroller.