Theology FINAL NOTES
Theology FINAL NOTES
Theology FINAL NOTES
Lesson 7
likeness of God. It’s a matter of gift
(it’s given to us when God created us)
A person in a coma is not making
Lesson A: Genuine Freedom: use/unconscious but still has
The Pursuit of the Good fundamental freedom.
War in Israel: We are hurt once we
see the news regardless of our beliefs
Man has the Freedom to choose Evil because we know that we are the
(True or False) same as them. Regardless of what we
Free will – choice of the human (capacity believe, the people involved in the
of a human to choose, coming from his war are still human. Their war is a
own will or decision) choice, but the people injured/died
isn’t their choice. We get hurt because
Freedom – more in freedom (not just free we possess the same dignity.
will but something else) Do animals have fundamental
Answer: False. When you hurt someone, freedom?
you will feel if what you did is right or
wrong. Somehow, you are reminded if 2. Freedom of Choice – dignity
you did something right or wrong. Even (inviolable)
without law, we can realize something is Infused choice. Choice of doing good
wrong. Even before the giving of the 10 or evil.
commandments, we already knew that Animals don’t have a concept of good
there was wrong. If we hurt something, or evil. If they bite you, it’s not
we feel there’s something wrong with considered evil. It’s their nature. It’s
nature. not moral freedom. It might be our
own concept of why animals are
Dimensions of Freedom happy. It’s their nature.
1. Fundamental Freedom Do animals know they are animals?
If we say that a dog is a dog, it’s our
yung fetus na nasa loob ng own identification for them.
sinapupunan, may freedom ba siya? The names of objects around us are
Well, fetus is not free in terms of free our own identification.
will but the it has freedom. Philosophy of language: Language is
Freedom is not determined by our very important to improve our nature
choices/decisions but built into our as a human person.
being. It is part of our dignity. It is From the concept of nature, birds are
inviolable (cannot be violated) free to do what they want. If we tie or
cage a dog, we deprive them of their Trisha knows that this is something that
natural freedom. is doable but she feels distressed thinking
Malaya ba ang isang tao na saktan that just because she can doesn’t mean
ang isang tao? she should, no matter how badly she
If you’re an artist, it’s easy to draw wants it to happen.
other people.
We will feel in ourselves when
something is disoriented from its How do the people of your age
original flow concretely express their freedom? Can
If it goes out of nature, it will be hard you identify these forms of expression
for us to anticipate. (Whether these are positive or negative)?
I can do good, I can do evil 1. Freedom as Expression of Dignity:
(Freedom) God’s Image and Likeness in Man
• Self is the freedom. Can refer to Freedom is anchored on man’s
capacity. dignity, i.e., being made in the image
and likeness of God.
Kicking is not a decision a fetus Freedom towards the good can only
makes. be achieved and perfected in God
A fetus can grow or develop into while being totally aware of the call
something we expect. to be always faithful to one’s dignity.
If a fetus has an underdeveloped part True freedom is a freedom only for
of the body, there are external factors the good.
like sa pagkain, natamaan, or may Human person as the perfect and the
certain situation that happened. crowning glory of God’s creation
Fetus nakakasipa but not naninipa. must participate in Gods creative
God created us beautiful but He gave works which are good.
us the capacity to make ourselves Thus, man is always expected to
more beautiful. choose the good in all his/her
Trisha never really liked Benjamin from undertakings.
the moment they met at class. She feels Genuine freedom must be given
that Benjamin in annoying in every sort emphasis in order to straighten man’s
of way and so she doesn’t want to be path toward the awareness of one’s
around her even if Benjamin is just fidelity to the dignity which was lost
minding his own business. Feeding on to sin.
her antipathy towards her unsuspecting As man strives to become ‘like-God’,
classmate, Trisha thought about creating he/she is called to always be
a fake social media account where she reminded that the more we become
can spread untrue and mean rumors about like God, the more we become human
Benjamin in order embarrass the latter.
and the more we become humans, the As man navigates the ins and outs
more we should be like God. of genuine freedom, ideally, the
E.g. Mother Teresa has become an good must always take
icon of holiness because she precedence.
exercised the genuine freedom that The responsibility in exercising
Christians are all called to do: the freedom entails that a person must
works of God. always bear consciously and
2. Dignity and Freedom: The fulfillment unconsciously that he/she is the
in Manifestation of God’s Presence in only one answerable and
Man accountable for all the actions
Man’s life is from God and God he/she committed.
alone has the sole right to take it The intrinsic goodness of man is
away. exercised through the aid his/her
Washing man’s inequities through freewill and intellect.
the blood of Christ makes man The election toward the good is
acceptable before God. only achieved if the person is
By virtue of baptism, as adopted definitively bound to God and is
sons and daughters of God, man’s totally aware of the call to be
body becomes the temple of the always faithful to one’s dignity.
Holy Spirit. Through this, man is able to
God’s presence in man makes perfect himself/herself and is
him/her holy, sacred. capable of arriving at the
Now freedom enters here when promised salvation of Christ.
man treats the other with outmost Freedom is our ability to be
respect and high regard for the faithful to our dignity.
presence of God in each person. Doing God-like actions: loving,
It is by virtue of our dignity that showing mercy, extending
we are equal before the eyes of compassion, forgiving, etc.
God. Therefore, freedom is the ability
Creation happened because of the to choose the good.
unconditional, undying and “The more we choose the good,
unending love of God. the freer we become.”
Man’s response to that The beginning of freedom, Saint
overflowing love is faithfulness. Augustine writes, is:
Cognition of one’s and other’s ”To be free from crimes...such as
dignity must be the basis of a murder, adultery, fornication,
person’s genuine exercise of theft, fraud, sacrilege and so forth.
genuine freedom. When once one is without these
crimes (and every Christian
should be without them), one eat "of every tree of the
begins to lift up one's head garden".
towards freedom. But this is only
But his freedom is not
the beginning of freedom, not
perfect freedom..." VS, 13 unlimited: it must halt
3. Freedom and Law before the "tree of the
"Of the tree of the knowledge knowledge of good and
of good and evil you shall not evil", for it is called to
eat" (Gen 2:17) accept the moral law
In the Book of Genesis we given by God. In fact,
read: "The Lord God human freedom finds its
commanded the man, saying, authentic and complete
'You may eat freely of every fulfilment precisely in
tree of the garden; but of the the acceptance of that
tree of the knowledge of good law.
and evil you shall not eat, for God, who alone is good,
in the day that you eat of it knows perfectly what is
you shall die' " (Gen 2:16- good for man, and by
17). VS, 35. virtue of his very love
a. The Imagery of Tree of proposes this good to
Knowledge of Good and man in the
Evil: commandments. VS, 35
Revelation teaches that God's law does not
the power to decide what reduce, much less do
is good and what is evil away with human
does not belong to man, freedom; rather, it
but to God alone. protects and promotes
Man is certainly free, that freedom.
inasmuch as he can In contrast, however,
understand and accept some present-day
God's commands. And cultural tendencies have
he possesses an given rise to several
extremely far-reaching currents of thought in
freedom, since he can ethics which center upon
an alleged conflict
between freedom and of the natural moral law.
law. VS, 36
These doctrines would Some people, however,
grant to individuals or disregarding the
social groups the right to dependence of human
determine what is good reason on Divine
or evil. Wisdom and the need,
Human freedom would given the present state of
thus be able to "create fallen nature, for Divine
values" and would enjoy Revelation as an
a primacy over truth, to effective means for
the point that truth itself knowing moral truths,
would be considered a even those of the natural
creation of freedom. order, have actually
Freedom would thus lay posited a complete
claim to a moral sovereignty of reason in
autonomy which would the domain of moral
actually amount to an norms regarding the
absolute sovereignty. right ordering of life in
VS, 35 this world.
In response to the Such norms would
encouragement of the constitute the boundaries
Second Vatican Council, for a merely "human"
there has been a desire morality; they would be
to foster dialogue with the expression of a law
modern culture, which man in an
emphasizing the autonomous manner lays
rational, and thus down for himself and
universally which has its source
understandable and exclusively in human
communicable, character reason.
of moral norms In no way could God be
belonging to the sphere considered the Author of
this law, except in the
sense that human reason would freely arrive at
exercises its autonomy full and blessed
in setting down laws by perfection by cleaving to
virtue of a primordial God". VS, 38
and total mandate given Not only the world,
to man by God. however, but also man
These trends of thought himself has been
have led to a denial, in entrusted to his own care
opposition to Sacred and responsibility. God
Scripture (cf. Mt 15:3-6) left man "in the power of
and the Church's his own counsel" (Sir
constant teaching, of the 15:14), that he might
fact that the natural seek his Creator and
moral law has God as its freely attain perfection.
author, and that man, by Attaining such
the use of reason, perfection means
participates in the personally building up
eternal law, which it is that perfection in
not for him to establish. himself. Indeed, just as
b. God left man in the power man in exercising his
of his own counsel" (Sir dominion over the world
15:14) shapes it in accordance
The Second Vatican with his own
Council explains the intelligence and will, so
meaning of that too in performing
"genuine freedom" morally good acts, man
which is "an outstanding strengthens, develops
manifestation of the and consolidates within
divine image" in man: himself his likeness to
"God willed to leave God. VS, 39
man in the power of his At the heart of the moral
own counsel, so that he life we thus find the
would seek his Creator principle of a "rightful
of his own accord and autonomy" of man, the
personal subject of his cultures, this sort of
actions. alleged autonomy would
The moral law has its contradict the Church's
origin in God and teaching on the truth
always finds its source about man.
in him: at the same time, It would be the death of
by virtue of natural true freedom: "But of
reason, which derives the tree of the
from divine wisdom, it knowledge of good and
is a properly human law. evil you shall not eat, for
VS, 40. in the day that you eat of
The rightful autonomy it you shall die" (Gen
of the practical reason 2:17).
means that man Man's genuine moral
possesses in himself his autonomy in no way
own law, received from means the rejection but
the Creator. rather the acceptance of
Nevertheless, the the moral law, of God's
autonomy of reason command: "The Lord
cannot mean that reason God gave this command
itself creates values and to the man..." (Gen
moral norms. 2:16).
Were this autonomy to Human freedom and
imply a denial of the God's law meet and are
participation of the called to intersect, in the
practical reason in the sense of man's free
wisdom of the divine obedience to God and of
Creator and Lawgiver, God's completely
or were it to suggest a gratuitous benevolence
freedom which creates towards man.
moral norms, on the Hence obedience to God
basis of historical is not, as some would
contingencies or the believe, a heteronomy,
diversity of societies and as if the moral life were
subject to the will of
something all-powerful,
absolute, extraneous to
man and intolerant of his
freedom. VS, 41
By forbidding man to
"eat of the tree of the
knowledge of good and
evil", God makes it clear
that man does not
originally possess such
"knowledge" as
something properly his
own, but only
participates in it by the
light of natural reason
and of Divine
Revelation, which
manifest to him the
requirements and the
promptings of eternal
wisdom.
According to Noam Chomsky (1928-
Lesson 8 present), Anarchism is a kind of a
tendency in human thought and
action which tries to detect structures
Lesson A: Law Abiding in of authority, domination, and
Truth hierarchy and to challenge them, ask
them to demonstrate their legitimacy,
1. Sense of Law recognizing that they are not self
2. Definition of Law justifying. They have the burden of
3. Types of Law justification.
This is true across all the spectrum of
Catalina will soon be celebrating her 18th human life from patriarchal families
birthday this coming 20 September to imperial systems and everything in
2021. She is excited about this day and between.
has been preparing for it since she turned Whenever you find structure of
domination, hierarchy, somebody
thirteen. One can only imagine the
giving order, somebody taking them,
anticipation and the preparations she you have to ask: is that legitimate?
poured into it and how the whole family You should not assume that it is
is involved and excited for her. legitimate because its been like that,
Everything is in place: the venue, gown, that is not a justification. You have to
caterers, invitations, and the trappings ask, if it is legitimate, when you do,
that go along with this once in a lifetime you generally find that it can’t be
justified.
event. Then came the announcement of
Anarchism is the effort to discover
the WHO that COVID 19 is now a such systems. And when they can’t
pandemic and is highly contagious and, justify themselves, they have to be
as such, is virulent. In response, The dismantled and in order to move
Philippine Government, through RA towards greater freedom, justice,
11469, otherwise known as Bayanihan to opportunity, individual creativity,
Heal As One Act, has prohibited all social cooperative activity, and so on.
events indefinitely. Upon learning this, e.g. Expansion of women’s rights.
How did it happen? As soon as these
Catalina felt sad, knowing that her dream
structures of oppression were
celebration will not materialize. identified, they kind of disappeared,
Nonetheless, she accepted the not instantly, as there are still plenty
consequences and understood that the of resistance.
law only intends to ensure the Filipino Wage labor, or wage slavery were
people's safety, to which her right to people are forced into a system where
celebrate comes only second. they have to sell themselves to
survive. If you work for a wage you
What is Just Law? are selling yourself, you lose your
freedom, dignity, independence, your
worth as a person.
Anarchism
Over the years this has been instilled care of the community, which is
into people’s head and the intuitive promulgated or made known.
understanding of this kind of injustice
ST lallae, Q, 90, a.4
has been suppressed. They can be
eliminated by enterprises that are Important Phrases:
managed and run by their o Ordinance of reason
participants. o For the common good
These are changes that have taken everyone will benefit
place just through exposing power to o Who has care of the
the sunlight and seeing it evaporate. community elected
people (who are
authorized/with authority)
Sense of Law According to who can implement the
Aquinas law competently.
Law is not limited to: o Promulgated or made
A legislative or judicial domain known
Commands, obligations, moral Two Elements:
imperatives 1. Law is an ordination of reason
Controlling what other people are ⮚ law involves some kind of
free to do. ordering and specifically an
Law is a Teacher ordering according to reason.
It is about a rational or reasonable (clear reason to be decided upon)
principle of order by which things ⮚ Law is not a command of the will
are directed to their ends. In this of the superior.
way, law is a teacher. ⮚ Law is an expression of his
Law is a Ruler (superior) reason consisting in a
A measure of human acts kind of reasoned plan or ordering
A guide in drawing straight lines. of things towards the common
The straightness and length of the good.
rule is also the measure of the line 2. Law is an Ordering to the Common
you’ve drawn. Good
The law guides us in our actions Common good is the end that law
to make sure that they are upright aims at and serves.
and ordered to the common good. Common good is a good of
It also gives us a way to judge our radically different kind because it
actions. It measures them, is an end and it can be shared by
whether we have conformed our many without loss or
actions to the standard of the law. diminishment, e.g. truth, justice.
Goods that can be shared by
Definition of Law According to many, it is higher and nobler.
Aquinas It is not a private property of none
Aquinas’ Definition of Law of them and yet it is genuinely
An ordination of reason for the good for each of them because it
common good from him who has is a common good.
We try to assess/evaluate to know Human law provide captive. Human
if it helps for the common good law accident example: Travel time.
For all the members of the Human law tries to prevent death to
community preserve human life.
Abide with what’s there for you Do we violate eternal law when we
and me die? Are human and eternal law
For the common good connected?
The common good is the explanation To interpret eternal law, it requires
of why a law exists and what it is faith in our human mind.
doing: Example: If we understand death,
law is an ordering based on reason death sometimes is considered eternal
for the sake of and directing the law so we have to prevent it. We
community towards the common preserve life, humanity, and human
good. person. When a person dies according
Common good can be found in to eternal law, it is a part of the law
the right ordering to God as the itself that death is not to be prevented
common good and final end of all according to human law. But in
that is. eternal law, it is permitted for a better
purpose.
Types of Law According to Eternal Law
Aquinas The order of creation as it preexists
4 Types of Law in the divine mind.
1. Eternal Law – the highest type of Ultimately, that creation would
law. Address an eternal law using reflect and share in the glory and
human expression. How can we splendor of God.
understand eternal law if we use Divine (blueprint of creation)
human language? (ex. Humingi ka
If something happens to a human, is it
ng sign kay God and Nakita mo
the order of creation?
“Stop” so you think na ‘yun na yung
Modifications because of limitations
sign)
of human mind. Free will to
2. Natural Law
understand the divine. Freedom is to
3. Divine Positive Law
understand the things on earth and
4. Human Law – law
with God the capacity.
interpreted/expressed in human
words (ex. “Stop” identification of Life and Death – other than human
speed limit or restriction and no ID, life, God wants soul in order for
no entry) human mind to understand/appreciate
intelligently that it has to be
These are arranged as a hierarchy
understood with faith.
where the lower law types of law
participate in and make more specific Being male and female, how can
the higher types. sex/gender alter the divine plan?
One is easily accessible and one is Liberty – the divine plan/order of
accessed by transcendental creation has been laid.
understanding. Divine – can’t be changed.
It is the fundamental thing the we are
to have
Aquinas begins with the Highest Official distinction of Good (Divide
possible level: God himself, who not Plan)
only is the creator of the universe but Handicap – even artist have the
also its end, the source of its order, difficulty to express their views.
and who governs it by his
providential plan. Natural Law
This plan of order emerges from The rational creature’s
God’s divine reason as an idea in participation in the eternal law.
God’s mind and like God himself this The way that rational creatures, like
plan is eternal. Thus, eternal law. human beings participate in God’s
God, its end and source of order plan, i.e., in the eternal law.
(propagate, create, legislate law) How do we see the divine plan?
Example: Contraception/Abortion Rational creature’s
Law being implemented that participation in the eternal
ends human life but that’s law.
not eternal law all about. Everlasting love
Acknowledge God as the We see divine law with how
creator/cause then we don’t the nature works (Sunset)
have the right to create law Unlike lower creatures, we human
that ends human life. beings are not only moved to our end
Eternal – definite things from the outside, we use our reason,
Eternal life – life after death minds, to actively participate in
(you can’t change death directing ourselves, ordering
itself) ourselves, and ordering and directing
When we are creating other others towards their ultimate end and
types of laws, we consider we do this insofar as we understand
the Divine/Eternal Law what kind of beings we are and what
Eternal law is not only in God’s mind is really good for us and so act
but is in the things that God makes. accordingly.
Because God has created all things We use understanding
according to a plan as coming from I have natural tendencies to
him and ordered back to him, he make myself beautiful.
imprints on their very being, in their Doing evil is not part of our
very nature an inclination for nature
creatures towards their proper acts This eternal law, this plan of God is
and ends. So they will tend to their implanted in rational creatures in a
perfection and fulfillment precisely as special way, Aquinas calls this the
the kinds of things they are according natural law.
to the nature God has given them. Thus, we are capable of
We don’t need to decide we understanding the world around us,
understand things grasping with our minds, what is
If you don’t believe in God, you don’t good for us to do and moving
have concern in violating the law but ourselves to do it according to this
it’s not like that we are all created by rational desire called, will.
God.
Understanding – Why do we go to school?
independent in nature Because we believe that by
A female child will not grow learning, we perfect
naturally than adult female. ourselves to self-
Are we suppose to preservation.
understand that one or are 2. To self-preservation
we stubborn enough to think Killing is evil.
that is it possible that the Inclination – natural
young female child can tendency for sexual union,
become male someday? Like 3. To sexual union
he’s going to change gender? 4. To knowing the truth
The divine plan/soul has Desire to know the truth.
been there since the We are not contented with
beginning. Only reasonable things we know, there’s a
being can appreciate that this desire to know the truth.
is a female becoming adult 5. To Living in society (justice,
female. truth, fairness towards others)
Human beings have a higher No man is an island
participation in God’s providential Created for each other
plan than other creatures do because Obliged to perform them.
we can understand it become willing These inclinations are features of the
agents in bringing it to completion for kind of beings that we are.
ourselves, for others, and for our
They give us a fundamental
communities.
orientation towards what will make
Endowed with the power of reason us increasingly happy and
means that we are not simply moved increasingly free.
by brute force or instinct. The
Natural law does not impose on us, it
precepts of the natural law follow the
is rather the very design of our being.
order of our natural inclination.
As we come to know this with our
This means that as we understand the minds, we are able to participate
inclinations of our spiritual nature, we intentionally and freely in this plan.
come to grasp what God made a
We order ourselves, our actions
human being to be and what human
according to this plan by the use of
life is ordered to. And so, we come to
our freedom. This is the purpose of
know what a human being ought to
our freedom, that we be the creatures
do and avoid.
that order ourselves freely and
We are not animals (if we knowingly to God according to his
are, then we are the highest plan.
order)
People accept burden
As human being, we have
It’s the self-inclination
moral obligation on what to
Even going to different
do and avoid.
place, we notice something
Five Principles of Natural
wrong and there’s the desire
Inclinations:
to fix the system.
1. To good (to what perfects us)
Properties of the Natural Law particular context and for a particular
community.
1. Universal. Binds all men at all times Then, always respecting what the
and in all places, for it is the very natural law demands in its negative
nature of men. precepts, human lawmakers should
Regardless of color and race. make laws that order their
Applicable in our country communities towards its common
can be applied to others as good.
well. Senior Citizen Law (respect
Human life is recognized. for elderly)
2. Indispensable. Man has no authority Persons with Disabilities
over natural law. God is the source of Traffic Lights – to avoid
natural law. accidents
3. Immutable and Dynamic. Exists for
as long as human nature exists. Divine Positive Law
Changes in the condition of man What God has revealed through
results in modified or new demands divine revelation in the OT and NT
of the Natural Law. about how human beings should live
Example: there are laws that in order to come to the supernatural
were applied before that good of heaven.
can’t be applied today. 10 commandments
Relation between Human Law and These are things that we could not
Natural Law have discovered on our own since
Human law is only just in accord with knowing and travelling on the way to
the natural law and that laws that the triune God completely exceeds
conflict with the natural law are not what our nature is capable of by its
morally binding. own power
The natural law is most clear with Grace of human experience
respect to certain general and Human Laws
negative precepts, e.g. decalogue:
theft, murder, adultery…these are Application or determination of the
wrong always and everywhere natural law on various levels in
because they are contrary to what the particular community.
natural law teaches us is the good for No ID, no entry
human beings, e.g., self-preservation, Natural law that protects: it
sexual union, and the raising of is for the good of
children. community/institution to be
Human law is in accordance identified
with natural law. Also, an ordination of reason for the
Natural law is most clear common good, in this case the
(e.g. 10 commandmets) common good of a nation, of the
The important job of lawmakers is to state, of the city.
specify and apply the general More particular and specific than the
precepts of the natural law in a natural law.
It does not apply everywhere like the
natural law does but only in this
jurisdiction and it aims to direct this
particular community and its
members to their proper common
good.
Example
o Natural Law: I’ll see you
in the morning (general)
o Human Law: It’s colder.
Let’s do it at 6 o’clock or
5 in the morning.
Church Laws
The Six Commandments of the
Church
1. To hear mass on Sundays and
Holy Days of Obligation.
2. To fast and abstain on the days
appointed.
3. To confess at least once a year.
4. To receive the Holy Eucharist
during Easter Time.
5. To contribute to the support of the
Church.
6. To never violate laws concerning
marriage.
Church Laws (Human law
because its nature is to
enforce/can be enforced)
Specific requirement/action
to determine the validity of
the sacrament.
Definition of Conscience
Lesson 9 Conscience and Truth
Prudence Temperance
An intellectual virtue that that The virtuous moderation of sense
perfects the practical reason. It is pleasure: pleasures of the flesh, food,
right reason about things to be done drink, all of which can be good when
(recta ratio agibilium). experienced in accord with reason.
The most important moral virtue, it’s The virtue of temperance is in
the charioteer of virtue. It directs all between intemperance, which is
the virtues. E.g. Prudence determines simply a pursuit of pleasure, one after
the courageous thing to do in this another, and insensibility or frigidity
moment is or what the temperate or unwillingness to experience
thing to do is and to enjoy at this pleasure.
moment. It says what is the just thing
to do at this moment. Fortitude
It is prudence which tells the virtues The stable disposition to do the right
how to be themselves. thing in the face of fear.
We become prudent by learning from That virtue which you need to get the
our elders, from those who have lived good things in your life.
long enough to learn from their Keeps us shrinking away from great
mistakes and so more time to grow in difficulties but also keeps us from
prudence. rushing in in foolishness.
We become prudent by experience, It is Right between being a coward
by living life, by being self-reflective, and being a fool on the other.
by making choices and seeing how
they turn out and looking back and
trying to figure out how we could
Lesson 13
have done that differently… Moral Principles
The moral life is not something that
we engage alone, it is something we
engage in the community.
The Principle of Double Effect Unintended and unforeseen
consequences – when we never know
Principle of Totality what particular effects would follow
Stewardship (Epikeia) from our action.
Whether Foreseen or Unforeseen,
The Principle of Double Effect
these consequences are called
Also known as the voluntary
INDIRECTLY VOLUNTARY
indirect principle
Man always act for a purpose What is ones moral responsibility over
Distinctions: the unintended consequences of ones
Purpose or intention of the action?
agent (finis operantis) There is no moral responsibility
Purpose of the action (finis (unforeseen and unintended), neither
operis) the will nor the mind are involved.
Voluntary indirect purpose (not For the unintended but foreseen, it
intended) – aware and with should be noted that it is not a
consent to the act question of justifying the evil
The intention is different with consequences. Even if these are
action unintended, by the fact that they are
Good intention but evil act evil means that they can never be
Distinction in purpose and justified. The question then pertains
intention to the otherwise good action, and
whether it can still be morally
UNINTENDED OR justified by reason with the evil
INVOLUNTARY CONSEQUENCES consequences that follow.
– when an action results to more
consequences or effects than what Four Conditions of the Principle of
was originally intended or expected. Double Effect.
(I am going to make you happy so I The action itself must be morally
will do things that make you happy) good or at least indifferent. (di
Unintended but foreseen nagnanakaw/di gumagawa ng
consequences – consequences of our masama)
action, even if we do not include The good effect must precede the evil
them in our deliberate planning. effect, or at least be simultaneous
(Involuntary Direct) with it. (good effect happens first
I am going to do this and if before the side effect)
I’m going to do this, this is The intention of the agent should be
not intended but I’m sure directed towards the good effect,
that this will happened/this is never to the evil effect. (I am going to
the consequence.
do this because I want to give a calm wholeness or well being. – Total
and peaceful effect) Integrity.
Proportionality: the good effect must Justification of a person in perfect
be more important than or at least state of health can donate an organ for
equal to the bad effect. the benefit of one who needs it.
Justification is of charity and
To assure the validity of the conditions, brotherly concern and/ or
the person is expected to have developed proportionality.
and accepted a hierarchy of values in one Physical Integrity: Anatomy (part of
s moral and personal life based on human body that can be removed yet the
and Christian principles. For if this fails, body is still functioning.
the reference to the principle of the Mental: Mental Health problem, how
double effect to solve difficult moral will you amputate?
situations, especially in the practice of Used to justify integrity
medicine, will just be an easy way to A murderer removed in the
justify most arbitrary decisions. RV society. This can’t be
applied.
The Principle of Totality
Rests on the proposition that the Principle of Stewardship
whole is more important than its Humans are at the top of the world: the
parts. most perfect creatures in the universe.
Kung kailangan tanggalin There is a general, universal
ang bahagi ng buo, that’s the experience of respect and protection
principle of totality for human life as the most basic and
If your finger makes you sin, indispensable condition for any
remove it. further development of human
In this sense, the whole traditional potentialities, which becomes clearer
Christian moral theology justifies the when enlightened by faith and
sacrifice of one part of organ as long religion.
as it threatens the integrity of the Aligned with how we see thing
human organism or presents a serious beautiful and perfect
obstacle to its proper functioning. Co-create with God
We have different preferences of what
Two controversies: is clean and beautiful
Interpretation of whole human Patagin ang bundok para madaanan
organism in terms of ones physical nang maayos
integrity or whether it can be Gumawa ng bigas and Diyos pero
extended to include ones hindi siya nagsaing
psychological, emotional, and moral God created us perfect and beautiful.
been taken into consideration by
Man is the subject of a special creation. positive law.
A reflection of beauty and perfection If the letter of the law is
of God. doubtful, we base on the
spirit of the law.
Can think, will and understand, yet.
Interpretation of the Law
Not totally independent.
Example:
If it doesn’t fit with our
sense of beauty and Letter of the law: Those
perfection, we fix it. who can pass will be
admitted
We clean our house para di
mapahiya. Spirit of the law: Offer
education to the deserving
Man is given a certain dominion over all student (conduct entrance
the created things. The relationship of exam)
man and created things are reflected as: Letter of Reconsideration:
A Useful Dominion. All things conducting principle of
were created for the service and Epikeia.
use of man, to use them A restrictive interpretation of the law
reasonably and responsibly to by private authority excusing one
satisfy his needs. from the observance of the law in
Accountable Stewardship Over some particular difficult case in
Mans Life. Man does not have accordance with the genuine meaning
the same dominion over himself, of legislation.
he is accountable to God for what
he makes of himself. To realize Inner Justifications for Epikeia
himself is his mission, included in The legislator cannot foresee all the
the Divine plan. Human life, then, circumstances which may arise for
is the most basic and fundamental individuals and, even if one does,
requirement for man to carry out often fails to cover them all with the
his mission. Rv wordings of a general law.
Kailangan kong ayusin ‘to Laws are often not fast enough to
dahil may kasama ako sa follow the developments of life and
mundo. the changes in society.
Human legislation itself has the jural
Principle of Epikeia duty to admit the right of its subjects
Is an interpretation of Human Law to resort to the law of epikeia, in
not according to its letter but order to compensate for the
according to its spirit for those border unavoidable deficiencies of the law.
cases which have not sufficiently
Conditions and cautions in observing Kilala na sila ng lahat ng
Epikeia: staff doon
It only applies to positive laws. One time pumunta bangko
No ID, No Entry (Positive yung apo mag-isa.
Laws) May dalang cheque na
Spirit of the law: walang pirma
Identification and Safety Incapacitating Laws
If no ID, did you lose your (Bribery)
identity?
Identity reduces to plastic Moral Maxims
card “Right reason is indeed a true law, in
It must remain with the genuine accord with nature, diffused among all
meaning of legislation. Epikeia must men, unchangeable, eternal”
be justified by the superior needs of
the common good and ultimately by Let it not be forgotten, let it be
the demands of the ultimate end of emphasized, repeated, emblazoned in the
humanity. halls of every legislative body, that
Ex. Passing score USTET: morality is a fundamental principle in
70% legislation; but for this principle, this law
Kung ‘di mo naabot, walang of nature, this law of God, this law of
ganong batas man… popular government would fail.
If we quantify, sometimes Morality cannot be disregarded by the
we reduce quantitative legislature, it must be regarded, or the
meaning action of the body is void. Moral law was
We don’t know how to not created by a legislative body. It was
express our love) never enacted. It was never created by the
constitution of the state or of the nation.
Consultation with others is very much
Neither the constitution itself nor the
urged, especially for instances with
legislature can disregard it and the action
more important exceptions.
be valid” (Ritter, Moral and Civil Law,
Recourse to a superior is required in
p.83).
doubtful cases, unless one is terribly
difficult to approach.
1. One who acts through an agent is
It cannot be applied to void acts
himself responsible.
(Invalidating laws) or to laws that
2. No one is obliged to betray himself.
render persons incapable of
(Court is bound to prove the person)
undertaking certain legal actions
3. In doubt, one may do what is
(Incapacitating laws). Rv
generally done. (In a foreign country,
Maglola pumunta sa bangko
you look around and do what they do)
4. An object cries out for its owner. Reflex principles wherein doubt
(Can’t ask them to be the owner) presumption stand:
5. No one can give what he does not In doubt, the condition of the
have. (If you’re someone something, possessor is the better.
if you don’t possess that something, In doubt, favor the accused; or (which
you can’t repay) comes to the same): Crime is not to
6. The end does not justify the means. be presumed, it has to be proven.
(End doesn’t justify the means) In doubt, presumption stands on the
7. No one is a judge in his own case. side of the superior.
(Can’t judge what’s good or evil) In doubt, stand for the validity of the
8. Accessories belong to the principal act.
object. (If I decorate your house with In doubt, amplify the favorable and
consent, the decorations are yours restrict the unfavorable.
because it’s in your house. Can I ask In doubt, presumption stands for the
for payment? Yes) usual and the ordinary.
9. If one is willing to cooperate in an
In doubt, favor the customary and
act, no injustice is done. (Waiver)
hitherto approved.
10. A law giving a privilege may be
A doubtful law does not oblige.(RV)
interpreted in the broadest way
possible, a law restricting our liberty
may be given the narrowest
interpretation. (Senior Citizens Act;
According to the regulation of the
bangka, it can only load 5 persons.
May batang kasama, pang anim na
pinakiusapan kung pwede pero ‘di
pumayag kasi 5 persons lang.)