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Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 (2014) 1012 – 1018

ERPA 2014

The development of linguocultural competence of students in

teaching the history of the English language
Almira Garaeva*
Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Pushkina str. 1, Kazan 420008, Russia

Abstract

The article deals with the concept of “linguocultural competence” in teaching English. Its place in language system is defined. In
modern studies on methods of teaching English language increasing attention is focused on the relation between language,
history and culture. The acknowledgement of the importance of the cultural component in research is closely connected with the
usage of cognitive approach.
©
© 2014 The Authors.
2014 The Authors. Published
Published by
by Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.
Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the ERPA Congress 2014.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the ERPA Congress 2014.
Keywords:linguocultural competence; history of the English language; globalization; intercultural communication

1. Introduction

The recent rapid pace of globalization and significant changes in different connections that exist between nations
and people has again emphasized the importance of learning English. The increasingly worldwide use of English
raises a number of linguistic, cultural and pedagogical issues that can be linked with students’ understanding of the
English language itself.
One of the most important aims of Kazan Federal University of the Department of Foreign Languages is to
prepare linguistically competent specialists who will be able to socialize in multicultural communities and apply
their knowledge in different spheres of life. Competence-based approach to education today is one of the significant
issues. A variety of key competences (linguistic, social, cultural and communicative) is essential for everyone, which
will ensure the successful adaption and self-realization of a young specialist in the modern fast changing world.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +79172602372; fax: 8(843)2922090.

E-mail address:[email protected]

1877-0428 © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the ERPA Congress 2014.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.359
 Almira Garaeva / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 (2014) 1012 – 1018 1013

It is quite evident that many graduates of universities demonstrate not appropriable level of the English language
and even those who are knowledgeable enough cannot use effectively the language in their professional
communication. More than that it is becoming worse because some students lack some basic knowledge concerning
the laws of the development of the language, etymological characteristics of many words. Sometimes they fail to
comment upon some linguistic phenomena, because they are not aware of linguocultural aspects of the English
language, customs, traditions and ways of life of different nations. Any foreign language should be viewed not only
as a system of linguistic norms, but also as a system of social norms and behavior, spiritual values. It has long been
recognized that any living language develops together with the speech community, that is, with the people who
speak it.
Language is central to historical and social interaction in every society, regardless of location and time period.
Presumably the history of the English language is one of the major subjects while learning English.

1.1. Linguoculturology: Content, basic concepts

Linguoculturology is a new branch of science, which deals with manifestations of culture of different nations,
which became fixed and are reflected in the language. This relatively new field of linguistic research represents a
merger of two distinct subdisciplines of linguistics: sociolinguistics and culturology. The great upsurge of interest in
culturology and its actual rise from the state of amateur speculation to a serious science date from the late 20th
century. Researches in this field use sociolinguistic methods to explain various language phenomena. This approach
is particularly useful when language internal data alone is unable to account for some seemingly inexplicable facts.
Linguoculturology is aimed at scrutinizing linguistic units in connection with historical and social development of
the country at different periods and thus ensures general broad comprehension of the language as a complex system.
Byram thinks that when people are talking to each other their social identities are unavoidably part of the social
interaction between them. In language teaching the concept of “communicative competence” takes this into account
by emphasizing that language learners need to acquire not just grammatical competence but also the knowledge of
what is “appropriate” language (2002).
Linguoculturological approach in teaching English focuses on the semantic concept. Through this angle the
process of learning the English language implies not only traditional study of phonetics, grammar, and vocabulary
but also the English language mastering through its national concepts. This enables the learners to acquire
interrelatedethnocultural knowledge of language, culture and history, resulting in formation of linguocultural
competence, which is a set of special skills necessary to use in practice. In Dictionary of English Language and
Culture it is defined as ability to do what is needed (2005). It means that a student should be able to develop an
ability to recognize and connect a semantic content of a language symbol with associative motivation of choice of a
word. In a number of works of Russian scientists the concept "competency" is defined as intellectual and personal
ability of an individual to practical activities, and "competence" as content's component of the given ability in the
form of knowledge, skills and aptitudes (Zimnyaya, 2003). In Zimnyaya's opinion competency always displays the
actual competence (2003).
Linguoculturology has to deal with lots of issues related to the language, such as the role of culture in formation
of linguistic concepts, connection between the linguistic symbol and cultural sense of the word. It is essential to
identify cultural semantics which can be obtained from the interaction of two different fields - language and culture.
Language and culture interactions have a reciprocal relationship: language shapes cultural interactions and cultural
interactions shape language. It should be noted that the relationship of language to culture involves many difficult
and contradictory problems. One problem may occur when cultural information of linguistic items mainly acquires
some implication, which is hidden. A well-known expression "French leave" means 'leave or absence without
permission'. Originally it was used as a term describing a custom, prevalent in France in the 18th century but
regarded in England as impolite, of leaving a social function without saying farewell to one's host or hostess. It is
now used of any unauthorized absence or departure, from one's place of work. From this example it is evident that
only knowing the origin of the linguistic item students will be able to fully understand the meaning of it and use it in
the language properly. Moreover sometimes the meanings of some words can change in course of time.
Not only language and culture, but also language and history are undivided. The evolution of language includes
many facts which pertain to the functioning of language in the speech community. The most widely accepted
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classification of factors relevant to language divides them into extra linguistic and linguistic. Strictly speaking, the
term “extra-linguistic” embraces a variety of conditions bearing upon different aspects of human life, for instance,
the psychological or the physiological aspects. In the first place, however, extra linguistic factors include events in
the history of the people relevant to the development of the language, such as the structure of society, expansion over
geographical areas, migrations, mixtures and separation of tribes, political and economic unity or disunity, contacts
with other people, the progress of culture and literature. All these aspects of external history determine the linguistic
situation and affect the evolution of the language. In the fifth and sixth centuries the Germanic invaders came and
settled in Britain from the north-western coastline of continental Europe. As well as any other notable historic event
the Anglo-Saxon migrations could not but leave their linguistic reflection on the language. At the time of the
conquest the Anglo-Saxons were still pagans. Linguistic evidence of Anglo-Saxon paganism is provided by names
of legendary heroes, Anglo-Saxon kings and chieftains, poets of the past. It was a custom with the pagans to give
men names of animals, trees and other objects of nature. Such are the names Hengiest and Horsa (both mean
"horse"), Ethelstan (precious stone), Cynewulf (leader of wolves). So knowledge of history, culture and way of life
of people can throw light on some linguistic units.

2. Basic features of the course of the history of the English language

The aim of this course is to give students a clear understanding of the changes that have taken place in the English
language throughout its development, and to assist them in developing appropriate scientific approach to language.
Language - is a social phenomenon. Consequently, the development of language is a natural process as it is
characteristic of every social phenomenon. But any social phenomenon is developing according to certain laws.
Language, as a special social phenomenon also develops according to certain laws that are unique to the language
and are called the internal laws of language development. To understand the current state of language and its
grammatical forms, its phonetic system, the structure of its vocabulary, it is necessary to consider each language as
a result of a long historical development, which is caused by a number of changes and transformations that have
taken place within a more or less long periods of time.
Thus, only a historical approach to the phenomena of the modern language can provide students with proper
understanding and use. The understanding of the laws of the development of language, the ability to explain some
facts knowing the history of the language and history of the people will contribute to scientific understanding of the
rules of modern English language. That is why the history of the English language course is of great importance for
students. The main tasks of this course are:
• to uncover laws governing the development of language as a specific system, i.e. such development is carried
out in which the full development and interdependence of individual elements of the structure of language -
phonetic, grammatical and lexical;
• to consider the relationship that exists between the history of the English people and the history of the
English language. This relationship can be seen most clearly in various facts of development of the
vocabulary of the English language;
• to develop the students' ability to observe certain linguistic phenomena and to establish historical links
between them. It is important for students as in their future activities they must be able to scientifically justify
a particular linguistic phenomenon and explain it properly;
• to introduce students to certain factual material on the history of phonetics, grammar and vocabulary of the
English language that will provide the basis for the development of the scientific outlook on the evolution of
the language.
Tracing the history of the English language in different periods, using the actual material students make sure that
language is the product of a number of different periods of its development. That modern English is the result of a
long and gradual development of linguistic phenomena of the previous centuries. It is particularly important because
is that many of the phenomena that seem "deviations" or "wrong" in terms of the language, can actually represent the
remnants of ancient laws and can be explained historically. For example, such phenomena of modern English as
"wrong" plurals type man-men, foot-feet, so-called non-standard forms of verbs and much more, can be explained
 Almira Garaeva / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 (2014) 1012 – 1018 1015

scientifically, and, therefore, be understood only by means of knowledge of the history of English language, which,
therefore, is key to understanding the structure of a modern language.

3. Principles of the development of linguoculturological competence in teaching the history of the English
language

The concept of linguoculturological competence can be defined as the ability and willingness to adequate
understanding and interaction with the representatives of other linguocultural societies based on the acquisition of
knowledge about the world, reflected in terms of language and it forms the foundation of cognitive communication.
Linguoculturological competence is one of the basic components of communicative competence, the formation of
which is the main goal of teaching foreign languages at the present stage. The content of the linguoculturological
competence includes cognitive and communicative components. A set of these components ensures major activities
of this model which is aimed at achieving a final goal resulting in information of the level of competence which will
enable students to interact in the multicultural society. The model of lingoculturological competence contains
interconnected components aimed at achieving the final result. It can be called "cognitive-communicative -
linguoculturological unity", namely:
• Cognitive-conceptual (CC)
• Conceptual accumulating (CA)
• Linguocultural-integrative (LI)
• Communicatively-actualized (CA),
• Creative and modeling (CM).
Correlation of linguoculturological unities and their corresponding types of skills can be represented as follows:
1. Cognitive-conceptual unity (CCU) - conceptual-forming type skills. This complex includes the ability to obtain
linguoculturological knowledge needed for subsequent cognitive-communicative activities, to control the individual
learning process. Process of formation and development of the individual means, on the one hand, the efforts of the
subject teaching activities in creating certain conditions, on the other - the activity of a person, so cooperation of
both sides should be used effectively to achieve the final result.
This type includes the ability to:
• be aware of the system of concepts, forming the "real picture of the world";
• integrate national-labeled vocabulary, abbreviations, neologisms;
• identify the hidden meaning of cultural material, reflected in aphorisms, phraseology;
• establish cause-effect relationships and determinants of cultural phenomena reflected in the language;
• merge, combine different ways of understanding the world;
• establish morphological, structural and functional properties and characteristics of sociocultural phenomena,
reflected in terms of language.
2. Conceptually-accumulating unity (CAU) - the analytical and evaluative skills type:
• accumulate and synthesize linguoculturological information;
• comment, assess cultural phenomena reflected in the language;
• conduct semantic – analytical and evaluative-critical processing of linguoculturological information;
• analyze the ideological and moral guidelines presented in the pragmatic texts;
• identify and analyze valuable principles reflected in the pragmatic texts;
• select, analyze and evaluate standards, images, stereotypes adopted by people in the target language.
3. Linguocultural-integrative unity (LI). This type has the ability to ensure the conditions for a targeted search for
solving the problems through thinking processes that require updating the entire arsenal of acquired knowledge,
concentration and cognitive and rational-logical aspects of the personality. This complex comprises skills:
• recognize and classify lexical items with the national-cultural component of semantics;
• find important meaningful linguoculturological information for communication;
• to group units for various reasons (difficulty recognizing the shape, value, use, etc.);
• find in the text, interpret and organize, symbols, names;
• generalize cultural phenomena, facts, events, reflected in the language;
• reflect and organize linguoculturological material on the traditions and customs of the country;
1016 Almira Garaeva / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 (2014) 1012 – 1018

• recognize and classify the system of concepts reflecting real picture of the world;
• identify, describe and explain cultural facts reflected in the language;
• define the topics and information.
4. Communicative actualized unity (CAU). Skills of this type are prepared for the transition from the reproductive
to the receptive-productive-interpretive, and then - to the creative and constructive communication activities.
5. Creative and modeling unity (CMU). This type includes the ability to:
• stimulate situations of intercultural dialogue on the basis of pragmatic information text;
• predict the consequences of the actions proposed in the texts;
• conduct a free conversation about the information contained in a pragmatic text;
• free use of linguocultural units in various situations of intercultural communication;
The purpose of training students in universities is to prepare a competent professional, competitive in the labor
market and in building a successful career. On the other hand, every sphere of professional activity wants to get a
specialist - graduates who have mastered the basics of corporate culture industry, as it allows them to quickly turn it
into work and the adaptation period is significantly reduced.
Corporate culture - a system of norms and values inherent in the organization's staff, interacting with each other,
reflecting their personality and sense of self-esteem and respect of others in social and real environment. Corporate
culture exists and develops through the culture of each individual member of the corporate community. In
connection with it this model was developed for the process of forming linguoculturological competence of future
specialists in the study while studying the history of the English language. Under this model mentally organized or
financially implemented system is understood. The essence of the system approach is to consider the process of
formation of linguoculturological competence as a complete system consisting of interconnected elements
(components), organized in a certain structure.
Corporate culture of the university as an environment of students linguoculturological competence must be
considered as a system consisting of elements: purpose (mission, goals and objectives); means, including:
technology, style activity, control, information management; achieve the objective criteria and evaluation results;
means of internal integration: techniques include new students, the language, the method of distribution of power,
style, relationships, the system of rewards and punishments, etc.
Moreover, by considering the internal structure of linguoculturological competence should be also based on a
systematic approach. Linguoculturological competence of students is formed in interaction with material and
spiritual values of the linguistic culture of the university in real situations of communication with different
representatives. Efficiency of the process of formation linguoculturological competence of studying the history of
the English language in universities depends on purposeful creation of the cultural and educational environment for
self-determination, self-development and self-realization.

4. Practical tasks and results

Integration processes in the modern global economic and cultural space, highlight the intercultural
communication as the most important factor of integration of human society. In many regions of the Russian
Federation, the problem of creating the conditions for teaching intercultural communication enhances motivation to
learn a foreign language and the development of students’ linguoculturological competence acquires special
importance. In these circumstances the importance of learning the history of the English language is becoming more
important.
The course of the "History of the English Language" for 5th year students of the Department of foreign languages
is aimed at the realization by students of their own national or social origin, place and role of national culture, the
history of the target language, traditions and customs, and spiritual values of the people in the world cultural
treasure, the ability to represent their country. Special course is aimed at educating of humanistic values, it involves
students into linguocultural studies and research. This course provides students with the ability to express their views
in writing and orally in a foreign language, understand and discuss features of culture, socio-economic life of the
target language, to conduct exploratory work, prepare an oral report on a selected topic. Foreign language as a
subject accumulates the most complete history and common cultural values of humanity, systematically transmits
 Almira Garaeva / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 (2014) 1012 – 1018 1017

them to students. It helps to create a real opportunity for familiarizing students with universal spiritual and moral
values, world and national culture for understanding the problems and realities of the modern world; contributes to
the formation of national identity, citizenship, humanism, tolerance, and respect for national and world culture.
The proposed course is designed as the main subject of the course "History of the English language". It is aimed
at improving communicative and cognitive skills, organizing and deepening knowledge about a country. One of the
methods for the development of linguoculturological competence in this course is the method of projects. It allows to
provide an active and independent teaching and research activities of students in the study of the subject "History of
the English Language". It provides them not only with the knowledge and skills necessary for solutions of various
problems, but also it formulates their attitude toward the social and cultural aspects.
The following materials were selected for the organization of project work. They involve their theoretical and
practical knowledge.
Samples of projects:
1. Geographical place names of England (origin, semantic meaning, and structural components)
2. Invasions (time of the invasion, influence on the language)
3. Kings and Queens of England (period of reign, impact on the country, their nicknames)
4. Grimm’s Law (essence, manifestation)
5. Important events (time, influence on the country and the language)
Work on the project is carried out at different stages. At each stage, certain tasks are solved, if necessary a teacher
monitors their activities. It enables to create research atmosphere where every student is involved in an active
creative cognitive process based on cooperation. Thus, the study of this course allows students to discover the
essence, the meaning, the purpose of forming linguoculturological competence. Basically it is seen as a way of
action in a variety of situations that arise in the communication between people, between different social groups,
representatives of different cultures. It can be noticed that the involvement of students in research promotes the
development of critical, analytical and creative thinking. Doing experimental work promotes formation of
intercultural communicative competence, communication culture. Diagnostic tests were used to trace the
effectiveness of experimental work on the formation of experimental linguoculturological competence of students.
The results of the tests of the experiment revealed the following dynamics:
• students master their own cultural values and culture study;
• students assess norms of interpersonal communication;
• students do practical actions in terms of intercultural communication.
Results of the study suggest the following conclusions:
1. Problem of intercultural learning in modern educational process in the field of learning English language
history becomes one of the highest priorities of values and goals of education.
2. Linguoculturological competence is formed on the basis of more than two languages and cultures: native
and non-native. The study of national culture is a basis for the formation of linguoculturological
competence.
3. Psychological and pedagogical conditions of formation of linguoculturological competence of students are
based on the principles of student-centered pedagogy.
4. Knowledge of language has significant educational force to influence the formation of linguoculturological
competence.

5. Conclusion

In accordance with the results of the project the necessity to change requirements for students can be traced.
Culture is seen as an essential characteristic of a person associated with the human capacity. Communication is an
essential part of human life, and therefore part of the culture. Under cross-cultural competence, we understand the
student's psychological readiness to communicate (interest, motive, lack of fear of the language barrier) and a certain
level of verbal skills, language material, and most importantly - the necessary amount of sociocultural knowledge of
the spoken language. The main areas of competence are cognitive, pragmatic and motivational. Cognitive goal is to
obtain information about other cultures, and the need to refer not only to the culture of the country of the target
language but also the culture of other countries.
1018 Almira Garaeva / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152 (2014) 1012 – 1018

Pragmatic purpose involves the acquisition of practical skills necessary for intercultural communication.
Motivational terms are connected with the formation of the attitude of the student, which involves tolerance and
respect for other cultures, eliminate prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination. The experimental model includes
many elements: study material, built on the integration of national and regional courses and culture study,
educational technology and student-centered model.

References

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Zimnyaya I.A. (2003).Key Competences – New Paradigm of Educational Result.The Higher Education Today.Vol 5, 34-42.
Nurzhanova A., Burbekova S., Mukhamadi K., (2014), The Development of Turkish Students’ Lingua Cultural Competence in Learning Kazakh.,
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