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Studies in Computational Intelligence 875
Deepak Gupta
Aboul Ella Hassanien
Ashish Khanna Editors
Advanced
Computational
Intelligence
Techniques
for Virtual Reality in
Healthcare
Studies in Computational Intelligence
Volume 875
Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
The series “Studies in Computational Intelligence” (SCI) publishes new develop-
ments and advances in the various areas of computational intelligence—quickly and
with a high quality. The intent is to cover the theory, applications, and design
methods of computational intelligence, as embedded in the fields of engineering,
computer science, physics and life sciences, as well as the methodologies behind
them. The series contains monographs, lecture notes and edited volumes in
computational intelligence spanning the areas of neural networks, connectionist
systems, genetic algorithms, evolutionary computation, artificial intelligence,
cellular automata, self-organizing systems, soft computing, fuzzy systems, and
hybrid intelligent systems. Of particular value to both the contributors and the
readership are the short publication timeframe and the world-wide distribution,
which enable both wide and rapid dissemination of research output.
The books of this series are submitted to indexing to Web of Science,
EI-Compendex, DBLP, SCOPUS, Google Scholar and Springerlink.
Ashish Khanna
Editors
Advanced Computational
Intelligence Techniques
for Virtual Reality
in Healthcare
123
Editors
Deepak Gupta Aboul Ella Hassanien
Department of Computer Science Faculty of Computers and Information
and Engineering Cairo University
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology Cairo, Egypt
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
New Delhi, India
Ashish Khanna
Department of Computer Science
and Engineering
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
New Delhi, India
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Dr. Deepak Gupta would like to dedicate this
book to his father Sh. R. K. Gupta, his mother
Smt. Geeta Gupta, his mentors Dr. Anil
Kumar Ahlawat, Dr. Arun Sharma for their
constant encouragement, his family members
including his wife, brothers, sisters, kids, and
to my students close to my heart.
vii
About This Book
ix
Contents
xi
xii Contents
Dr. Deepak Gupta is Eminent Academician and plays versatile roles and
responsibilities juggling between lectures, research, publications, consultancy,
community service, Ph.D., and postdoctorate supervision, etc. With 12 years of rich
expertise in teaching and two years in industry, he focuses on rational and practical
learning. He has contributed massive literature in the fields of human–computer
interaction, intelligent data analysis, nature-inspired computing, machine learning,
and soft computing. He has served as Editor-in-Chief, Guest Editor, and Associate
Editor in SCI and various other reputed journals. He has completed his postdoc
from Inatel, Brazil, and Ph.D. from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University.
He has authored/edited 35 books with national/international-level publishers
(Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, Katson). He has published 87 scientific research pub-
lications in reputed international journals and conferences including 39 SCI
Indexed Journals of IEEE, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, and many more. He is the
convener and organizer of “ICICC” Springer Conference Series.
Dr. Aboul Ella Hassanien is Founder and Head of the Egyptian Scientific Research
Group (SRGE) and Professor of Information Technology at the Faculty of Computer
and Information, Cairo University. He is Ex-Dean of the faculty of computers and
information, Beni Suef University. He has more than 800 scientific research papers
published in prestigious international journals and over 30 books covering such
diverse topics as data mining, medical images, intelligent systems, social networks,
and smart environment. He won several awards including the Best Researcher of the
Youth Award of Astronomy and Geophysics of the National Research Institute,
Academy of Scientific Research (Egypt, 1990). He was also granted a scientific
excellence award in humanities from the University of Kuwait for the 2004 Award
and received the superiority of scientific—University Award (Cairo University,
2013). Also, he honored in Egypt as the best researcher in Cairo University in 2013.
He was also received the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(ISESCO) Prize on Technology (2014) and received the State Award for Excellence
in Engineering Sciences in 2015. He was awarded the medal of Sciences and Arts
of the first class by the President of the Arab Republic of Egypt, 2017.
xvii
xviii About the Editors
Dr. Ashish Khanna is a highly qualified individual with around 15 years of rich
expertise in teaching, entrepreneurship, and research and development with spe-
cialization in Computer Science Engineering Subjects. He received his Ph.D.
degree from National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra. He has completed his
M. Tech. in 2009 and B. Tech. from GGSIPU, Delhi, in 2004. He has published
many research papers in reputed journals and conferences. He also has papers in
SCI and Scopus Indexed Journals including some in Springer Journals. He is
Co-author in 10 textbooks of various engineering courses. He is Guest Editor in
many special issues of IGI Global, Bentham Science, and Inderscience Journals.
He is convener and organizer in ICICC-2018 Springer conference. He is also a
successful entrepreneur by originating a publishing house named as “Bhavya
Books” having 250 solution books and around 50 textbooks. He has also started a
research unit under the banner of “Universal Innovator”.
World of Virtual Reality (VR)
in Healthcare
B. Keswani
Department of Computer Applications, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Jagatpura, Jaipur,
India
e-mail: [email protected]
A. G. Mohapatra (B)
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Silicon Institute of Technology,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
e-mail: [email protected]
T. Ch. Mishra
Department of Information Technology, Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha,
India
e-mail: [email protected]
P. Keswani
Akashdeep PG College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
e-mail: [email protected]
P. Ch. G. Mohapatra
PCG Medical, Charampa, Bhadrak, Odisha, India
e-mail: [email protected]
M. M. Akhtar
Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
e-mail: [email protected]
P. Vijay
Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
e-mail: [email protected]
ways, VR based surgery practices are governed by computer assistance. The con-
junction of these two technological aspects to a larger extent can solve various issues
in modern healthcare systems. With the introduction of newer healthcare technology,
the medical issues nevertheless happen to be overcome. Nevertheless the scope in
this kind of study is boundless.
1 Introduction
Virtual Reality (VR) is a leading and wide range aspect of Information Technology
(IT). VR can represent a three dimensional (3D) spatial concept with aid of a computer
and other gadgets. It can stimulate variety of sensations such as touch, smell, vision
and hearing and provide the stimulated output to a user. Using VR enabled equipment
a user can interact, control and manage objects that belong to virtual environment.In
this context, the VR system can be referred as an artificial and a 3D spatial world from
a user perception. The ability of portraying 3D information, user trait towards human
computer interfacing, immersing the user in the virtual world, makes VR a class apart
from other simulating systems [1]. The VR system stand on 3 I’s namely Interaction,
Immersion and Imagination that are complementary to each other (Fig. 1).
Depending on the 3 I’s the VR system can be divided into Desktop, Distributed,
Immersive and Augmented Virtual Reality systems. Especially, VR in medicine is
supposed to have a higher accuracy rate, greater interactivity, and improved reality.
So, the Desktop VR has very applications in medicine [2]. Similarly, the Immersive
VR has Head Mounted Display (HMD) and data gloves thereby isolating the user
vision and other sensations, making the user a participant in the internal system.
In Augmented VR, a virtual image is superimposed on a real object thus enabling
the user to get real time information. The Distributed VR is a network of virtual
environments, which can connect a large number of users across virtual environments
on various physical locations through communication networks [3–5].VR and ARis
widely used in healthcare [6].
Currently, VR and AR applicability in healthcare is as below:
• Training in surgical environment
• Healthcare Education
• Psychic health management such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),
Obsessive Compulsion Disorder (OCD), Stress Management, Phobias
• Therapy such as Autistic Spectral Disorder, Occupational Therapy, Sensory
Processing Disorder (SPD)
• Neuroplasticity in case of Neural Rehabilitation, Cognitive behavior (Fig. 2).
Figure 3 provides a report provided by Tractica, which is a forecast of global
market between 2014 and 2020 that signifies annual shipment unit and revenue of
VR hardware and other related content in various industrial sectors taking HMDs and
VR equipment such as motion capture cameras, displays, projectors, gesture tracking
devices and related application software [7]. The figure also predicts the growth in
the software and content creation tool. The virtual Surgeon training and VR module
for nurses are examples of VR/AR applications to justify the above. Moreover, the
British Startup Medical Realities have its own training tool for armature professionals
to be familiar with surgery from a surgeon point of view [8]. Similarly, to adopt the
measures so as to curb the risk to a patient VR Healthnet is creating a VR module
for nurses and medical professionals [9].
More than a century, virtual consultation by the General Practitioners was a very
common; telephonic consultation was a part of virtual consultation. But, this kind
of consultation lead towards disappointment due to shorter consultation and longer
waiting time. There was a 30% increase in waiting time in 2016 [10]. Similarly,
the UK had nearly 90% of the consultations that lasted up to 15 min [11]. That’s
how the telemedicine became popular in the recent years and has become of much
interest in managing chronic diseases. Recent studies justify that patients suffering
from chronic diseases such as blood pressure, cholesterol and diabetes have got
significant improvement with consultations using video services and e-mails [12].
In addition to this, virtual consultation is also helpful in curbing mental ailments,
especially among the youngsters [10].
The solution in this case is amalgamation of traditional Healthcare and information
technology for health; combining referred as Healthcare Information and Commu-
nication Technology (ICT). So, eHealth is the answer, which is of course the ICT in
healthcare. mHealth, component of eHealth uses Mobile Phone and related services
World of Virtual Reality (VR) in Healthcare 5
such as short messaging service (SMS), 3G & 4G mobile technologies using gen-
eral packet radio service (GPRS), global positioning system (GPS), and Bluetooth
technology at the core [13]. However, there is a little bit of difference being mobile
and wireless. Wireless health solutions will not always be mobile and vice versa.
Mobile technology uses the core technologies discussed above, but Wireless Health
integrates technology to customary medical practices such as diagnosis, treatment
of illness and monitoring.
Similarly, uHealth (the Ubiquitous Health) is capable of providing healthcare
solution to anyone anywhere anytime using various broadband technologies, based
on many ubiquitous applications [14, 15]. But the uHealth does not have AR and VR
technologies.
Finally, looking at various aspects such as increase in VR/AR technology and
applications, accomplishments in eHealth and mHealth, it is inferred that new innova-
tion in VR/AR healthcare application model is absolutely inevitable. New innovative
models in VR/AR is definitely going to help patients and nonetheless the healthcare
staff members. Figure 4 justifies the schematic distribution of VR-Health.
For the medial practitioners, different sensation information such as hear, touch and
smell and dynamic 3D objects that are lively, can be combined using VR technology
and this can be used in classroom training where these things can be felt without
their physical existence; human body structure, heart structure and cause of a disease
can be found out in this technique. In this process a 3D model of a human body
can be created and anyone can get inside the model and can see the muscle, skeletal
structure and other organ systems and working and status. Moreover, the condition
of an organ can be realized and proper ailment procedure can also be defined. In
other words, VR can provide an alternative and interactive process of studying the
human anatomy. For example, the Internet resource for surgical education, Vesalius,
of Duke University and the brain atlas of Harvard University are considered as the
most famous virtual medical multimedia teaching resources [18].
During surgical process, 80% of failures occur due to human error thereby making
precision in surgery as a priority. The surgery training is absolutely a traditional
classroom based process. However, in the classroom the condition of a patient may
vary depending on various unforeseen factors resulting in an inappropriate training
procedure, which can make the training procedure less effective. In addition to this,
the traditional process takes more time, incurs more cost and decrease the operation
quality which is not suitable for the patient [19].
On the contrary, VR technology can provide a simulated workbench environment
for the doctors. With the help of this, doctors can have a 3D image of human body.
Moreover, doctors can learn how they can deal with the actual clinical procedure
and can practice surgery on a virtual human body. In addition a doctor can feel the
experience of this virtual environment as real with the help of the VR technologies
[2]. Taking the feedback of expert professionals the VR system can also provide new
dimensions to the surgery system. However, this process can be made recursive. The
VR system can evaluate a surgical procedure once complete by considering various
parameters and standards. This kind of system are risk free, cost effective, recursive,
and self-assistive and can help professional towards improving their skillset [19].
This is given in Fig. 5.
World of Virtual Reality (VR) in Healthcare 7
Conventional surgery methods says that the patient statistics are acquired using X-ray
images, MRI & CT scanning and then these images are combined to 3D image by
image-processing. A doctor recreates the whole procedure in its brain before doing
the actual surgery. During the surgery also a doctor need to memorize all the 3D
images. In this scenario, a qualitative surgical procedure is expected is the doctor is
skillful and experienced [6, 17]. VR technology will be of great help in this kind of
scenario by proving its capacity by supporting all channels of the 3D display and
shared surgery and thereby increases success rates in complicated surgeries [20].
VR technology combines 2D images obtained from sources such as CT, PET and MRI
to hi-fi images. To establish a 3D model the 2D model is treated, surface is rebuilt
and virtual endoscope data are processed. This will help a doctor to investigate a
patient data by using 3D images. Moreover, a doctor can also investigate more inside
8 B. Keswani et al.
a 3D virtual model of a patient that are far reach of an endoscope. This however, is
helpful towards proper analysis of sick organs and surrounding tissues so as to avoid
redundant invasive diagnosis [21].
A surgical simulator sets up a 3D model depending on the actual patient data before a
surgery. Next, a doctor, who will be carrying out the surgery, performs a trial surgery
in a computerized virtual environment as per a planned surgery procedure. Compli-
cated situations are handled by taking extra precautions like testing edge and angle
of the knife. These steps are necessary to produce a flawless operation procedure.
Concurrently, all participating members of the surgical group can interchange ideas
based on the information they are getting from the 3D surgical environment, where
the surgery is done by a computer. Thereby the coordination of the surgical group is
enhanced [21].
This technology is used to broaden the scope of medical treatment with the help
of broadband networks and improvises the expertise of a professional to the fullest.
Distance diagnosis and distance operations are the two major usage of the distance
medical treatment. The distance diagnosis enables a professional to consult to a
patient at a distance place remotely using its computer. This process is just like an
onsite inspection. In this way the medical services can be rendered to more people.
The distance operation, in this context, is used to instruct a local doctor to smoothly
conduct a surgery.
Distance Medical System when combined with improvised imaging system
becomes an efficient mean for training of medical practitioners. Using this academic
conferences can be relayed, surgeries can be demonstrated and medical courses can
be delivered without detaching medical professional from their regular activities.
Satellite technology, broadband network, image processing techniques will aid the
distance medical treatment to a perfection.
World of Virtual Reality (VR) in Healthcare 9
New drug creation is one of the latest applications using VR. Creating new types
of drugs is the new era of application in VR. A molecule is complicated in its own
structure and the 3D structure is difficult enough to translate it to a 2D display. Using
VR the natural and visible 3D environment of molecular structure of compound can
be viewed where the interaction traits of a molecule can be determined.
VR however provides an opportunity to establish the molecular structure of com-
pound medicine through the provision of a natural and visible 3D environment where
the interaction traits of a molecule can be determined. The characteristic of the atoms
can also be studied. Figure 6 shows how the UNC can use ceiling mounted Argonne
Remote Manipulator (ARM) to test receptor sites for a drug molecule.
The medicine once successfully developed in a virtual environment now can be
tested in a virtual environment (a virtual body). Effectiveness of the medicine is
provided to a computer. A virtual patient (the virtual body) will try the medicine.
Physiological reactions of the virtual body will appear under the medicinal action.
However, the process of testing a newly designed drug on a virtual patient will speed
up the testing process, which has a to stage significance such as cost effectiveness
and harm of the new drug on human body.
catheter systems with balloon angioplasty and stent placement are being developed
for catheter based endovascular therapy (Fig. 11).
Simulators are having four different levels. These simulators are now ready to be
inducted to the medical academia where the matching capabilities of the simulators
can be implemented.
Levels are as below:
• Simulators with needle like needle insertion in vein, catheter placing in central
venous, tap in spine, biopsy of lever.
• Simulator with scope type where the scope (the movement of control handle) can
change the view on monitor; like that of an angioplasty.
• Task based simulators with single or multiple instruments like anastomoses, cross
clamp.
• Simulators with complete surgery procedures.
World of Virtual Reality (VR) in Healthcare 13
Fig. 11 Angioplasty
catheter in blood vessel [27].
Courtesy of G. Merrill, HT
Medical, Inc., Rockville,
MD.
These kind of simulators always provide a value added service whenever there is a
need of technical stand point. However, matching the curriculum with technology is
of higher significance now a days. The primary focus here is to make a professional to
be an expert in the instruments and in anastomoses. A professional expects a realistic
model from the technology rather than being getting hands on using a simulator.
However, this quotient will increase with the increase in computational power and
likewise there will be an increase in the level of realism.
With the development in the technology of surgical simulation, real data from
a patient that has been captures using VR and ICT, the diagnostic procedure can
now be performed on information collected without invasive or minimally invasive
procedures applied to a patients; Virtual Endoscopy being an example in this case.
Endoscopic procedures are a great applicability of this kind of procedure. However,
this can also be applied in areas not directly related to endoscopic procedures. Areas
such as internal portion of the eye and ear, which is generally not accessible using
an instrument can now be accessed using this technology. Virtual Endoscopy can
also perform a regular CT scan of a concerned body part keeping various organs and
tissues aside.
Using advanced algorithm such as a Flight Path algorithm, a organ can be super-
imposed with a resulting image being comparable to performing the examination
with a video endoscope [28]. Lungs, stomach, uterus, sinus and many more organs
are being successfully examined (Fig. 12). Organs such as inner ear, ganglion are
getting explored (Fig. 13) [29].
A resolution of 0.3 mm is enough to diagnose irregularity like ulcer, polyps and
cancer, which change the surface. Usually, the distortion in the surface are generic
texture maps. Hence, anatomy like infection, ischemia, and superficial cancers are not
diagnosed properly. A look up table correlating Hounsfield units of a CT scan with
organ-specific color and texture can be verified. After solving the real-time registrant
and accuracy a virtual organ can have proper anatomy with precise coloring. Hence,
virtual endoscopy is useful in diagnosis. Energy directed methods are useful in case
of total noninvasive treatment. Cryotherapy can heal using protein denaturing. Data
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Rabevel, ou le
mal des ardents, Volume 1 (of 3)
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and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
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you are located before using this eBook.
Language: French
RABEVEL
OU
LE MAL DES ARDENTS
*
LA JEUNESSE DE RABEVEL
« Il n’y a pas de passion sans excès. »
Pascal.
Treizième Édition
PARIS
ÉDITIONS DE LA
NOUVELLE REVUE FRANÇAISE
3, rue de Grenelle, (VIme)
DU MÊME AUTEUR :
Le premier Octobre 1875 qui était un mardi, vers les trois heures
de relevée, un homme sortit subitement de la maison qui porte
encore le numéro vingt-six dans la rue des Rosiers. Il tombait une
grosse pluie froide. L’homme maugréa un instant sur la porte en
ouvrant son parapluie. Puis il se retourna brusquement, assujettit sur
la tête d’un gamin qui se tenait dans l’ombre du couloir, un capuchon
de laine bleue et partit à grandes enjambées, au milieu de la boue et
d’un ruissellement de torrent, tandis que l’enfant dont un cartable
battait le dos, trottinait sur ses pas en geignant et toussant.
Ayant suivi la rue jusqu’au bout dans la direction de l’Hôtel de
Ville, ils traversèrent le passage des Singes, remontèrent la rue des
Guillemites et prirent enfin la rue Sainte Croix de la Bretonnerie. Le
gamin à bout de souffle tirait la jambe si bien que l’homme ne
l’entendant plus piétiner tout contre lui se retourna et, distinguant
sous le capuchon le petit visage rougi, s’arrêta en souriant :
— Je cours donc si vite, petit Bernard ? lui dit-il.
— Oh ! oui, oncle Noë, répondit l’enfant avec assurance. Mais je
te ferai trotter moi aussi quand je serai plus grand que toi.
— Eh ! qui te dit que tu deviendras plus grand que moi,
moucheron ?
— Je le sais bien, moi.
Noë Rabevel regarda son neveu. L’enfant assez grand pour ses
dix ans semblait robuste. Ses cheveux bouclés qu’il portait longs
adoucissaient un peu une mine têtue et sournoise qui gâtait
l’intelligence des yeux vifs. L’homme poussa un soupir et marmonna
quelques mots. Mais l’enfant tendait l’oreille et l’observait de côté
d’un regard fixe qu’il surprit et qui lui pesa. Il sentit après un peu de
réflexion son étonnement et sa gêne.
— Damné gosse, se dit-il, qui ne sera pas commode.
Il avait ralenti l’allure et ils firent encore quelques pas en silence.
Noë poursuivait le cours de ses réflexions.
— Bon Dieu, oui, songeait-il, qu’il grandisse et tant mieux s’il est
capable de faire autre chose qu’un menuisier ou un tailleur. On en
sera enfin débarrassé.
Une calèche lancée au grand trot de ses deux chevaux les
dépassa et projeta sur sa cotte de velours une flaque de boue
luisante.
— Les cochons ! fit-il.
— Je les connais, dit l’enfant. C’est Monsieur Bansperger, tu sais,
le fils du rabbin ? Il est avec une dame. Il va voir son père sans
doute.
— Oui, il a eu vite fait fortune celui-là avec les fournitures de la
guerre, grommela Noë.
Un camarade d’école, de quelques années à peine plus âgé que
lui ; oui, il devait être de 1844, ce qui représentait une différence de
cinq ans ; il s’était enrichi tandis que d’autres, dont lui-même,
faisaient le coup de feu dans la mobile et allaient pourrir dans les
casemates glacées de la Prusse.
— Pourquoi tu n’es pas riche comme ce Bansperger ? demanda
l’enfant comme si les pensées de son oncle ne lui avaient pas
échappé.
— Parce que, mon petit, il faisait du commerce tandis que je me
battais.
— Et l’oncle Rodolphe se battait aussi ?
— Oui, mon frère se battait aussi.
— Mais pourquoi Bansperger ne se battait-il pas ?
— Bansperger était Polonais, mon petit Bernard.
— Alors, pour devenir riche, il valait mieux être Polonais ?
— Oui, pendant la guerre. Mais à présent cela n’a plus
d’importance…
— Alors je pourrai rester Français ? demanda l’enfant.
Noë eut un serrement de cœur qu’il reconnut bien. Souvent les
réflexions de son neveu le transperçaient.
— Je pourrai rester Français ? répéta l’enfant d’une voix
insistante.
— Oui, répondit Noë, avec une émotion qu’il tentait vainement de
surmonter. Sais-tu que c’est un grand honneur d’être Français ?
— Pourquoi ? demanda Bernard.
— Ah ! le maître te l’expliquera ! D’ailleurs, nous arrivons.
Ils s’arrêtèrent devant une vieille bâtisse en pans de bois, toute
vermoulue, où déjà stationnaient des groupes d’enfants et de
grandes personnes. Le menuisier reconnut quelques amis et
bavarda un instant avec eux sous le déluge qui ne cessait point.
— Alors, vous menez ce gosse au régent ? lui demandait-on.
— Ma foi, oui, c’est de son âge ; il faut bien qu’il apprenne son
alphabet. Et puis, quelques coups de rabot au caractère ça ne fait
point de mal, pas vrai ? Surtout que le petit gars ne l’a pas toujours
verni ; hein, Bernard ?
Mais l’enfant se taisait ; il avait un pli au front et semblait méditer.
— Il est toujours comme ça, ce petit, c’est une souche, dit Noë à
ses interlocuteurs ; on ne sait pas d’où ça sort.
Bernard leva les yeux.
— Tu ferais mieux de te taire, fit-il d’un ton froid qui remua les
auditeurs.
— Voilà, s’écria l’oncle en prenant ceux-ci à témoin, voilà
comment me parle ce gosse. Et c’est mon neveu ; et j’ai seize ans
de plus que lui !
« Et encore moi, ça m’est égal, je ne le vois guère que quand il
descend à l’atelier, et aux repas. Mais avec mon frère Rodolphe, le
tailleur, qui est marié, lui, et chez qui nous sommes en pension, c’est
pareil. On ne peut pas dire qu’il soit grossier ; mais il vous a des
raisonnements et tout le temps des raisonnements. Tout le jour, je
l’entends à travers le plancher qui fait damner les compagnons
tailleurs à l’étage et qui leur mange tout leur temps. Ça veut tout
savoir, et ça a un mauvais esprit du diable. C’est un badinguet de
mes bottes, quoi !
— Une bonne claque, dit un gros monsieur décoré, une bonne
claque je vous lui donnerais, moi, quand il veut faire le zouave.
Pourquoi vous ne le corrigez pas ?
Noë eut un petit mouvement de stupéfaction.
— Eh ! bien, répondit-il, c’est vrai, vous me croirez si vous voulez,
on n’y a jamais songé. Ce gosse-là, c’est pas tout le monde. Rien ne
nous empêcherait, pas ? Mais c’est comme le mauvais bois.
Comment qu’on veuille le prendre, au guillaume ou au bouvet, on l’a
toujours à contrefil ; il répond comme un homme. Alors… Et, ajouta-
t-il après un instant en baissant la voix et après avoir constaté que
Bernard regardait ailleurs, que voulez-vous ? le gronder, ça passe,
mais le battre, je crois bien que j’oserais pas !
A ce moment la porte de l’école s’ouvrit et le maître parut sur le
seuil. C’était un homme d’une cinquantaine d’années, aux longues
moustaches fatiguées, qui traînait les pieds dans des savates. Il ôta
sa calotte défraîchie à pompon noir pour saluer son monde ; puis,
d’un tic qui l’agitait tout entier, il secoua ses vêtements verdis par
l’usage et d’où s’envolaient de la poussière et du tabac à priser. Noë
le regardait avec admiration.
— Tu sais, dit-il au petit, c’est un savant et un républicain de la
première heure. Il était près de Lamartine en 48 et il possède encore
des lettres qu’il a reçues de Béranger et de Victor Hugo. C’est un
Père du peuple, ça. Tu as de la chance d’avoir un pareil maître.
Mais Bernard contemplait les vêtements avachis du pauvre
homme et sa contenance misérable ; un grand air d’ennui, de
tristesse et de solitude émanait du pédagogue. L’enfant y cherchait
vainement l’éclat des rêves, la féerie de la science, toute la lumière
de ces paradis dont ses oncles, petits patrons intelligents et cultivés,
lui parlaient si souvent. Cette minute qu’il avait attendue longuement,
et longtemps souhaitée, lui parut tellement morne qu’il sentit monter
les larmes. Il se retint par orgueil et fit du coin de la bouche une
mauvaise grimace ; son démon coutumier lui souffla le mot le plus
propre à blesser Noë :
— Il n’est pas reluisant ton bonhomme, lui dit-il ; et il souffla avec
dérision.
A peine achevait-il qu’il sentait à la joue une brûlure cuisante :
pour la première fois de sa vie on l’avait giflé. L’oncle et le neveu se
regardaient aussi interdits l’un que l’autre. Le maître d’école les
aborda :
— Que viens-tu de faire, Noë ? dit-il d’un ton de reproche.
Mais l’enfant, les yeux humides, le prévint :
— Il m’a battu parce que je ne vous trouve pas reluisant.
Le père Lazare hocha la tête.
— Il est pourtant vrai, dit-il, que je ne me soigne guère.
L’observation de cet enfant m’est une leçon, Noë, et elle me profitera
plus que ne t’ont profité celles que je t’ai données. Où irons-nous,
mon pauvre ami, si tu ne sais pas respecter le citoyen qui dort dans
cette petite âme d’enfant ? Que nous donneront les institutions dont
nous rêvons et qu’ont préparées les barricades et la défaite des
tyrans, si nous ne conservons intacte la bonté naturelle, si nous ne
l’éduquons, si nous ne révérons la raison dans cette source si pure
où elle nous apparaît à l’état naissant ?
Il s’exprimait à voix presque basse, si bien que nul ne les avait
remarqués. Il les avait conduits en parlant dans un coin obscur de
l’école où les enfants déjà prenaient leur place au milieu d’un
murmure joyeux tandis que les parents se rassemblaient au fond de
la salle pour échanger des nouvelles ou des témoignages d’amitié.
— Je vous jure, dit Noë tout rouge, je vous jure…
— Eh ! sur quoi veux-tu jurer, mon ami ? L’Être suprême est bien
loin et nul ne sait ce qu’est devenu Jésus, le plus grand des
hommes. Les formes de la superstition demeurent-elles à ce point
vivantes dans les cœurs de vingt ans ? La tâche d’éduquer
l’humanité est la plus lourde et la plus ingrate. Faut-il donc douter du
progrès ? Autrefois, ton père, comme toi, poussait le riflard en
chantant Lisette. Mais il avait à peine desserré le valet et rangé les
outils qu’il prenait, pour les dévorer, tous les ouvrages des
émancipateurs.
— Il le fait encore, remarqua le jeune homme comme pour lui-
même. Mais nous le faisons aussi, Maître Lazare. Moi, évidemment,
je suis encore un peu jeune vous comprenez ; j’en suis toujours à
revenir aux livres moins secs…
— Oui, dit le maître en lui prenant affectueusement le bras, je
sais bien que le sang des faubourgs ne ment pas. Va, tu peux lire les
poëtes, ils ne sont pas les ennemis de la République, nous ne
l’ignorons pas, quoi qu’en dise Platon.
Il ferma à demi les yeux et sourit à sa vision. C’était là, tout à
côté, que, près de lui, Lamartine… Depuis, il y avait eu l’Usurpateur,
puis, la défaite, la Commune… Cette belle Commune qui avait
pourtant, de l’Hôtel de Ville, laissé les ruines fumantes… Bah !
songeait Lazare, crise de croissance. Et Noë qui rêvait aussi disait,
tout doucement, avec amour :