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Jeng-Shyang Pan
Jianpo Li
Pei-Wei Tsai
Lakhmi C. Jain Editors
Volume 156
Series Editors
Robert J. Howlett, Bournemouth University and KES International,
Shoreham-by-sea, UK
Lakhmi C. Jain, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,
Centre for Artificial Intelligence, University of Technology Sydney,
Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Editors
Advances in Intelligent
Information Hiding
and Multimedia Signal
Processing
Proceedings of the 15th International
Conference on IIH-MSP in conjunction
with the 12th International Conference
on FITAT, July 18–20, Jilin, China, Volume 1
123
Editors
Jeng-Shyang Pan Jianpo Li
College of Computer Science Northeast Electric Power University
and Engineering Chuanying Qu, Jilin, China
Shandong University of Science
and Technology Lakhmi C. Jain
Qingdao Shi, Shandong, China Centre for Artificial Intelligence
University of Technology Sydney
Pei-Wei Tsai Sydney, NSW, Australia
Swinburne University of Technology
Liverpool Hope University
Hawthorn, Melbourne, Australia
Liverpool, UK
University of Canberra
Canberra, Australia
KES International, UK
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Conference Organization
Conference Founders
Honorary Chairs
Advisory Committees
v
vi Conference Organization
General Chairs
Program Chairs
Publication Chairs
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Program Committees
Committee Secretaries
xi
xii Preface
xiii
xiv Contents
Lakhmi C. Jain Ph.D., M.E., B.E. (Hons), Fellow (Engineers Australia), serves at
University of Technology Sydney, Australia, University of Canberra, Australia,
Liverpool Hope University, UK and KES International, UK. He founded KES
International to provide the professional community with the opportunities for pub-
lication, knowledge exchange, cooperation, and teaming. Involving around 5000
xix
xx About the Editors
Abstract With the rapid development of China’s economy, the aging population is
getting larger. As science and technology advances, wearable devices have become
ubiquitous because of their unique characteristics such as portability and ease of use.
These characteristics make wearable devices being feasible tools to provide service
for the elders so as to assist the daily life of the elderly people and solve their nursing
problems. In this paper, the authors summarized their further investigation on how
to design wearable products for home-based elderly care. Three aspects of wearable
products including product form, functionality, and interaction style are studied. The
goal of this study is to collect user requirements of wearable devices and provide
design method and guidelines for designers.
1.1 Introduction
Elderly care has become a major social issue for modern society as people life
expectancy hits a record high. During last 20 years, for example, Chinese people
are living longer as death rates fall. Consequently, the aging population in China
continuously increases and it becomes a major concern of whole society. In a previous
study, the state of the art of the community nursing services and the potentials of
using wearable product for elderly nursing are investigated. In this paper, an extensive
user study with questionnaire is conducted in order to investigate the detailed design
issues of wearable product for elderly care. The goal of this paper is to collect detailed
user requirements of wearable products for the elderly people and provide design
method and guidelines for product designers and interaction designers.
W. Qi (B) · L. Zhou
Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China
e-mail: [email protected]
As the most populous developing country in the world, China’s aging population has
increased dramatically [1]. According to the latest data from UN, by 2018, China’s
elderly population that is over 60-year-old will reach 248 million, accounting for
16.7% of the total population. The traditional approaches of supporting the elders are
facing great challenges ever since [2]. The idea of “raising children to be secured when
getting old” has been deeply rooted in the minds of Chinese people for thousands
of years. Nowadays, this concept has been shakedown and challenged. Therefore,
the society is constantly seeking solutions for tackling the aging and elderly caring
problems. Chinese government has proposed the “973” elderly care policy. This
policy suggests that 90% of elderly population will be living at their own home
(aging in place), 7% will be taken care by community, and 3% will be taken care
at the nursing agency [3]. Community-based elderly care refers to the approach of
elderly care in which elderly people mainly live at home and extra nursing service
is provided by the nearby community. The goal of community elderly care is to
provide various extra services for the elders in the community so that the elders can
live at their own home as much as possible. Compared with other forms of elderly
care, community care has its own advantages, including allowing the elders to enjoy
services in a more familiar environment; low service cost and full range service;
compensation for lacking family member care; easing the pressure of home care;
and reducing the government’s financial burden.
A wearable product is a device that is worn on the human body. This type of device
has become a more common part of people’s daily life as companies have started
to present various types of devices that are small enough to wear. Current wearable
devices include powerful sensor that can collect, deliver, and process information
about their surroundings [4]. The first wearable device was introduced in the 1960s,
and devices with modern wearable forms only appear recently. In the early tome,
wearable devices were just research prototypes developed in research lab, which were
hardly used in people’s real life. The most representative breakthrough of wearable
devices is the introduction of Google Glass in 2012, which becomes a symbol of new
generation of wearable products. In 2014, Apple launched Apple Watch, which has
been widely accepted by consumers [5]. The research and development of wearable
devices in China started relatively late, and currently XiaoMi and HuaWei are the
two major players in this perspective. At present, most of the wearable products on
the market are mainly designed for sports, fitness, or health applications. However,
1 Designing Intelligent Wearable Product … 5
several issues exist around wearable devices which include privacy, the extent to
which they change social interactions, look and feel, and various issues with usability.
The author has reviewed a large amount of related literature and found that there is
limited literature on wearable devices for community elderly care [6, 7]. The authors
conducted a user experiment with questionnaires to investigate the current status
of community elderly care service from seven regions and found that the current
awareness of wearable devices among the elderly people is relatively low and the
design to use wearable devices in order to assist the daily life of the elderly people is
high. In total, 160 subjects were interviewed. These subjects were from eight different
regions that included Shanghai, Hangzhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Guangdong, Shanxi,
Shandong, and Liaoning Province, which means 20 subjects from each region. The
interview was mainly conducted with questionnaire in paper with additional online
query. The complete user research lasts for 2 months.
After preliminary screening, 45.52% of total participants are male and 54.48% are
female. The subjects were divided into three groups for data analysis according to age:
47.56% of participants are from 60 to 70 years old, 39.39% are from 71 to 80 years old,
and 10.35% are above 81 years old. The education levels of all participants are quite
diverse. 43.63% of all participants finished their junior school education, and 49.06%
of all participants finished their high school education. Only 7.31% of all participants
are at university level or above. The distribution of education level is normal for the
people at the age of 60–85 years old. Such distribution of education level requires
a designer to take into account the fact that the users of wearable product with low
level of education are the majority. Regarding the occupation of all participants, it
was found that 43.07% of participants are staff for the government and 32.41% of
participants are company employee. 15.28% of participants are self-employed and
9.25% of participants are unemployed.
1.4 Result
The questions asked in the user study are classified into three categories: the form
design of wearable product, the desired function of wearable product, and the aspects
of interaction design.
6 W. Qi and L. Zhou
The participants were presented with five different types of product forms (see
Fig. 1.1). They were asked to answer their preferences. 39.58% of participants prefer
the choice of a, which is the round shape. 29.29% of participants prefer the choice of
b. 15.05% of participants like the choice of c. Only 7.92% and 8.16% of participants
choose the option of d and e, respectively. For most of the elders, the perception
of wearable product is still quite traditional. Most of them believe that the form of
wearable product should be equivalent to the shape of watch. Therefore, even the
second and third popular options of product forms are still similar to the shape of
circle.
Regarding the product thickness, it can be seen that the thicknesses of 12 and
10 mm are more popular than other options. This shows that elder users expect that
the wearable product can be as light as possible to reduce the burden on the wrist
(Fig. 1.2).
Regarding the product weight, it was found that 41.13% of participants choose
30 g as the most acceptable weight (see Fig. 1.3). 29.95% of participants choose
40 g as favorite product weight. The elder users prefer the equipment to be as light
as possible. However, surprisingly, the product with ultra-lightweight is not the most
acceptable one for elder people.
Currently, wearable product is made of different materials, most used of which
are rubber, metal, and leather. From the responses, there are similar numbers of
participants who prefer leather or rubber material (66.75% vs. 67.69%). Metal is the
least acceptable materials for elder users. Wearable product is a kind of device that
is attached to human body, which requires certain degree of skin-friendly property.
Leather and rubber could provide more softness and comfort feeling than metal.
Because of its hard and icy nature, wearable products that are made of metal give
wearers a sense of repulsiveness.
Regarding the choice of color, it was found that participants preferred dark colors
to bright colors. Among all the participants, 65.33% prefer dark colors. While asking
their attitude to the wearable product with bright color, only 18.63% of participants
are willing to accept (see Fig. 1.4). Aging changes occur in all the structures of the
eye causing varied effects. Color vision tends to fade with age, and the threshold of
dark adaptation is increased. Therefore, most of the elder users prefer products with
dark colors, such as gray color. However, it is noticed that some of the elder users
are still keen on bright colors because of their personality that they are still full of
energy and enthusiasm like young people.
1.5 Conclusion
In this paper, the user requirements of wearable devices among the elderly people
are investigated. Wearable devices have many advantages and can be valuable tool to
be used to assist the daily life of the elderly people. However, wearable device is still
a relatively new thing for the elders. This poses a big challenge to product designer
of wearable devices [8–12]. This study summarizes the detailed requirements of
wearable product design from three aspects: appearance, function, and interaction.
Future work will be to design an experimental prototype based on the results of this
study.
Acknowledgments The author would like to thank the Program for Professor of Special Appoint-
ment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning (No. TP2015029) for financial
support. The study is also supported by “the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Univer-
sities”.
References
1. Zhang, L., Zhang, L.: Social cooperative mechanism of community home-based care. Chin.
Matern. Child. Health 336–337 (2017)
2. Liu, Y., Peng, D., Gong, J., Deng, J., Luo, J.: Research on community health hospitality service
model. Contemp. Med. 23(24), 80–82 (2017)
3. Zhang, L.: A comparison of medical service mode between the UK and the US and its enlight-
enment to China. Contemp. Econ. 18, 10–11 (2017)
4. Xiong, S.: Wearable device modeling and user interface design research, Dissertation, Southeast
University (2016)
5. Chen, H., Li, R.: Design of wearable intelligent products based on user experience. Mod. Decor.
7, 78 (2016)
6. Dong, W., Lei, J.: Review of application and problems of wearable devices in medical and
health field. Chin. Digital Med. 12(08), 26–28 (2017)
7. Xu, J.: Wearable device design strategy in home care service. Packag. Eng. 37(12), 125–128
(2016)
8. Huang, C.: Research on application design based on user experience, Dissertation, Shanxi
University of Science and Technology (2012)
9. Liu, Y.: User interface based application design research-take the example of female physiology
app. Art Technology http://kns.cnki.net/kcms//33.1166.TN.20171027.1415.186.html (2017)
1 Designing Intelligent Wearable Product … 9
10. Jing, H.: User experience design elements and their application in product design. J. Chi. Feng
Univ. 33(18), 44–45 (2017)
11. Godman, H.: Two questions can reveal mobility problems in seniors. Harvard Health Blog,
Harvard Health Publications. https://www.health.harvard.edu/ (2013). Accessed on 04 April
2016
12. Salthouse, T. A.: When does age-related cognitive decline begin? Neurobiol. Aging 30(4),
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19231028
Chapter 2
Application Research of BIM Technology
in Analysis of Green Building HVAC
System
Abstract In order to efficiently and accurately realize the analysis and optimization
of the green building HVAC system, a method of applying BIM technology was
proposed in this paper by analyzing the shortcomings of the traditional HVAC system
and the advantages of the new BIM technology. Then, this method was used to analyze
the HVAC system of an office building in Fuzhou Yango University, from which
the relevant parameters of the building and a corresponding optimization plan were
obtained. The empirical results show that the method is convenient, fast and objective,
making the analysis of the green building HVAC system more accurate. Based on
this optimization, the HVAC system design of the building can be rationalized, thus
reducing energy consumption.
2.1 Introduction
"Miks'ei isä tuo hyvää leipää, en minä saa tätä syödyksi", kuului
taas lapsen itkevä soperrus.
Mikon käsi jähmettyi oven ripaan. Ensi kerran kävi hänen mielensä
synkäksi, toivottomaksi: hän ei parhaalla tahdollaankaan voinut
hankkia edes kunnollista leipää rakkaille omaisillensa, tämä koski
kovasti hänen lempeään, vaikka lujaan mieleensä.
"Onneton en ole niin kauvan, kuin sinä olet minulla", sanoi Kerttu,
"mutta sitä itkin, kun sinulla on niin paljo huolta, ett'ei yön lepoa!"
"Mitäs tänne tulit, kun kielsin", torui Maija, "ole täällä nyt susien
syöttönä!"
"Äläs nyt sentään niin kova ole, ettäs minun tänne susille jätät;
mistäs sitten luulet miehen saavas," jutteli Pekka.
"Olehan nyt", vastaa Pekka, "kun kerran kotia pääsen, kyllä siellä
pysynkin!"
*****
"Ja Mikko tarvitsee, hän teki työtä enemmän kuin muut! Nyt on
hän ollut kaksi vuotta poissa; sanotaan hänen käyvän koulua, mutta
mitä varten? Olisipa hän jo herra muutenkin?"
Näin puhui Pekka myöhään yöhön, siksi kuin uni viimeinkin lopetti
keskustelun.
"Jos vielä tässä tällä tavoin nostelemme kaloja jonkun aikaa, niin
pian rupee käymään kuin kaimamiehen Kristuksen aikaan; mutta
näkyyhän tuolla Suonpään Wilppukin ruuhinensa, kyllä se auttaa",
jutteli Pekka.
"Kyllä kai," sanoi Pekka, "mutta ei se ole niin vallan helppoa, sillä
teidän laatuisia miehiä hän ei kärsi; kuitenkin jos teillä on tupakkaa,
niin taitaa tuo olla mahdollista!"
"Tulenko mukaan, kyllä kai, eihän tuon ole niin kiirettä", mumisi
Wilppu. "Tupakoimaan, sanoi Pekka; niin kyllä, eihän olisi
hullumpaa.
Mistä lienevät veneesensä saaneet tuommoisen herra rentun? Kyllä
miesparat on huonoilla teillä!"
Mikko sillä välin haki tupakat ja tarjosi Wilpulle. Nyt rupesi ukko
koperoimaan housunsa taskuja ja löysi siellä mustan, varrettoman
nysän; sitte haki hän tulukset ja monen vaikean kokeen perästä sai
hän viimein palavan taulapalan piippunsa päälle. Vähitellen rupesi
ankaruus katoamaan ukon kasvoista, hän istui tyytyväisenä,
poltellen nysäänsä, ja unhottain raju-ilmat ja muut vastukset.
*****
"Niinpä niin, kyllä se niin on. Mutta totta se, vaikka minulle
tarjottaisiin talo töllipahastani, niin tuskinpa vaihtaisin!"