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Kyoji Sassa · Matjaž Mikoš
Yueping Yin Editors

Advancing Culture of
Living with Landslides
Volume 1
ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025
Advancing Culture of Living with Landslides
Kyoji Sassa Matjaž Mikoš
•

Yueping Yin
Editors

Advancing Culture of Living

with Landslides
Volume 1 ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships
2015–2025
Editors Associate editors
Kyoji Sassa Mauri McSaveney
International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) GNS Science
Kyoto Lower Hutt
Japan New Zealand

Matjaž Mikoš Eileen McSaveney

Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering GNS Science
University of Ljubljana Lower Hutt
Ljubljana New Zealand
Slovenia
Khang Dang
Yueping Yin
International Consortium on Landslides (ICL)
China Institute of Geo-Environment
Kyoto
Monitoring
Japan
China Geological Survey
Beijing
China

ISBN 978-3-319-53500-5 ISBN 978-3-319-59469-9 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-59469-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017939909

Hiroshima landslide disasters in August 2014, Hiroshima, Japan (PASCO Corporation—Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. All
Rights Reserved)

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017. This book is an open access publication.
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Foreword By Irina Bokova

Every year, disasters induced by natural hazards affect millions of people across the world.
The loss of life is tragic, impacting on communities for the long term.
The costs are also economic, as disasters are responsible for estimated annual economic
losses of around USD 300 billion. With the rising pressures of climate change, overpopulation,
and urbanization, we can expect costs to increase ever more.
We cannot prevent disasters, but we can prepare for them better. This is the importance
of the International Consortium on Landslides, supported actively by UNESCO, to advance
research and build capacities for mitigating the risks of landslides. Led by Prof. Kyoji Sassa,
the Consortium has become a success story of international scientific cooperation at a time
when this has never been so vital.
This is especially important as the world implements the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, as well as the Sendai Framework
for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030—adopted in Sendai, Japan, to assess global progress
on disaster risk reduction and set the priority actions.
The International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction—International Consortium on
Landslides Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 is the key outcome relating to landslides from the
3rd World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, held in Sendai. On this basis, every
member of the International Consortium of Landslides is redoubling efforts to understand,
foresee, and reduce landslide disaster risk across the world.
Led by the Consortium, the Landslide Forum is a triennial milestone event that brings
together scientists, engineers, practitioners, and policy makers from across the world—all
working in the area of landslide technology, landslide disaster investigation, and landslide
remediation. Meeting in Slovenia, the 4th Landslide Forum will explore the theme, “Landslide
Research and Risk Reduction for Advancing Culture of Living with Natural Hazards,”
focusing on the multidisciplinary implementation of the Sendai Framework to build a global
culture of resilient communities.
Against this backdrop, this report includes state-of-the-art research on landslides, inte-
grating knowledge on multiple aspects of such hazards and highlighting good practices and
recommendations on reducing risks. Today, more than ever, we need sharper research and

v
vi Foreword By Irina Bokova

stronger scientific cooperation. In this spirit, I thank all of the contributors to this publication
and I pledge UNESCO’s continuing support to deepening partnerships for innovation and
resilience in societies across the world.

January 2017 Irina Bokova

Director-General of UNESCO
Foreword By Robert Glasser

Landslides are a serious geological hazard. Among the host of natural triggers are intense
rainfall, flooding, earthquakes or volcanic eruption, and coastal erosion caused by storms that
are all too often tied to the El Niño phenomenon. Human triggers including deforestation,
irrigation or pipe leakage, and mining spoil piles, or stream and ocean current alteration can
also spark landslides.
Landslides occur worldwide but certain regions are particularly susceptible. The UN’s Food
and Agriculture Organization underlines that steep terrain, vulnerable soils, heavy rainfall, and
earthquake activity make large parts of Asia highly susceptible to landslides. Other hotspots
include Central, South, and Northwestern America.
Landslides have devastating impact. They can generate tsunamis, for example. They can
bring high economic costs, although estimating losses is difficult, particularly so when it
comes to indirect losses. The latter are often confused with losses due to earthquakes or
flooding.
Globally, landslides cause hundreds of billions of dollars in damages and hundreds of
thousands of deaths and injuries each year. In the US alone, it has been estimated that
landslides cause in excess of US$1 billion in damages on average per year, though that is
considered a conservative figure and the real level could be at least double.
Given this, it is important to understand the science of landslides: why they occur, what
factors trigger them, the geology associated with them, and where they are likely to happen.
Geological investigations, good engineering practices, and effective enforcement of land
use management regulations can reduce landslide hazards. Early warning systems can also be
very effective, with the integration between ground-based and satellite data in landslide
mapping essential to identify landslide-prone areas.
Given that human activities can be a contributing factor in causing landslides, there are a
host of measures that can help to reduce risks, and losses if they do occur. Methods to avoid or
mitigate landslides range from better building codes and standards in engineering of new
construction and infrastructure, to better land use and proper planned alteration of drainage
patterns, as well as tackling lingering risks on old landslide sites.
Understanding the interrelationships between earth surface processes, ecological systems,
and human activities is the key to reducing landslides disaster risks.
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, a 15-year international agreement
adopted in March 2015, calls for more dedicated action on tackling underlying disaster risk
drivers. It points to factors such as the consequences of poverty and inequality, climate change
and variability, unplanned and rapid urbanization, poor land management, and compounding
factors such as demographic change, weak institutional arrangements, and non-risk-informed
policies. It also flags a lack of regulation and incentives for private disaster risk reduction
investment, complex supply chains, limited availability of technology, and unsustainable uses
of natural resources, declining ecosystems, pandemics and epidemics.
The Sendai Framework also calls for better risk-informed sectoral laws and regulations,
including those addressing land use and urban planning, building codes, environmental and

vii
viii Foreword By Robert Glasser

resource management and health and safety standards, and underlines that they should be
updated, where needed, to ensure an adequate focus on disaster risk management.
The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) has an important role in reinforcing
a culture of prevention and preparedness in relevant stakeholders. This is done by supporting
the development of standards by experts and technical organizations, advocacy initiatives, and
the dissemination of disaster risk information, policies, and practices. UNISDR also provides
education and training on disaster risk reduction through affiliated organizations, and supports
countries, including through national platforms for disaster risk reduction or their equivalent,
in the development of national plans and monitoring trends and patterns in disaster risk, loss,
and impacts.
The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) hosts the Sendai Partnerships 2015–
2025 for the global promotion of understanding and reducing landslide disaster risk. This is
part of 2015–2025, a voluntary commitment made at the Third UN World Conference on
Disaster Risk Reduction, held in 2015 in Sendai, Japan, where the international community
adopted the Sendai Framework.
The Sendai Partnerships will help to provide practical solutions and tools, education and
capacity building, and communication and public outreach to reduce landslides risks. As such,
they will contribute to the implementation of the goals and targets of the Sendai Framework,
particularly on understanding disaster risks including vulnerability and exposure to integrated
landslide-tsunami risk.
The work done by the Sendai Partnerships can be of value to many stakeholders including
civil protection, planning, development and transportation authorities, utility managers, agri-
cultural and forest agencies, and the scientific community.
UNISDR fully support the work of the Sendai Partnerships and the community of practice
on landslides risks, and welcomes the 4th World Landslide Forum to be held in 2017 in
Slovenia, which aims to strengthen intergovernmental networks and the international pro-
gramme on landslides.

Robert Glasser
Special Representative of the Secretary-General
for Disaster Risk Reduction and head of UNISDR
Preface

The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) organized the ICL-IPL Conference in

Kyoto, Japan in 2013, and discussed and prepared the 2014 Beijing Declaration to be adopted
at the World Landslide Forum 3 in Beijing, China in June 2014. ICL wrote the draft of
ICL-IPL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025—Landslide disaster risk reduction for a safer
geo-environment to be examined in Sendai, Japan, in March 2015. The 2004 Beijing Dec-
laration—Landslide mitigation toward a safer Geo-environment was examined at a high-level
panel discussion with the participation of the Director-General of UNESCO, Ms, Irina Bokova
and was adopted at the end of WLF3 in Beijing, China, which was held on June 2–6, 2014
(Sassa et al. 2015).
ICL organized the Steering Committee meeting in Kyoto on October 7–9 , 2014, together
with the International Forum “Urbanization and Landslide Disaster”—Hiroshima landslide
disaster, in August, 2014 and Japan’s contribution to the post-2015 framework for Disaster
Risk Reduction. This forum was planned as a preparatory meeting of the ICL-IPL Sendai
Partnerships Conference on March 11–15, 2015. Key members of ICL, UNESCO, UNISDR,
MEXT, and the Cabinet Office and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and
Tourism (MLIT), Government of Japan attended and discussed the global collaborative
framework contributing to the Third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction.

Establishment of the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025

ICL initially proposed a thematic session “Urbanization and Geodisasters” to be considered as

part of the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR). This topic
was not retained among the topics of the Conference. Thereafter, ICL became a co-organizer
of Working Session No. 4 (WS 4) “Underlying Risk Factors” (Priority No. 4 of the Hyogo
Framework for Action), together with MLIT, UNESCO and other organizations under the
initiative of ISDR. ICL proposed a Sendai Partnership on Landslides to the session. It was
changed from the initial proposal of “ICL-IPL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2024—Landslide
disaster risk reduction for a safer geo-environment” to the “Sendai Partnerships for the Global
Promotion of Understanding Disaster Risk” (Priority 1 of the Sendai Framework for Disaster
Risk Reduction 2015–2030) to widen the scope beyond just landslides. However, an opinion
was expressed that it was too broad, and the session should focus on specific disasters within
the interest of organizers of the Working Session No. 4. It was then changed to the
“ISDR-ICL: Sendai Partnerships 2015–2024 for Global Promotion of Understanding and
Reducing Landslide, Flood and Tsunami Disaster Risk—Tools for Implementing and Moni-
toring the Post-2015 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Sustainable Develop-
ment Goals.” This version was circulated to the expected intergovernmental, international and
national organizations on 21 January 2015. However, it was suggested that because this
partnership is under the initiative of the International Consortium on Landslides, it is better to
focus on landslides. As a result, it was finally returned to only landslides (Sassa 2015;
Wahlström 2015)

ix
x Preface

The revised title of the finally agreed Sendai Partnerships was:

Header: Voluntary commitment to the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction,
Sendai, Japan, 2015
Title: ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 for global promotion of understanding
and reducing landslide disaster risk
Subtitle: Tools for Implementing and Monitoring the Post-2015 Framework for Disaster
Risk Reduction and the Sustainable Development Goals
Based on this frame for the Sendai Partnerships, ICL members and ICL advisory members
discussed its main contents before and during the ICL-IPL Sendai Partnerships Conference on
March 11–15, 2015 in Sendai.

ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 was adopted at a session “Underlying risk factors” of 3rd WCDRR
in the morning of 16 March 2015 and it was signed by 16 signatory organizations in the afternoon of the
same day in Sendai, Japan. The WCDRR Conference hall was constructed in front of Sendai Castle (left)
build by Mr. Masamune Date (right) in 1601. He sent a mission of 180 people lead by Mr. Tsunenaga
Hasekura on a mission to Spain and Rome for international trade and cooperation from 1613 to 1620.

The above is the poster displayed at the preparatory meeting and also the signing ceremony.
It has the logos of ICL and ISDR, as well as the logo of the Third UN Conference on Disaster
Risk Reduction. The agreed major content is presented below.
We acknowledgee that:

• Landslide disasters are caused by exposure to hazardous motions of soil and rock that
threaten vulnerable human settlements in mountains, cities, coasts, and islands.
• Climate change will intensify the risk of landslides in some landslide-prone areas through
an increase in the frequency and/or magnitude of heavy rainfall, and shifts in the location
and periodicity of heavy rainfall.
• Developments in mountains and coastal areas, including construction of roads and railways
and expansion of urban areas due to population shifts, increase exposure to hazards of
landslides.
• Although they are not frequent, strong earthquakes have potential to trigger rapid and
long-runout landslides and liquefaction. Earthquake-induced coastal or submarine
large-scale landslides or megaslides (with depths on the order of hundreds of meters to one
thousand meters) in the ocean floor can trigger large tsunami waves. These hazardous
motions of soil and water impacting on exposed and vulnerable population can result into
very damaging effects.
• The combined effects of triggering factors, including rainfall, earthquakes, and volcanic
eruptions, can lead to greater impacts through disastrous landslides such as lahars, debris
flows, rock falls, and megaslides.
• Understanding landslide disaster risk requires a multi-hazard approach and a focus on
social and institutional vulnerability. The study of social and institutional as well as
physical vulnerability is needed to assess the extent and magnitude of landslide disasters
and to guide formulation of effective policy responses.
• Human intervention can make a greater impact on exposure and vulnerability through,
among other factors, land use and urban planning, building codes, risk assessments, early
Preface xi

warning systems, legal and policy development, integrated research, insurance, and, above
all, substantive educational and awareness-raising efforts by relevant stakeholders.
• The understanding of landslide disaster risk, including risk identification, vulnerability
assessment, time prediction, and disaster assessment, using the most up-to-date and
advanced knowledge, is a challenging task. The effectiveness of landslide disaster risk
reduction measures depends on scientific and technological developments for under-
standing disaster risk (natural hazards or events and social vulnerability), political
“buy-in”, and on increased public awareness and education.
• At a higher level, social and financial investment is vital for understanding and reducing
landslide disaster risk, in particular social and institutional vulnerability through coordi-
nation of policies, planning, research, capacity development, and the production of pub-
lications and tools that are accessible, available free of charge and are easy to use for
everyone in both developing and developed countries.

We agree on the following initial fields of cooperation in research and capacity building,
coupled with social and financial investment:

• Development of people-centered early warning technology for landslides with increased

precision and reliable prediction both in time and location, especially in a changing climate
context.
• Development of hazard and vulnerability mapping, vulnerability and risk assessment with
increased precision and reliability, as part of multi-hazard risk identification and
management.
• Development of improved technologies for monitoring, testing, analyzing, simulating, and
effective early warning for landslides.
• Development of international teaching tools that are always updated and may be used free
of charge by national and local leaders and practitioners, in developed and developing
countries through the Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025.
• Open communication with society through integrated research, capacity building, knowl-
edge transfer, awareness-raising, training, and educational activities to enable societies to
develop effective policies and strategies for reducing landslide disaster risk, to strengthen
their capacities for preventing hazards from developing into major disasters, and to
enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of relief programs.
• Development of new initiatives to study research frontiers in understanding landslide
disaster risk, such as the effect of climate change on large-scale landslides and debris flows,
the effective prediction of localized rainfall to provide earlier warning and evacuation,
especially in developing countries, the mechanism and dynamics of submarine landslides
during earthquakes that may cause or enhance tsunamis, and geotechnical studies of
catastrophic megaslides for prediction and hazard assessment.

All of the items above came from the discussions of ICL and its partners. Within those
items, one of the most discussed parts are the effects of climate change on landslides. It was
mentioned in two places as a high priority. Climate changes are studied by meteorologists, but
not studied by landslide scientists and engineers. It is not easy to prove the effects of climate
change on landslides in a decisive and a quantitative way. However, all agreed, in the fol-
lowing sentence, to add “in some landslide prone areas.”
Climate change will intensify the risk of landslides in some landslide-prone areas through
an increase in the frequency and/or magnitude of heavy rainfall, and shifts in the location and
periodicity of heavy rainfall.
Figure 1 presents a comparison of extreme rainfalls in Japan of over 100 mm/day and
extreme rainfalls in Vietnam of over 51 mm/day. One is the number of days and another is the
number of events, and the monitoring period is different. However, both present an increasing
xii Preface

Fig. 1 Comparison of extreme rainfalls in Japan of over 100 mm/day and extreme rainfalls in Vietnam of over 51 mm/day. Source 1
Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) (2015) Climate Change Monitoring Report 2014. Source 2 IMHEN (Institute of Meteorology,
Hydrology and Climate Change, Vietnam) and UNDP (United Nations Development Program) (2015) Viet Nam Special Report on Managing
the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation

Fig. 2 Two examples of small-scale landslides due to extreme rainfall that destroyed human settlements at the toe of slopes in Japan and in
Vietnam. Source of Landslide distribution: Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) Red circles showing the locations of the initial
small landslides are added by K. Sassa. Source of UAV photo of Ha Long landslide: Vietnamese news company “Zing. vn”
Preface xiii

trend of frequency of extreme rainfall, and the rate in Vietnam is one order higher than that in
Japan. Climate change effects will be different in countries or regions.
Figure 2 presents recent typical landslide disasters in Japan and Vietnam in 2014 and in
2015. Local heavy rainfall (the maximum rainfall was 121 mm/h, and 217 mm for 3 h)
deluged urban areas of Hiroshima city. Many small-scale shallow landslides occurred in the
mountains (shown by red circles in the left figure). As they flowed down they increased in
volume, and destroyed urban settlements and killed 66 persons in this area. A shallow
landslide triggered by heavy rainfall (the maximum rainfall was 87 mm/h, 277 mm for 5 h) in
Ha Long city and the landslide debris destroyed three houses and killed eight people as shown
in the right figure.

Global Promotion of Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster

Risk

The ICL and signatory organizations of the Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 wish to volun-
tarily commit to the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015–2030 and the United
Nations Sustainable Development Goals No.11 “Make cities and human settlements inclusive,
safe, resilient and sustainable.”
The successful result of each item proposed in the Sendai Partnership cannot be achieved
without close cooperation with the signatory organizations and other related organizations. In
order to plan the milestones of the Sendai Partnership, ICL and Sendai Partnership groups are
organizing a High-Level Panel Discussion on May 30, 2017 as a Plenary session of the Fourth
World Landslide Forum in Ljubljana, Slovenia:
High-Level Panel Discussion “Strengthening Intergovernmental Network and the
International Programme on Landslides (IPL) for “ISDR-ICL SENDAI PARTNERSHIPS
2015–2025 for global promotion of understanding and reducing landslide disaster risk”
Objectives: The International Programme on Landslides (IPL) is a programme of the
International Consortium on Landslides (ICL). ICL proposed the IPL in a thematic session
of the Second World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR) in Kobe, 2005. The
activities of IPL were defined in the 2006 Tokyo Action Plan “Strengthening research and
learning on landslides and related earth system disasters for global risk preparedness” at the
Round Table Discussion held in Tokyo, 2006. IPL was supported by seven global stake-
holders—UNESCO, WMO, FAO, UNISDR, UNU, ICSU, and WFEO, and ICL exchanged
Memorandums of Understanding to promote the Tokyo Action Plan with each of them in
2006.
The activities of IPL include the triennial organization of the World Landslide Forum, the
implementation of various IPL Projects, identification of World Centres of Excellence on
Landslide Risk Reduction (WCoE), and the publication of the ICL bimonthly journal Land-
slides. Based on this background, ICL proposed the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–
2025 for global promotion of understanding and reducing landslide disaster risk at the 3rd
WCDRR in Sendai, 2015 which was accepted and signed by 17 global and national stake-
holders, including the governments of Croatia, Italy and Japan. This high-level panel dis-
cussion aims to strengthen networking with governments in landslide-prone countries and
governments supporting landslide disaster risk reduction efforts in developing countries. The
close cooperation within governments, United Nation Organizations and International NGOs
is necessary and effective to implement the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 and the
International Programme on Landslides (IPL) in its infrastructure.
Following the discussion result in the high-level panel discussion, a Round Table Dis-
cussion on the follow-up of the high-level panel discussion and implementation planning
will be held at 13:30–17:30 on May 31, 2017 at Club CD as a parallel session. Representatives
of 17 signatory organizations, ICL-IPL members, and potential new members of the Sendai
Partnerships are invited. All participants will examine an action plan/road map/Addendum to
xiv Preface

the Partnerships to implement and further develop the Sendai Partnerships, effectively con-
tributing to the SENDAI Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. At the end of the session,
signing to the Sendai Partnerships by new members may be organized. To strengthen the
Sendai Partnerships cooperation network, we wish to invite new signatory organizations and
also the new members of ICL. Those organizations are invited to the high-level panel dis-
cussion and also the round-table discussion.
The WLF4 will publish five volumes of books. Volumes 2–5 are the proceedings of
technical papers presented at the forum. Volume 1 includes Part 1 ISDR-ICL Sendai
Partnerships: (1) three forum lectures (Rupestrian world heritage sites at landslide risk,
Subaerial landslide-generated (tsunami) waves, Rock fall occurrence and fragmentation) to
present leading landslide issues, (2) Contribution of signatory organizations to provide basic
information for the high-level panel discussion, (3) a planning initiative from ICL to Sendai
Partnerships to create “Landslide Dynamics-ISDR-ICL Landslide Interactive Teaching Tools
(LITT)” to broaden the availability of landslide technologies for landslide risk reduction for
capacity development, and to examine the initial stage of “ICL World Report on Landslides”
to share landslide information and technologies within WRL contributors and users. Part 2
International Programme on Landslides (IPL) is a programme of ICL contributing to ISDR
with support from seven global stakeholders. IPL consists of IPL projects proposed and
implemented by ICL member organizations, and the activities of World Centres of Excellence
on Landslide Risk Reduction (WCoEs), which are updated at the triannual world landslide
forum. Part 3 includes papers from the Session 3 Landslides and Society.
Vol. 1 Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 will be published initially as a free online access
book and then as a printed book distributed to all participants in the Fourth World Landslide
Forum. We would like to ask the readers of this volume to join this voluntary commitment to
the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Such support shall promote and enable the
realization of many of the difficult tasks proposed in the Sendai Partnerships.

Call for Cooperation

ICL acknowledges the dedicated support from ICL’s many supporting organizations and
cooperating individuals for the International Programme on Landslides (IPL) including the
editing and publication of an international journal “Landslides: Journal of International
Consortium on Landslides,” and we request further support for ICL and IPL and the activities
of the Sendai Partnerships. Those organizations and individuals are invited to the Fourth
World Landslide Forum and the high-level panel discussion on May 30, 2017 and the
round-table discussion to follow on May 31, 2017, to join this global initiative 2015–2025.
Information on the Fourth World Landslide Forum is uploaded at the WLF4 website: https://
www.wlf4.org/. Inquiries and cooperation for the Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 should be
addressed to the ICL Secretariat [email protected].

References

Sassa K (2015) ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 for global promotion of understanding and reducing
landslide disaster risk. Landslides, Vol 12 (4), pp 631–640
Sassa K, Yin Y and Canuti P (2015) The third world landslide forum, Beijing, China. Landslides, Vol 12 (1),
pp 177–192
Wahlström M (2015) Preface. Landslides, Vol 12 (4), pp 629
Preface xv

Kyoji Sassa Matjaz Mikos Yueping Yin

Executive Director of ICL A Vice President of ICL President of ICL
Kyoto, Japan Ljubljana, Slovenia Beijing, China
Organizers

International Consortium on Landslides (ICL)

International Programme on Landslides (IPL)

University of Ljubljana

Geological Survey of Slovenia (GeoZS)

xvii
xviii Organizers

Co-organizers

Republic of Slovenia Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning

Republic of Slovenia Ministry of Infrastructure

Slovenian National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction

Slovenian Chamber of Engineers (IZS)

• Društvo Slovenski komite mednarodnega združenja hidrogeologov (SKIAH)—Interna-

tional Association of Hydrogeologists Slovene Committee (SKIAH)
• Društvo vodarjev Slovenije (DVS)—Water Management Society of Slovenia (DVS)
• Geomorfološko društvo Slovenije (GDS)—Geomorphological Association of Slovenia
(GDS)
• Inštitut za vode Republike Slovenije (IzVRS)—Institute of Water of the Republic of
Slovenia (IzVRS)
• Slovensko geološko društvo (SGD)—Slovenian Geological Society (SGD)
• Slovensko geotehniško društvo (SloGeD)—Slovenian Geotechnical Society (SloGeD)
• Slovenski nacionalni odbor programa IHP UNESCO (SNC IHP)—Slovenian National
Committee for IHP (SNC IHP)
• Slovensko združenje za geodezijo in geofiziko (SZGG)—Slovenian Association of Geo-
desy and Geophysics (SZGG)
Organizers xix

Organizing Committee

Honorary Chairpersons

Borut Pahor, President of the Republic of Slovenia*

Irina Bokova, Director General of UNESCO
Robert Glasser, Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Disaster
Risk Reduction*
José Graziano Da Silva, Director General of FAO*
Petteri Talaas, Secretary General of WMO
David Malone, Rector of UNU
Gordon McBean, President of ICSU
Toshimitsu Komatsu, Vice President of WFEO
Roland Oberhaensli, President of IUGS
Alik Ismail-Zadeh, Secretary General of IUGG
Hisayoshi Kato, Director General for Disaster Management, Cabinet Office, Government of
Japan
Kanji Matsumuro, Director, Office for Disaster Reduction Research, Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Government of Japan
Fabrizio Curcio, Head, National Civil Protection Department, Italian Presidency of the
Council of Ministers, Government of Italy
Jadran Perinic, Director General, National Protection and Research Directorate, Republic of
Croatia
Takashi Onishi, President of Science Council of Japan
Juichi Yamagiwa, President of Kyoto University
Ivan Svetlik, Rector of University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Walter Ammann, President/CEO, Global Risk Forum Davos
Note: Honorary chairpersons are Leaders of signatory organizations of the ISDR-ICL Sendai
Partnerships. * to be confirmed.

Chairpersons

Matjaž Mikoš, Chairman, Slovenian National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction
Yueping Yin, President, International Consortium on Landslides
Kyoji Sassa, Executive Director, International Consortium on Landslides

International Scientific Committee

Che Hassandi Abdulah, Public Works Department of Malaysia, Malaysia

Biljana Abolmasov, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Basanta Raj Adhikari, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
Beena Ajmera, California State University, Fullerton, USA
Irasema Alcántara Ayala, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico
Guillermo Avila Alvarez, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
Željko Arbanas, University of Rijeka, Croatia
Behzad Ataie-Ashtiani Sharif, University of Technology, Iran
Mateja Jemec Auflič, Geological Survey of Slovenia, Slovenia
Yong Baek, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Korea
Lidia Elizabeth Torres Bernhard, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Honduras
Matteo Berti, University of Bologna, Italy
xx Organizers

Netra Prakash Bhandary, Ehime University, Japan

He Bin, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Peter Bobrowsky, Geological Survey of Canada, Canada
Giovanna Capparelli, University of Calabria, Italy
Raul Carreno, Grudec Ayar, Peru
Nicola Casagli, University of Florence, Italy
Filippo Catani, University of Florence, Italy
Byung-Gon Chae, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Korea
Buhm-Soo Chang, Korea Infrastructure Safety and Technology Corporation, Korea
Giovanni Battista Crosta, University of Milano Bicocca, Italy
Sabatino Cuomo, University of Salerno, Italy
A.A. Virajh Dias, Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau, Sri Lanka
Tom Dijkstra, British Geological Survey, UK
Francisco Dourado, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Brasil
Erik Eberhardt, University of British Columbia, Canada
Luis Eveline, Universidad Politécnica de Ingeniería, Honduras
Teuku Faisal Fathani, University of Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
Paolo Frattini, University of Milano Bicocca, Italy
Hiroshi Fukuoka, Niigata University, Japan
Rok Gašparič, Ecetera, Slovenia
Ying Guo, Northeast Forestry University, China
Fausto Guzzetti, National Research Council, Italy
Javier Hervas, ISPRA, Italy/EU
Daisuke Higaki, Japan Landslide Society, Japan
Arne Hodalič, National Geographic Slovenija, Slovenia
Jan Hradecký, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Johannes Hübl, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria
Oldrich Hungr, University of British Columbia, Canada
Sangjun Im, Korean Society of Forest Engineering, Korea
Michael Jaboyedoff, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Jernej Jež, Geological Survey of Slovenia, Slovenia
Pavle Kalinić, City of Zagreb, Croatia
Bjørn Kalsnes, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Norway
Dwikorita Karnawati, University of Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
Asiri Karunawardana, National Building Research Organization, Sri Lanka
Ralf Katzenbach, Technische Universitaet Darmstadt, Germany
Nguyen Xuan Khang, Institute of Transport Science and Technology, Vietnam
Kyongha Kim, National Institute of Forest Science, Korea
Dalia Kirschbaum, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA
Jan Klimeš, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
Marko Komac, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Kazuo Konagai, University of Tokyo, Japan
Hasan Kulic, Albanian Geological Survey, Albania
Santosh Kumar, National Institute of Disaster Management, India
Simon Loew, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
Jean-Philippe Malet, Université de Strasbourg, France
Claudio Margottini, ISPRA, Italy
Snježana Mihalić Arbanas, University of Zagreb, Croatia
Gabriele Scarascia Mugnozza, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy
Chyi-Tyi Lee, National Central University, Chinese Taipei
Liang-Jeng Leu, National Taiwan University, Chinese Taipei
Ko-Fei Liu, National Taiwan University, Chinese Taipei
Janko Logar, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Organizers xxi

Ping Lu, Tongji University, China

Juan Carlos Loaiza, Colombia
Mauri McSaveney, GNS Science, New Zealand
Matjaž Mikoš, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Ashaari Mohamad, Public Works Department of Malaysia, Malaysia
Hirotaka Ochiai, Forest and Forest Product Research Institute, Japan
Igwe Ogbonnaya, University of Nigeria, Nigeria
Tomáš Pánek, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mario Parise, National Research Council, Italy
Hyuck-Jin Park, Sejong University, Korea
Cui Peng, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Luciano Picarelli, Second University of Naples, Italy
Tomislav Popit, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Saowanee Prachansri, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand
Boštjan Pulko, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Paulus P. Rahardjo Parahyangan Catholic University, Indonesia
Bichit Rattakul Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand
K.L.S. Sahabandu, Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau, Sri Lanka
Kyoji Sassa, International Consortium on Landslides, Japan
Wei Shan, Northeast Forestry University, China
Z. Shoaei, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Iran
Mandira Shrestha, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Nepal
Paolo Simonini, University of Padua, Italy
Josef Stemberk, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
Alexander Strom, JSC “Hydroproject Institute”, Russian Federation
S.H. Tabatabaei, Building & Housing Research Center, Iran
Kaoru Takara, Kyoto University, Japan
Dangsheng Tian, Bureau of Land and Resources of Xi’an, China
Binod Tiwari, California State University, Fullerton & Tribhuvan University, USA
Veronica Tofani, University of Florence, Italy
Adrin Tohari, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia
Oleksandr M. Trofymchuk, Institute of Telecommunication and Global Information Space,
Ukraine
Emil Tsereteli, National Environmental Agency of Georgia, Georgia
Taro Uchimura, University of Tokyo, Japan
Tran Tan Van, Vietnam Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, Vietnam
Timotej Verbovšek, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Pasquale Versace, University of Calabria, Italy
Vít Vilímek, Charles University, Czech Republic
Ján Vlčko, Comenius University, Slovak Republic
Kaixi Xue, East China University of Technology, China
Yueping Yin, China Geological Survey, China
Akihiko Wakai, Japan Landslide Society, Japan
Fawu Wang, Shimane University, Japan
Gonghui Wang, Kyoto University, Japan
Huabin Wang, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
Janusz Wasowski, National Research Council, Italy
Patrick Wassmer, Université Paris 1, France
Mike Winter, Transport Research Laboratory, UK
Sabid Zekan, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Oleg Zerkal, Moscow State University, Russian Federation
Ye-Ming Zhang, China Geological Survey, China
xxii Organizers

Local Organizing Committee

Biljana Abolmasov, Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of Belgrade, Serbia

Željko Arbanas, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka, Croatia
Miloš Bavec, Geological Survey of Slovenia
Nejc Bezak, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana
Mitja Brilly, Slovenian National Committee for IHP
Darko But, Administration for Civil Protection and Disaster Relief, Ministry of Defence of the
Republic of Slovenia
Lidija Globevnik, Water Management Society of Slovenia
Arne Hodalič, National Geographic Slovenia
Mateja Jemec Auflič, Geological Survey of Slovenia
Jernej Jež, Geological Survey of Slovenia
Vojkan Jovičić, Slovenian Geotechnical Society
Robert Klinc, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana
Janko Logar, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana
Matej Maček, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana
Snježana Mihalić Arbanas, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering,
University of Zagreb, Croatia
Matjaž Mikoš, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana
Zlatko Mikulič, International Association of Hydrogeologists Slovene Committee
Gašper Mrak, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana
Mario Panizza, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
Alessandro Pasuto, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
Ana Petkovšek, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana
Tomislav Popit, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana
Boštjan Pulko, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana
Jože Rakovec, Slovenian Association of Geodesy and Geophysics
Črtomir Remec, Slovenian Chamber of Engineers
Mauro Soldati, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
Timotej Verbovšek, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana
Sabid Zekan, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Civil Engineering, University of Tuzla, Bosnia
and Herzegovina
Contents

Part I ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025

The ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025: Background and Content . . . . . . 3
Kyoji Sassa
Rupestrian World Heritage Sites: Instability Investigation
and Sustainable Mitigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Claudio Margottini, Peter Bobrowsky, Giovanni Gigli, Heinz Ruther,
Daniele Spizzichino, and Jan Vlcko
Subaerial Landslide-Generated Waves: Numerical
and Laboratory Simulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Saeedeh Yavari-Ramshe and Behzad Ataie-Ashtiani
Rockfall Occurrence and Fragmentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Jordi Corominas, Olga Mavrouli, and Roger Ruiz-Carulla
International Consortium on Landslides (ICL)—The Proposing
Organization of the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Kyoji Sassa, Yueping Yin, and Paolo Canuti
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)—UNISDR’s
Contribution to Science and Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction
and the Role of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Chadia Wannous and German Velasquez
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)—UNESCO’s Contribution to the Implementation
of UNISDR’s Global Initiative and ICL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Giuseppe Arduino, Rouhban Badaoui, Soichiro Yasukawa, Alexandros Makarigakis,
Irina Pavlova, Hiroaki Shirai, and Qunli Han
United Nations University (UNU)—The United Nations University:
Research and Policy Support for Environmental Risk Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Jakob Rhyner
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)—Concerted International
Efforts for Advancing Multi-hazard Early Warning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Jochen Luther, Alasdair Hainsworth, Xu Tang, John Harding, Jair Torres,
and Margherita Fanchiotti
International Council for Science (ICSU)—On the Future Challenges
for the Integration of Science into International Policy Development
for Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Irasema Alcántara-Ayala, Virginia Murray, Philip Daniels, and Gordon McBean
World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO)—World Federation
of Engineering Organizations Activities in Disaster Risk Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Kenichi Tsukahara

xxiii
xxiv Contents

International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)—Sendai—Foreseeable

but Unpredictable Geologic Events—IUGS Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Roland Oberhänsli, Yurijo Ogawa, and Marko Komac
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)—Integrating
Natural Hazard Science with Disaster Risk Reduction Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Alik Ismail-Zadeh
Cabinet Office, Government of Japan (CAO)—Japan’s International
Cooperation on DRR: Mainstreaming DRR in International Societies . . . . . . . . . 173
Setsuko Saya
Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University. . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Kaoru Takara
Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk: Challenges
and Opportunities for Italian Civil Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Pagliara Paola, Onori Roberta, and Ambra Sorrenti
Landslide Dynamics: ISDR-ICL Landslide Interactive Teaching
Tools (LITT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Kyoji Sassa, Fausto Guzzetti, Hiromitsu Yamagishi, Željko Arbanas,
Nicola Casagli, Binod Tiwari, Ko-Fei Liu, Alexander Strom, Mauri McSaveney,
Eileen McSaveney, Khang Dang, and Hendy Setiawan
Progress of the World Report on Landslides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Biljana Abolmasov, Teuku Faisal Fathani, KoFei Liu, and Kyoji Sassa

Part II International Programme on Landslides (IPL)

International Programme on Landslides (IPL): Objectives, History
and List of World Centres of Excellence and IPL Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Qunli Han, Kyoji Sassa, Feng Min Kan, and Claudio Margottini
UNESCO-KU-ICL UNITWIN Cooperation Programme for Landslides
and Water-Related Disaster Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Kaoru Takara and Kyoji Sassa
Landslides: Journal of the International Consortium on Landslides . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Kyoji Sassa and Željko Arbanas
Advanced Technologies for Landslides (WCoE 2014–2017, IPL-196, IPL-198) . . . 269
Nicola Casagli, Veronica Tofani, Filippo Catani, Sandro Moretti, Riccardo Fanti,
and Giovanni Gigli
Mechanisms of Landslides and Creep in Over-Consolidated Clays
and Flysch (WCoE 2014–2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Matjaž Mikoš, Janko Logar, Matej Maček, Jošt Sodnik, and Ana Petkovšek
Research on Heavy-Rainfall-Induced and Hydraulic-Driven Geological
Hazards in China (WCoE 2014–2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Yueping Yin, Yongqiang Xu, and Wenpei Wang
Landslide Risk Reduction in Croatia: Scientific Research in the Framework
of the WCoE 2014–2017, IPL-173, IPL-184, ICL ABN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Snježana Mihalić Arbanas, Željko Arbanas, Martin Krkač, Sanja Bernat Gazibara,
Martina Vivoda Prodan, Petra Đomlija, Vedran Jagodnik, Sanja Dugonjić Jovančević,
Marin Sečanj, and Josip Peranić
Contents xxv

Shapes and Mechanisms of Large-Scale Landslides in Japan: Forecasting

Analysis from an Inventory (WCoE 2014–2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
S. Ogita, W. Sagara, Daisuke Higaki, and Research Committee on Elucidating
Mechanisms of Large-Scale Landslides
Retrospective and Prospects for Cold Regions Landslide Research
(2012–2016) (WCoE 2014–2017, IPL-132, IPL-167, IPL-203, CRLN) . . . . . . . . . . 325
Wei Shan and Ying Guo
Large-Scale Rockslide Inventories: From the Kokomeren River
Basin to the Entire Central Asia Region (WCoE 2014–2017, IPL-106-2) . . . . . . . 339
Alexander Strom and Kanatbek Abdrakhmatov
Interventions for Promoting Knowledge, Innovations and Landslide Risk
Management Practices Within South and Southeast Asia (WCoE 2014–2017). . . . 347
Peeranan Towashiraporn and N.M.S.I. Arambepola
Promoting a Global Standard for Community-Based Landslide Early
Warning Systems (WCoE 2014–2017, IPL-158, IPL-165). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Teuku Faisal Fathani, Dwikorita Karnawati, and Wahyu Wilopo
Model Policy Frameworks, Standards and Guidelines on Landslide
Disaster Reduction (WCoE 2014–2017). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
A.A. Virajh Dias, Nimesha Katuwala, H.M.J.M.K. Herath, P.V.I.P. Perera,
K.L.S. Sahabandu, and N. Rupasinghe
Landslide Hazard and Risk Management (WCoE 2014–2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Josef Stemberk, Vít Vilímek, Jan Klimeš, Jan Blahůt, Filip Hartvich, and Jan Balek
Mitigation of Landslide Hazards in Ukraine Under the Guidance of ICL:
2009–2016 (IPL-153, IPL-191) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Oleksander Trofymchuk, Iurii Kaliukh, Silchenko Konstantin, Viktoriia Berchun,
Taras Kaliukh, and Iaroslav Berchun
Development of a Hazard Evaluation Technique for Earthquake-Induced
Landslides Based on an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) (IPL-154) . . . . . . . . . 387
Daisuke Higaki, Eisaku Hamasaki, and Kazunori Hayashi
The Croatian-Japanese SATREPS Joint Research Project
on Landslides (IPL-161). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Željko Arbanas, Snježana Mihalić Arbanas, Kyoji Sassa, Hideaki Marui,
Hiroshi Fukuoka, Martin Krkač, Martina Vivoda Prodan, Sanja Bernat Gazibara,
and Petra Đomlija
Results of a Technical Cooperation Project to Develop Landslide Risk
Assessment Technology along Transport Arteries in Vietnam (IPL-175). . . . . . . . 411
Dinh Van Tien, Nguyen Xuan Khang, Kyoji Sassa, Toyohiko Miyagi,
Hirotaka Ochiai, Huynh Dang Vinh, Lam Huu Quang, Khang Dang, and Shiho Asano
Study of Slow Moving Landslide Umka Near Belgrade, Serbia (IPL-181). . . . . . . 419
Biljana Abolmasov, Miloš Marjanović, Svetozar Milenković, Uroš Đurić,
Branko Jelisavac, and Marko Pejić
Influence of Post-Earthquake Rainfall on the Stability of Clay
Slopes (IPL-192) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Binod Tiwari, Beena Ajmera, and Duc Tran
xxvi Contents

Public Awareness and Education Programme for Landslide Management

and Evaluation Using a Social Research Approach to Determining
“Acceptable Risk” and “Tolerable Risk” in Landslide Risk Areas
in Malaysia (IPL-194, IPL-207) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Ab Rashid Ahmad, Zainal Arsad Md Amin, Che Hassandi Abdullah,
and Siti Zarina Ngajam
Geotechnical Site Characterization of a Mud Eruption Disaster
Area Using CPTu for Risk Assessment and Mitigation (IPL-195). . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Paulus P. Rahardjo, Adityaputera Wirawan, and Andy Sugianto
Massive Landsliding in Serbia Following Cyclone Tamara in May 2014
(IPL-210) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Biljana Abolmasov, Miloš Marjanović, Uroš Đurić, Jelka Krušić,
and Katarina Andrejev

Part III Landslides and Society

Landslides and Society—A Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Irasema Alcántara-Ayala
Landslide Societal Risk in Portugal in the Period 1865–2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
Susana Pereira, José Luís Zêzere, and Ivânia Quaresma
Landslide Inventory Mapping in the Fourteen Northern Provinces
of Vietnam: Achievements and Difficulties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Le Quoc Hung, Nguyen Thi Hai Van, Pham Van Son, Nguyen Hoang Ninh,
Nguyen Tam, and Nguyen Thi Huyen
Geological Conservation Through Risk Mitigation and Public Awareness
at the Siq of Petra, Jordan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Giorgia Cesaro, Giuseppe Delmonaco, Bilal Khrisat, and Sabrina Salis
Case Histories for the Investigation of Landslide Repair and Mitigation
Measures in NW Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Annika Wohlers, Thomas Kreuzer, and Bodo Damm
Surveying Perception of Landslide Risk Management Performance,
a Case Study in Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Jessica Chiu and Unni Eidsvig
Landslide Hazards and Climate Change Adaptation of Transport
Infrastructures in Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Martin Klose, Markus Auerbach, Carina Herrmann, Christine Kumerics,
and Annegret Gratzki
Integration of Landslide Susceptibility Maps for Land Use Planning
and Civil Protection Emergency Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Sérgio C. Oliveira, José Luís Zêzere, Clémence Guillard-Gonçalves,
Ricardo A.C. Garcia, and Susana Pereira
Participatory Approach to Natural Hazard Education for Hydrological
Risk Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Giovanna Lucia Piangiamore and Gemma Musacchio
More Room for Landslides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Klaudija Sapač, Nina Humar, Mitja Brilly, and Andrej Kryžanowski
Landslide Technology and Engineering in Support of Landslide Science . . . . . . . . 571
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
 Part I
ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025
 The ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025:
Background and Content

Kyoji Sassa

Abstract
The International Consortium on Landslides proposed the ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships
2015–2025 for global promotion of understanding and reducing landslide disaster risk at
the session “Underlying risk factors” of the Third United Nations World Conference on
Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR) in the morning of 16 March 2015, in Sendai, Japan.
The proposal was accepted and signed by 16 United Nations, international and national
organizations in the afternoon of the same day in a Japanese restaurant “Junsei”, Sendai,
Japan. This article describes the background and content of the Partnerships including
example of major landslide disaster in the world with the full text of the partnerships and
the list of signatory organizations.

Keywords

Landslides International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) International Strategy for
Disaster Risk Reduction (ISDR) World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction
(WCDRR)

Introduction This chapter presents a visual overview of some landslide

disasters around the world to the wider communities that are
Part 1 ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 describes: partly involved in landslide disaster risk reduction, showing
1.1 The ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025: Back- first the significance of the Partnerships, then the background
ground and Content, 1.2 Three selected forum lectures as of the Partnerships and the full content of the partnerships.
examples of recent landslide research as the scientific base of
the partnerships, 1.3 Contributions from signatory organi-
zations of the Sendai Partnerships as basic information for Examples of Landslide Disasters Around
the high-level panel discussion for Strengthening Intergov- the World
ernmental Networks and the International Programme on
Landslides (IPL) for “ISDR-ICL SENDAI PARTNER- “Landslide disasters are caused by exposure to hazardous
SHIPS 2015–2025 for global promotion of understanding motions of soil and rock that threaten vulnerable human
and reducing landslide disaster risk”, 1.4 One of the con- settlements in mountains, cities, coasts, and islands” (from
tributions from ICL to the Partnership “Landslide the Sendai Partnership Resolution). When large-scale land-
Dynamics-ISDR-ICL Landslide Interactive Teaching Tools slides have occurred and caused major disasters, they are
(LITT)”, 1.5 The planned common platform for landslide reported. When small scale-landslides have occurred and
case reports for the promotion of cooperation. caused disasters in urban areas in National capitals or
Provincial capitals such as Hiroshima city in Japan and Ha
Long city in Vietnam (introduced in the Preface), those are
K. Sassa (&)
International Consortium on Landslides, Kyoto, Japan reported. However, small-scale landslides that killed people
e-mail: [email protected] living in a few houses in rural areas are not always recorded

© The Author(s) 2017 3

K. Sassa et al. (eds.), Advancing Culture of Living with Landslides,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-59469-9_1
4 K. Sassa

in many countries. Both the number and frequency of earth flows, rock falls, rock toppling and other types of
small-scale landslides are some order of magnitude higher very slow to very rapid movements of rock, debris or soils,
than that of large-scale landslides. To achieve the UN Sus- the Landslide Handbook—A Guide to Understanding
tainable Development Goals No. 11 “Make cities and human Landslides was edited as an International Programme on
settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”, disas- Landslides IPL 106 Best Practice handbook for landslide
ter reduction should be fostered by “the development of hazard mitigation (2002–2007), and it was published by U.
people-centered early warning technology for landslides S. Geological Survey in 2008. This handbook with many
with increased precision and reliable prediction both in time illustration and photographs, has been translated and pub-
and location, especially in a changing climate context” (from lished in Portuguese and Spanish, Japanese, and Chinese.
the Sendai Partnership Resolution) and by applying it to This project received the IPL Award for Success at the 2nd
rural areas as well as urban areas. World Landslide Forum at the Food and Agriculture
Unfortunately, small-scale landslides occur in many pla- Organization of the United Nations (FAO) headquarters in
ces and so frequently that they are neither remarked nor Rome, Italy.
recorded, in contrast with the cases of earthquakes, volcanic As a contribution to the Sendai Partnerships, ICL are
eruptions, and typhoons/hurricanes. However, big landslide editing the Landslide Dynamics: ISDR-ICL Landslide
disasters are reported and may be found in Wikipedia or Interactive Teaching Tools (LITT) (two volumes of around
other sources on the internet. 1600 pages) for capacity development necessary as a key
Definition of landslides have varied around the world. component of Sendai Partnerships. The revised landslide
As a voluntary commitment to the International Decade of handbook “Landslide types: Description, illustration and
Natural Disaster Reduction (1990–2000), the landslide- photos” including more illustrations and photos and
related communities in the International Geotechnical “Landslide Dynamics for risk reduction” for the assessment
Societies and UNESCO established a working party for the of landslide initiation and motion are written and included as
World Landslide Inventory to establish a definition of the fundamental part of the Landslide Interactive Teaching
landslides. The discussed result was published in “Land- Tools (LITT), which is introduced in this volume.
slide Types and Processes” by David Cruden and David Landslide researchers know major landslide disasters, and
Varnes in Landslides—Investigation and Mitigation, showing some examples to scientists, engineers, and policy
Transportation Research Board, US National Research makers who are partly involved to landslide risk reduction
Council in 1996. In order to disseminate this new definition efforts is useful. Table 1 presents an outline of major land-
and classification of landslides, including debris flows, slide disasters in the world.

Table 1 A list of major landslide disasters around the world

No Date Place Casualties
1 21 May 1792 Nagasaki, Japan 16,000
2 19 May 1919 Kelud, Indonesia 5110
3 16 December 1920 Ningxia, China >100,000
4 25 August 1933 Sichuan, China −3100
5 5 July 1938 Kwansai, Japan −1000
6 13 December 1941 Ancash, Peru 4000–6000
7 10 July 1949 Oblast,Tajikistan 800–4000
8 18 July 1953 Wakayama, Japan 1046
9 26 September 1958 Shizuoka. Japan 1094
10 10 January 1962 Ranrahirca, Peru 4000–5000
11 09 October 1963 Longarone, Italy ¼ 2000
12 31 May 1970 Yungay, Peru 18,000
13 18 March 1971 Chungar, Peru 400–600
14 13 November 1985 Tolima.Colombia 23,000
15 30 October 1998 Mt. Casita, Nicaragua 2000
16 16 December 1999 Vargas,Venezuela 30,000
17 17 January 2001 El Salvador 500–1700
18 17 February 2006 Leyte, Philippines 1144
(continued)
The ISDR-ICL Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 … 5

Table 1 (continued)
No Date Place Casualties
19 9 August 2009 Kaohsiung,Taiwan 500–600
20 8 August 2010 Gansu, China 1287
21 11 January 2011 Rio de Janeiro. Brazil >1.000
22 16 June 2013 Uttarakhand, India 5700
23 02 May 2014 Badakhshan, Afghanistan 500
24 1 October 2015 El Cambray Dos. Guatemala 220

Examples of Large-Scale Landslides and Their The author investigated (1) Mayuyama landslide-tsunami
Disasters Around the World disaster, (7) Las Colinas earthquake-induced landslide,
(8) Leyte rainfall + earthquake induced landslide, and
Photos and summary information is presented on several (12) Potential landslides in Machu Picchu. The author vis-
large-scale landslides in which the depth of the sliding sur- ited (2) Vajont landslide, (5) Salerno landslides-debris flows,
faces are the order of 10 to 100 meters. Those differ from (11) Usoy earthquake-induced landslide and the
small-scale shallow landslides, in which the depth of sliding landslide-dammed Lake Sarez. The author did not visit
surfaces of the initial landslides are a few meters (as pre- (3) Huascaran debris avalanche, (4) Nevado del Ruiz debris
sented in the Preface) (Fig. 1). flow, (6) Vargas debris flow, (9) Uttarakhand landslide-

Fig. 1 a Mayuyama Landslide was triggered on the Unzen volcano on January 13, 2001 in Las Colinas, El Salvador. The landslide mass c
by a nearby earthquake on 21 May 1792. The landslide mass moved travelled through a densely populated urban area and killed 500–1700
into the Ariake Sea and triggered a tsunami wave. The landslide and people h Accumulated rainfall of 674 mm from 8 to 17 February 2006
the landslide-induced tsunami killed 15,153 people. It was the largest hit Guinsaugon, Leyte, Philippine. A very small earthquake (Ms 2.6)
landslide disaster and the largest volcanic disaster in Japan. Left top is then occurred on 17 February 2006. This small earthquake after the
a Google photo of the landslide. Left bottom is the landslide long rainfall triggered a large-scale rapid landslide in volcano-clastic
cross-section. Right bottom shows the reproduction of the landslide debris that killed more than 1144 people. Source Landslides Vol. 7(3),
and the resulting tsunami wave, using computer simulations of the 2010) i Heavy rainfall from 14 to 17 June 2013 struck the Indian state
landslide and the tsunami (Sources Landslides Vol. 11(5) 2014 Vol. 13 of Uttarakhand. This heavy rainfall caused snow melting of a glacier,
(6), 2016) b Vajont landslide was triggered by water-level changes in a triggered landslides and led to floods. The death toll was 5700 people.
dam reservoir on 9 October 1963. A large-scale rapid landslide mass j Mudslides occurred on 2 May 2014 in Badakhshan, Afghanistan.
entered into the reservoir of the Vajoint dam. The water in the reservoir A week before the mudslides, there had been torrential rain. The
overflowed over the dam and wiped out a community along the river. sliding mass flowed over a settlement and killed around 500 people.
Left photo shows the landslide mass fill in the dam reservoir. Right two Source Wikipedia k The Usoy landslide is a very large landslide, with
photos show the community of Longarone village, Italy before and a depth of 700 m, which was triggered by an earthquake in 1911. The
after the landslide and flood. The village disappeared and around 2000 landslide mass blocked the river, forming a landslide dam lake called
people were killed. c Nevados Huascaran debris avalanche was Lake Sarez. The water level of this lake has continued to increase and
triggered by an earthquake on 31 May 1970 in Peru. The rapidly is currently near the top of the landslide dam (height is 567 m).
moving large-scale landslide mass destroyed the town of Yungay and Top-left is an air photo of the Usoy landslide dam and Lake Sarez, and
killed around 18,000 people. Left photo is an air photo showing the bottom-left shows a wide area satellite photo. Lower right is a ground
source of landslide and the debris covering the Yungay town. Right photo of the landslide dam and the lake. Top right is a record of the
photos show that nothing remained of Yungay town. d A large-scale increasing water level since 1940. This landslide dam is threatened by
landslide-debris flow was triggered by the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz further gradual increases in water level and also landslide-induced
volcano on 13 November 1985 in Columbia. The resulting volcanic tsunami, which may be triggered by a landslide from the slopes along
debris flow destroyed the town of Armero in Tolima, Columbia, killing the shore of the dam lake (Source Science Vol. 326, 2009). l The Inca
20,000–23,000 people. The map on the top left shows the debris flow World Heritage site at Machu Picchu shows signs of potential
path and volcanic hazard zones of nearby areas. All three photos show landslides. Left-top shows the Machu Picchu citadel constructed on the
the town after the disaster. e A group of many small landslides were sliding surface of a big landslide between two peaks of Huayna Picchu
triggered by heavy rainfall in Salerno, Italy on 5 May 1998. This is a and Machu Picchu. The sliding surface and another potential sliding
similar type of disaster to the 2014 Hiroshima landslide disaster surface (yellow) are along gently dipping shear bands. Close up photos
introduced in the Preface. Initial small and shallow landslides moved of the shear bands are in (b) and (c). Left-bottom is the movement
debris down to the lower slope and torrents increased the flow in record of an extensometer installed in the lower slope of Machu Picchu
volume, overwhelming the urban settlement. 280 persons were killed citadel. Right figure shows ground radar investigation along a part of
in Salerno town. f A storm on December 14–16, 1999 struck the State the red dotted line. It suggested the Plaza (flat area) was formed by
of Vargas along the Caribbean Sea in Venezuela. It triggered filling a crack (it might be a head scarp of the potential retrogressive
thousands of landslides and large-scale debris flows that killed landslide). Sources Proc. 1st World Landslide Forum
10,000–30,000 persons. g An earthquake triggered a rapid landslide
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 THE BOBO RAPIDS.

To-morrow we should pass Dunga where Amadu himself lived,

and I determined that our boats should look their best, so I had
everything put ship-shape on board. Our masts, which had been
lowered, as they gave too much purchase to the wind, were raised
again, and from them floated the tricolour flag of France. We were off
again now in fine style.
Our friend Hugo, however, was no friend to demonstrations of any
kind, and said to us, “What are you going to do on the left bank?
Can’t you follow me on the right where there is nothing to fear? It
won’t help your voyage much to be received with musket-shots, will
it? Besides, if you don’t follow me carefully, who will guide you
amongst the rocks?”
He had told us the evening before that there were no rocks
between Dunga and Say, so we let him go down his right bank all
alone, whilst we filed past Dunga, about a hundred yards from the
land.
 A group of some twenty horsemen had been following us ever
since the morning, and they halted at the landing-place of the village,
unsaddled their steeds and let them drink. On a height on which the
village is perched a square battalion of something like a thousand
warriors was drawn up.
All remained perfectly still, and not a cry or threat broke the
silence. We passed very slowly, our barges swept on by the current,
whilst we on deck looked about us proudly. Our enemies on their
side acquitted themselves bravely, and with considerable dignity,
though it must be confessed they reminded us rather of china dogs
glaring at each other.
When all is said and done, however, I think I may claim the credit
of having fairly challenged the Toucouleurs, leaving them to take up
my glove or to leave it alone as they chose. This may have seemed
like bravado, and perhaps there was a little of that in my attitude, but
as an old warrior of the Sudan myself, and a fellow-worker though a
humble one of the Gallieni and the Archinards, I would rather have
run any risk than have had our historic enemies the Toucouleurs
think I was afraid of them. The tone I took up too gave us an
ascendency later which we sorely needed.
After going about twenty-two miles further down the river, we
anchored near enough to Say to make out the trees surrounding it,
and the next day we reached the town itself, which had for so long
been the object of our desires.
Say is a comparatively big place, but not nearly as important as it
is often made out to be. It is made up of straw huts with pointed
roofs, and is surrounded by palisades also of straw. Only one house
is built of mud, and that forms the entrance sacred to the chief.
The river flows on the east of the town, and on the west is a low-
lying tract of what are meadows in the dry season, but mere swamps
in the winter.
We anchored at once, but the stench from the rubbish on the
banks of the river was so great that we soon moved to the southern
extremity of the village, where the shore was cleaner.
 Our passengers meanwhile had gone to announce our arrival,
and old Abdu, who is in command of the prisoners of the chief of
Say, soon came to see us. Baud and Vermesch had had some
dealings with him, and had spoken well of him to us, while Monteil
also alludes to him. He seemed a very worthy sort of fellow.
After the customary exchange of compliments, I asked to be
permitted to pay a visit to his master, Amadu Saturu, generally
known under the name of Modibo, or the savant, and Abdu went off
to make my request known at once, but we waited and waited a very
long time before any answer was vouchsafed.
We were simply consumed with impatience, and I augured ill from
the delay. I remembered of course that Modibo had signed treaty
after treaty with Baud, Decœur, and Toutée, only I could not help
also remembering how little a diplomatic document such as a so-
called treaty really ever binds a negro, and that made me hesitate to
trust him.
Most Mussulmans, at least most of the Mahommedan chiefs and
marabouts, are liars and deceivers. They have a hundred ways, not
to speak of mental reservation, of swearing by the Koran, without
feeling themselves bound by their oath. If they respected a promise
given as they ought to do, would their prophet have taught that four
days’ fasting expiated the violation of an oath?
If they cheat like this when they know what they are about, how
are they likely to behave when everything is strange to them? and
they attach no moral value to the terms of an agreement, especially
of an agreement of many clauses such as is the fashion for the
French to make with native chiefs.
To pass the time whilst waiting for the return of our messenger we
chatted with a Kurteye marabout, who came to give us a greeting.
He read Madidu’s letter with some difficulty, but great interest. I
asked him whether Modibo generally kept his visitors waiting like
this, and he replied, “Yes, it makes him seem more important, but
you will see him when it gets cooler.”
 So we waited with what patience we could, and at about five
o’clock Amadu Saturu sent for me. Oh, what a series of preliminaries
we still had to go through!
According to my usual custom I went to see the chief unarmed,
accompanied only by Suleyman and Tierno Abdulaye.
First we had to wait in the ante-chamber—I mean the mud hut
referred to above—the walls of which were pierced with niches
making it look like a pigeon-cote.
At last his majesty condescended to admit us to his presence.
The king of Say could not be called handsome, sympathetic, or
clean. He was a big, blear-eyed man, with a furtive expression, a
regular typical fat negro. He was crouching rather than sitting on a
bed of palm-leaves, wearing a native costume, the original colour of
which it was impossible to tell, so coated was it with filth. He was
surrounded by some thirty armed men. On his left stood the chief of
the captives, Abdu, with an old dried-up looking man, who I was told
was the cadi of the village, and, to my great and disagreeable
surprise, quite a large number of Toucouleurs. Suleyman and
Abdulaye, who recognized what this meant, exchanged anxious
glances with me. I now realized that my apprehensions had been
well founded. Still I took my seat quietly, without betraying any
emotion, on a wooden mortar, and begun my speech.
 VIEW OF SAY.

“The Sultan of the French greets you, the chief of the Sudan
greets you, etc. We come from Timbuktu. We passed peacefully
everywhere. We are now tired, the river is low, and in conformity with
the conventions you have made with the French we have come to
demand your hospitality that we may rest and repair the damage
done to our boats by the rocks. We also want a courier to go and tell
our relations at Bandiagara that we have arrived here safely. All we
need to support us during our stay will be paid for at prices agreed
on beforehand between us. Lastly, I wish to go and see Ibrahim
Galadjo, your friend and ours.”
“Impossible,” replied Modibo. “Galadjo is not now at his capital, he
is collecting a column; besides, you will not have time for the journey
to him.”
“Why not, pray?”
“Because you, like those who have preceded you, must not stop
here more than four or five days longer. That is the custom of the
country.”
 If I still cherished any illusions this speech finally dispersed them.
The groups about the chief moreover left me in no doubt as to his
sentiments, or as to whom we had to thank for those sentiments.
The Toucouleurs grinned, and waved their muskets above their
heads in a hostile manner. Abdu alone tried to speak on our behalf,
but Modibo ordered him to be silent, and the cadi joined in the
chorus against us. A griot then began a song, the few words of which
I caught were certainly not in our praise. Everything seemed to be
going wrong.
What was I to do? As I had said, we were all tired out, the river
was half dried up, the boats were terribly knocked about. Still it was
not altogether impossible to go, for after leading the life of the
Wandering Jew for so long, a little more or less travelling could not
matter much. We might perhaps have managed to do another fifty
miles or so, and try to find rest in a more hospitable district, where
we could pass the rainy season not so very far from Bussa, which
was to be our final goal.
One thing decided me to act as I did, and I can at least claim that I
made up my mind quickly. I was determined to fulfil to the letter, with
true military obedience, the last instructions I had received before
starting. These were my instructions—
“Bamako de Saint-Louis, Number 5074. Received on November
23, at half-past four in the afternoon—Will arrange for you to receive
supplementary instructions at Say. In case unforeseen
circumstances prevent those instructions being there before your
arrival, wait for them.”
This, as will be observed, is clear and precise enough. Of course
such orders would not have been sent but for the ignorance in
France of the state of things at Say. They would otherwise have
been simply ridiculous. However, an order cannot be considered
binding unless he who gives that order understands exactly what will
be the position when he receives it, of the person to whom it is sent,
and who is expected to execute it.
Still those instructions might arrive; rarely had such a thing
happened in French colonial policy, but it was just possible that our
presence at Say was part of a plan of operations at the mouth of the
Niger or in Dahomey. I need hardly add that it turned out not to be
so, but I was quite justified in my idea that it might have been, and in
any case I had no right to conclude to the contrary.
So I decided in spite of everything and everybody to remain.
Oh, if we had but started a little earlier; if M. Grodet had not
stopped us and kept us in the Sudan as he did! If we could but have
joined the Decœur-Baud, or even the Toutée expedition at Say, how
different everything would have been!
If only the promised instructions had really been sent us, as they
could have been, had any one wanted to send them! If only a small
column either from Dahomey or from Bandiagara had, as it might so
easily have been, commissioned to bring us those instructions, I am
convinced that Amadu Saturu would at this moment be a fugitive like
Amadu Cheiku, and that the Niger districts near Say would be
purged from the presence of slave-dealers. For all these robbers of
men, who are as cowardly as they are cruel and dishonest, would
have fled at the first rumour of an advance of the French upon their
haunts.
It ought to have been otherwise, that is all. It is not the time for
recrimination, but I shall count myself fortunate if what happened to
me serves as an example to others, and prevents the sending out of
expeditions only to abandon them to their fate, without instructions,
in the heart of Africa. For, as a rule, these expeditions seem to be
completely forgotten until the news arrives that they have managed
to get back to civilized districts after a struggle more glorious than
fruitful of results, or that, as sometimes happens, all the white men
have perished somewhere amongst the blacks.
To decide to remain at Say was, however, one thing, to be able to
do so was another.
There were just twenty-nine of us, five white men and twenty-four
black, with three children, the servants of Bluzet, Father Hacquart
and Taburet, and the Toucouleur Suleyman, on whom, by the way,
we did not feel we could altogether rely, a small party truly against
the 500 warriors of Amadu and his Toucouleurs or Foutankés, as
they are often called, not to speak of the people of Say and all who
were more or less dependent on Modibo.
I sometimes play, as no doubt my readers do too, at the game
called poker.
We all know that skill consists in making your adversary believe
when you have a bad hand that you have a very good one. This is
what is known as bluff. To make up for my purse having sometimes
suffered in this American game, it put me up to a dodge or two in
politics, notably on the present occasion.

CANOES AT SAY.

So I played poker as energetically as I could.

If ever a man went to his dinner after listening to a lot of
nonsense, it was Modibo on this 7th of April when I had my interview
with him.
I said amongst other things—“I have lived amongst the negroes
now for seven years; I know the river which flows past your village
from the spot where it comes from the ground. I have been in many
countries. I have known Amadu Cheiku, who is a great liar” (here the
Toucouleurs all nodded their heads in acquiescence), “and his son
Madani, who is no better than he is.
“I must, however, confess that never, in the course of my
experience, have I seen anything to equal what I see here to-day.
“Relations of ours have been here, some alone, others with
soldiers, all of whom have loaded you with presents. You promised,
nay more, you made alliance with us French, but now you break your
word. Very well! My Sultan, who is a true Sultan and not a bad chief
like you, who lolls about in a dirty hut on a moth-eaten coverlid, has
done you too much honour. You are viler than the unclean animals
whose flesh your prophet forbids you to eat. Now listen to me. My
chief has ordered me to stop here, and here I shall stop, a day if I
choose, a year if I choose, ten years if I choose. We are only thirty,
and you are as numerous as the grains of sand of the desert; but try
and drive us away if you can. I do not mean to begin making war,
because my chief has forbidden me to do so; you will have to begin,
and you will see what will happen. We have God on our side, who
punishes perjurers. He is enough for me; I am not afraid of you.
Adieu! We are going to seek a place for our camp where there are
none but the beasts of the field, for in this country they are better
than the men. Collect your column and come and drive us away!—
that is to say, if you can!”
Suleyman was a first-rate interpreter when he had this sort of
harangue to translate. The good fellow, who was of anything but a
conciliatory disposition, would drop out all flattering expressions or
cut them very short, but when he had such a task as I had set him
just now, he went at it with hearty goodwill. He was more likely to
add to than to omit anything I had said.
After this vehement address Modibo and his attendants seemed
quite dumfounded. What grisgris, what fetiches must these infidels,
these accursed white men have, if they could dare to speak in such
a bold fashion as this when they were alone in a strange country with
not more than thirty muskets at the most.
 It was very important not to give our unfriendly host time to
recover from his stupor. We filed out therefore in truly British style,
and I think we did well not to loiter. It was not without a certain
satisfaction that after traversing the two or three hundred yards
between us and the river I saw our flags floating above our boats.
Imagine, however, the feelings of my people when I burst in upon
their preparations for a meal in the tents already pitched, with the
order, “Pick all that up, and be on your guard, ready to be off at any
moment.”
Farewell to our good cheer, farewell to what we thought was to be
a safe and comfortable camp. We had to place sentinels and be
constantly on the alert. Our coolies, too, who had already made
advances to some of the belles of Say, were bitterly disappointed,
but we had no choice, and they had to fall in with our wishes or
rather commands, that all intercourse with the natives should be
broken off.
The next night we had to be all eyes and ears, and I at least did
not sleep a wink, so absorbed was I in thinking what had better be
done. I was determined to remain at Say at whatever cost, and it
struck me that the best plan would be to lead a kind of aquatic life,
enlarging the decks of our boats, so to speak, which really were
rather too small for us and our goods. An island would be the thing
for us. So we resolved that we would go and look for a suitable one
the next day.
On the morning of the 8th, Abdu tried to bring about a
reconciliation, but the poor devil only wasted his time and his breath.
He was the only man at Say who in his heart of hearts had the least
real sympathy for us, and he gave ample proof of this, for he never
took any part in the intrigues against us, which were the worry of our
lives for five months and a half. We never saw him again; he never
came to beg for a present like the false and covetous marabouts
who form the sham court of his chief. In a word, the slave was
superior to his master.
At noon on the 8th, mentally calling down on Say all the
maledictions she deserved for disappointing all our hopes, I gave the
word of command to weigh anchor, and once more we were being
carried along by the waters of the Niger.

OUR GUIDES’ CANOE.

THE ‘AUBE’ AT FORT ARCHINARD.
 CHAPTER VII

STAY AT SAY

We soon came in sight, as we rounded a bend of the stream, of a

thicket of trees on an island which seemed made on purpose for us.
We landed and pitched our tents.
The most important characteristic of an island is that it should be
completely surrounded with water. Well, our island fulfilled this
condition, for the time being at least. On the left, looking down
stream we could see the principal arm of the Niger, the deepest part
of the river, in which, however, the rocks of the bed were already
beginning to emerge, whilst on the right was a narrower channel
barred at the end by a rapid, beyond which the water disappeared
entirely underground. Yet further away in the same direction we
could see a little branch of the broken-up river with a very strong
current hastening on its way to join the main stream, where I could
not tell.
Our island was about 218 yards long by 328 broad. At one end,
that looking up-stream, was a rocky bank, whilst the other, looking
down-stream, consisted of low-lying alluvial soil, often of course
submerged, dotted here, there, and everywhere with the mounds of
the termites, and at this time of year completely deserted. A few fine
and lofty tamarinds and other trees with large trunks but little foliage
formed a regular wood, and afforded us a grateful shade; but the
island as a whole, with its ant-hills, its twisted, tortuous, and leafless
trunks, and its ground strewn with sharp and broken flints, presented
a very wild and desolate appearance when we first landed.
Its situation, however, was really far from unpleasing, for on the
deserted left bank the inundations are never very deep, and near to
it rise wooded hills, with here and there perpendicular cliffs rising
straight up from the river. Nearly opposite to us was one of these
cliffs, white with guano or with lime, which looked to me very well
suited for a permanent post. Being quite bare of vegetation, this cliff
stands out against the verdure of the woods, and from the evening to
the morning, from twilight to sunrise, great troops of big black
monkeys assemble in it, and hold a regular palaver just as the
negroes do. Often at night their cries quite alarm us, and keep the
sentries constantly on the qui vive.
The whole of the riverside districts on the left bank, from Kibtachi
to the Toucouleur villages up-stream, are completely deserted and of
bad fame. Now and then we saw men armed with bows and arrows
prowling about on a slave hunt, or deer came down to drink. The
right bank is far less dreary. Opposite to us is Talibia, a little
agricultural village, tributary to Say. We can make out the gables of
the pointed huts surrounded by palisades and sanies or fences
made of mats. When the millet is full grown these pointed huts are
quite hidden by it, and the scene is one of great beauty, giving an
impression of considerable prosperity. Women come down to the
beach to fetch water, and bathe in the arm of the stream. On market
day at Say—that is to say, on Friday—there is great excitement at
Talibia, men, women, and children trooping to market with their
wares as they do in France, carrying their butter, their mats—in a
word, all the produce of the week’s work on their heads.
Above Talibia and the confluence of the third arm of the river the
wood becomes dense and impenetrable. A little path follows the
river-bank through the tall grass, and during our long stay in the
island it was the daily morning occupation to watch from the top of
the island who should come along this path, for by it alone could
king’s ambassadors, marabouts, market-women or any one else
approach us.
 VIEW OF OUR ISLAND AND OF THE SMALL ARM OF THE
RIVER.

Our island was quite deserted by the natives, for though the
people of Talibia grew millet on it before our arrival, they would never
live on it, or even sleep on it for one night, for it had a very bad
reputation, and was supposed to be haunted by devils, horrible
devils, who took the form of big fantastic-looking monkeys, and after
sunset climbed upon the ant-hills and held a fiendish sabbat.
Without calling in the aid of the supernatural to account for it,
there is no doubt that people belated on the left bank were never
seen again. Perhaps they are taken captive by the robber
Djermankobes, or fall victims to lions or hyænas.
However that may be, the Talibia devils, as were those of Wuro
and Geba later, were propitious to us. All these spirits, whether of
Kolikoro, of Debo, or of Pontoise, are really cousins-german. Ours
were the spirits of the Niger, and the negroes explained our immunity
from their attacks by saying, “They can do nothing against an
expedition, the leader of which is the friend of Somanguru, the great
demon of Kolikoro, and who knows the river at its source, where it
comes out of the earth, where no one else has ever seen it.”
I imagine that since our departure the natives of Talibia have still
avoided the island. Our residence on it was not enough to
rehabilitate it, and probably now many rumours are current about the
spirit which haunts the ruins of our camp.
It was really a great thing to be on an island. We were safe there
from hyænas at least, and all we had to do was to put our camp in a
state of defence against the Toucouleurs and their friends.
The first fortification we put up was a moral one, for we baptized
our camp Fort Archinard, in token of our gratitude to the Colonel of
that name, and it was worth many an abattis. The name of Archinard
was in fact a kind of double fetich, for it gave confidence to our own
men, and it inspired the Toucouleurs with superstitious terror. In the
French Sudan there is not a marabout, a soldier, or a sofa of
Samory, not a talibé of Amadu, not a friend nor an enemy of the
French who does not retain deeply graven upon his memory the
name of Colonel Archinard, for the present General will always be
the Colonel in Africa, the great Colonel whom, according to tradition,
no village ever resisted for a whole day.
So we managed that the news of the baptism of our Camp should
be spread far and near, and passed on from mouth to mouth till it
reached the ear of Amadu himself. No doubt he had some bad
dreams in consequence.
This moral defence, however, required to be supplemented by a
material one. Two hundred and twenty by forty-three yards is not a
very wide area for thirty-five people to live in, but it is far too big a
space to have to defend efficiently.
We felt it would be prudent to restrict the camp, properly so called,
to the northern point of the island, and taking six termitaries as points
of support, we placed abattis between them. Everything was ready to
our hands, branches, logs, brushwood, thorns, etc. We cut down the
trees at the lower end of the island, which cleared our firing range,
though it also rather spoiled the look of the landscape. We levelled
the site of our camp, razed many of the ant-hills to the ground, and
mounted our two guns, one pointing up-stream, on a huge trunk
which seemed to have been placed where it was on purpose, which
commanded the bank almost as far as Say itself, whilst the other
was placed on a big trunk which we drove firmly into the ground, and
would keep the people on the banks down-stream in awe. At each
gun sentries were always on guard. Then the unfortunate Aube was
unloaded, patched up somehow, provided with sixteen oars, and
armed with the machine-gun belonging to the Davoust, all ready to
advance to the attack or the defence whether to Say or to Dunga.
In a word, the urgent preliminary work was rapidly accomplished
in a very few days, and then in comparative security we began
building what the natives call the tata, that is to say, an earthwork
such as surrounds sedentary villages, or a fortified redoubt serving
as the residence of a chief.
Even if you had not been brought up a mason, you would very
soon become one in the Sudan; at least you will learn to build as the
negroes do. There are neither stones, lime, nor sand, nothing but
water and more or less argillaceous soil. With that you must make
bricks, mortar, and the mixture for graining, if graining you mean to
have. The clay is kneaded with the feet, and when it is ready, what
are called tufas are made of it, that is to say, flat or cylindrical bricks,
which the mason or baré places horizontally between two layers of
mortar. The baré sits astride on the wall he is building and chants the
same tune over and over again, whilst his assistants silently pass up
the tufas to him. I have noticed that all over the world masons and
tile-makers are as light-hearted as birds.
Our best mason in this case was a big Sarracolais named Samba
Demba, who generally acted as groom to our bicycle Suzanne.
When he was at work on the wall it grew apace, and we too grew
gay as we saw it rise, for with it increased our sense of security.
When the building went on well, we felt that everything else would
go well too.
Our tata was a triangular wall, each of the three sides being from
about eleven to sixteen yards long. It was thick enough to protect us
from treacherous shots from old-fashioned rifles, and indeed also
from the quick-firing weapons which the English had sold some time
ago to our enemy Samory. At a height of about six feet and a half
some forty loopholes were made, distributed about equally over the
three sides of the triangle formed by our wall. Inside, the walls were
supported by buttresses about three feet thick, which served alike as
seats and places in which to store our ammunition. The building
seemed likely to last well unless it should be disintegrated and
washed away in a tornado some day; breaches will of course be
made in it, parts of it will fall, but I expect, for a long time hence, its
ruins will bear witness to the stay here of the French expedition, and
to our effective occupation of the site.

FORT ARCHINARD.

I forget what king of Sego it was who rendered his tata

impregnable by making human corpses its foundation. In default of
such a precaution as this, which we refrained from taking, a few
determined men might at any moment have carried Fort Archinard
by assault, but they would have paid dearly for their success.
 On the summit of an ant-hill, at the top of the longest bamboo
stem we could find, we hoisted the French flag.
And in this remote island of Archinard, more than two hundred
leagues from any other European, we with our coolies lived for five
months, and made the French name, beneath the protection of the
French flag, respected in spite of old Amadu, in spite of the chief of
Say, and of all their intrigues against us; yes, in spite of all hostile
coalitions, in spite of the dreary rainy season, and of the home
sickness which consumed us,—in a word, in spite of everything.
The tata once constructed, we were now free to consider our
comfort a little, as we had really nothing better to do. Bluzet, who
had already acted as architect of the fort, undertook the building of
our huts. We each had our own palace, but what a simple palace! A
circular hollow rick of straw some 12 feet in diameter, upheld by a
central stake, interlaced stalks forming the framework of the roof,
whilst ropes were woven in and out of the straw, forming with it a
kind of net-work pattern. One little window was contrived in each hut,
a mere porthole just big enough to let in air and light but not rain,
whilst a low doorway was made on the opposite side to that from
which we might expect tornadoes.
Lastly, to protect us from stray bullets, a little earthen wall, some
19 inches high, was erected inside our huts, so that it just covered us
when we were lying full length at night. We each did our best to
make our own particular niche cosy and ship-shape; but in justice it
must be said that Baudry and I were the most successful, for we
achieved quite a brilliant result. Baudry’s straw walls were a perfect
museum of watches, instruments, medicines, patterns, objects for
exchange, and strangest of all—toads!
Father Hacquart’s hut was very soberly decorated. Sacred images
were nailed to the central stake, and in the little wall—I very nearly
said in a corner—was a cornet-à-piston, which was later the joy of
the chief of Bussa, but of which I own with the deepest regret we
never heard a single note.
 FORT ARCHINARD.

With Bluzet the keynote of the decorations was art. He had

draperies of velvet, a little faded and frayed perhaps, at nine-pence
or so a yard, with others of native manufacture. Dr. Taburet’s
speciality was medicine-bottles, with a horrible smell of iodoform, or,
to be more accurate, of all the disinfectants known to science, and
carefully protected in a tin case set on a what-not, a souvenir he
never parted with, and often gazed upon, the portrait of the lady he
was to marry on his return home.
Fili Kanté, a boy in the service of Bluzet, who was not only cook
but blacksmith and clown to the expedition, concocted a cocked hat
for each of our pointed huts, which after a few tornadoes had passed
over them were worn, so to speak, over one ear!
The huts of the men were all very much alike, but two on the side
of the longest wall were of course rather larger than the others, and
of a rectangular shape. Lastly, we had a big watertight store made, in
which we stowed away all our valuables. The canvas sail of the
foremast of the Aube fastened to the ground served as a kind of