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EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing
R. Maheswar
G. R. Kanagachidambaresan
R. Jayaparvathy
Sabu M. Thampi Editors
Body Area
Network
Challenges
and Solutions
EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication
and Computing
Series Editor
Imrich Chlamtac, CreateNet, Trento, Italy
Editor’s Note
The impact of information technologies is creating a new world yet not fully
understood. The extent and speed of economic, life style and social changes already
perceived in everyday life is hard to estimate without understanding the technological
driving forces behind it. This series presents contributed volumes featuring the
latest research and development in the various information engineering technologies
that play a key role in this process.
The range of topics, focusing primarily on communications and computing engi-
neering include, but are not limited to, wireless networks; mobile communication;
design and learning; gaming; interaction; e-health and pervasive healthcare; energy
management; smart grids; internet of things; cognitive radio networks; computa-
tion; cloud computing; ubiquitous connectivity, and in mode general smart living,
smart cities, Internet of Things and more. The series publishes a combination of
expanded papers selected from hosted and sponsored European Alliance for
Innovation (EAI) conferences that present cutting edge, global research as well as
provide new perspectives on traditional related engineering fields. This content,
complemented with open calls for contribution of book titles and individual chap-
ters, together maintain Springer’s and EAI’s high standards of academic excellence.
The audience for the books consists of researchers, industry professionals, advanced
level students as well as practitioners in related fields of activity include information
and communication specialists, security experts, economists, urban planners, doc-
tors, and in general representatives in all those walks of life affected ad contributing
to the information revolution.
About EAI
EAI is a grassroots member organization initiated through cooperation between
businesses, public, private and government organizations to address the global
challenges of Europe’s future competitiveness and link the European Research
community with its counterparts around the globe. EAI reaches out to hundreds of
thousands of individual subscribers on all continents and collaborates with an
institutional member base including Fortune 500 companies, government
organizations, and educational institutions, provide a free research and innovation
platform.
Through its open free membership model EAI promotes a new research and
innovation culture based on collaboration, connectivity and recognition of excellence
by community.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To our mentors, friends, and collaborators
whose support made this project possible.
Preface
vii
viii Preface
A nano-body sensor network has the capability to recharge on its own and can
work autonomously without interruption. Better machine intelligence would
replace human intervention and allow WBSNs to be more autonomous in handling
critical situations unseen by human experts.
We are so thankful to all the contributors for their tremendous efforts in producing
this book. Their enthusiasm and flexible support allowed the book to see the light of
day. I would also like to thank all our reviewers for providing unbiased reviews,
leading to quality material within a tight schedule. I would also like to thank the
EAI Springer editor for providing this opportunity to participate in its global
research platform. The generous support of our institute’s management (SSN
College of Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Vel Tech Rangarajan
Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, and Indian Institute of
Information Technology and Management—Kerala (IIITM-K) allowed us to create
vastly improved material in this exciting field of research. I hope that the book will
serve as a valuable resource for readers and researchers.
ix
Contents
xi
Contributors
xiii
xiv Contributors
xv
xvi About the Editors
1 Introduction
Existing medical resources cannot satisfy the future healthcare demands of different
types of patients (older or younger) [1]. The resources are quite limited, and it is
impossible for most patients to stay a long time in the hospital because of economic
restrictions, work, and other personal reasons, even though their health status must
be monitored in real time or frequently. As a result, wireless monitoring medical
systems will become part of mobile healthcare centers with real-time monitoring in
the future [2].
Wireless body area networks supporting healthcare applications offer different
contributions at monitoring, diagnosis, and therapeutic levels (Fig. 1).
They cover real-time medical information obtained from different types of sen-
sors with secure data communication and low power consumption. Due to the
increasing interest in the applications of this type of networks, several articles deal-
ing with different aspects of such systems have been published recently.
body temp.
sensor gateway to
other services
glucose
sensor blood pressure
sensor
insulin
pump
sensor / actuator
with low-power TRx
E-Health and Telemedicine are two areas that are leveraging current wireless
communication technologies to provide emergency medical services, enable outpa-
tient monitoring and treatment, facilitate patient recovery, and directly connect doc-
tors and nursing staff with patients [4].
WBAN healthcare applications can offer valuable contributions to improve
patient healthcare, including diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. This technol-
ogy, still under development, is generally based on wireless communications tech-
nologies. Patients, while performing their activities comfortably at home or
outdoors, can be monitored by the medical staff [5, 6]. In this field, data reliability
and energy consumption (considering 24/7 monitoring) are fundamental character-
istics to consider when choosing appropriate WBAN sensor nodes [7]. These nodes
operate in close proximity to the human body collecting data for various medical
and non-medical applications. Medical bands used in WBAN provide physiological
data from sensor nodes. They are chosen in such a way that it reduces interference
and thus increases the coexistence of sensor node devices with other network
devices available at medical centers. The collected data is sent to stations using
medical gateway wireless boards.
There are different types of devices that make up a WBAN architecture:
• Sensor nodes—these form the base of any WBAN. There are various sensors to
monitor the physiological parameters such as BP, ECG, Pulse Rate, or EEG. These
sensor nodes work in close proximity to our body and capture signals that are
passed on to another unit for analysis. This type of sensors can be monofunc-
tional or multifunctional. Sensor nodes can be implantable, body surface, and
external.
• Base Station—local processing system that transmits the information obtained to
those interested in a health assessment. The data can be collected locally so that
the patient can bring the transmitter home without having to stay in the
hospital.
• Central Server—a database is maintained and further sent to a specialist for con-
sultancy or proper medical guidance.
Body Area Network (BAN) for Healthcare by Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) 3
Sensor wireless network has become an important technology, and wireless sensors
can be used for patients to permanently monitor their physiological status. In this
case, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) [8] are used to transmit the necessary infor-
mation from the wireless body sensor network to the network architecture. WMN is
considered as an extension of the LAN, with a much better range, and leading to
fewer wires. The WMN consists of two network architectures, ad hoc network, and
wireless LAN [9].
Broadband networks are used on a much wider scale in a wireless mesh network
configuration. These WMNs are used to expand or improve the Internet connection
for mobile phone customers located further away from the wireless network. In
WMN networks, nodes are composed of network routers as well as clients. Each
node works not only as a host but also as a router, redirecting packets or data to
other nodes that are not in the direct wireless area. WMN is self-configuring and
self-organizing, and network nodes, thus automatically establishing and maintain-
ing connectivity between them, and leading to lower cost, easy network mainte-
nance, and robustness.
Specific sensor network health applications allow for the provision of interfaces
for people with disabilities, integrated patient monitoring, diagnosis, administration
of drugs in hospitals, telemonitoring of human physiological data, and monitoring
hospital patients. More precisely, a WSN can be used to monitor healthcare activi-
ties such as:
• Telemonitoring of human physiological data: The collection of physiological
data by sensor networks that can be stored in a database for a more extended
period is subsequently used for the necessary long term medical research.
• Follow-up of doctors and patients in a hospital: Each patient has a small sensor
node attached to them. Each sensor accomplishes the function for which it has
been set/configured. Doctors can monitor through sensors, as well as locate and
inform other doctors (Fig. 2).
Radio waves are most used for the wireless transmission of information as well as
for public and private communications. Classical transmission modes are frequency
modulation (FM), amplitude modulation (AM) and pulse modulation. Transmission
of data involves a frequency band with width proportional to the data density. For
instance, the data bandwidth for voice is around 10,000 Hz and for high fidelity
20,000 Hz [11]. Electromagnetic radiation brings us heat and light, like the sun’s
energy that all plants need for photosynthesis and growth. James Clerk Maxwell
discovered the existence of electromagnetic waves in 1873.
Electromagnetic radiation has the following properties:
• It can be manufactured or found in nature.
• It does not require a particular medium for propagation.
• Travels with the speed of light.
• It carries energy as it propagates. The higher the frequency, the higher the energy
associated with the wave.
• Its transferred energy may be sufficient to ionize the matter on which it impinges.
• It can be utilized to transmit information.
• It can be reflected or refracted.
• It can be split to form diffraction patterns, travels in straight lines, and passes
through walls.
Electromagnetic radiation emanates from [12]:
• Electrical appliances.
• Electronic equipment.
• Computers and related equipment.
• Cell phone masts.
• Microwave ovens.
• House-wiring.
• Cellular (mobile) phones.
• Information networks.
• Different voltage level power lines.
The impact of electromagnetic radiation on human health is called electromag-
netic hypersensitivity (EHS). EHS represents a physiological process associated
with the disease. In addition, researchers proved that it is related to the significant
metallic element [13]. The solid metallic element attached to proteins within tissues
and organs is considered low hazard. However, researchers have observed that
Body Area Network (BAN) for Healthcare by Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) 5
magnetic field generated by mobile phones and other wireless devices can cause the
release of mercury vapor from dental amalgam. Mercury gradient diluted in saliva
can increase in amalgam carriers [13].
Cell phones are also used in close proximity to brain tissue. Therefore, brain tissue
can be influenced by electromagnetic waves. Numerous studies have shown that
human sensory system and its behavior are affected closely by the radiofrequency
electromagnetic waves coming from the base stations (BTS) [14]. The increase in
wireless devices and using of GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)
technology is affecting human health and body function, and electromagnetic field
components have the potential to distort brain formations (such as meningioma) [15].
Low-power design is crucial for new technologies like internet of things, and artifi-
cial intelligence (AI), which mainly uses wireless sensor networks.
Initiatives such as a fully programmable architecture support a software-defined
radio—a high-end signal processing application. This software-defined radio signal
processing called SODA handles different implementations for low-power design
[16]. SODA uses DSP processors with intrinsic operations, clustered Register files
with reduced number of ports, and a smaller Instruction Fetch Logic. All these opti-
mizations, allowing for a lower energy consumption, illustrate what can be done in
terms of low-power design.
One of the aspects to consider regarding wireless devices and power consump-
tion is the payload size of the wireless technology. A wireless device takes about
60% of its energy when preparing a connected device to begin its normal operation.
Regarding low power, Fig. 3 shows that the 6LoPAN (IPv6 over Low-Power WPAN)
header consumes 2.8% energy for maximum 10-bit payloads. It has less than 2% for
frame lengths. The IPv6 128-bit lengths become very small due to compression in
case of local transmission [17].
Payload, data size, and sampling frequency are equally related to the accuracy
and type of the measured magnitude. Applications involved in the active monitoring
include sending data such as heartbeats, breathing, or posture. The application
domain (medicine, physics, etc.) will dictate the type, size, and quality of the sensor
used. For instance, health measurement can use magnetic fields, ultrasound, laser
diodes, motion sensors, and ECG (electrocardiograph) electrodes that measures the
electrical activity of the heart. A body sensor network can favor GSR (Galvanic
Skin Response) or magnetometers [18].
Low power means also low-voltage, low-frequency devices and the applications
of techniques such as voltage/frequency scaling [19].
Studies about low power in multimedia devices follow consequences of increas-
ing voltage and errors that come with it. To overcome the errors, we suggest logic
complexity reduction by obtaining, for example, approximated Full Adder Cells
(FA) cells. Therefore, we have shorter critical paths, enabling voltage scaling [19].
6 R. M. Aileni et al.
5 Radiofrequency Interference
In recent years, there has been an increase in medical device issues such as cardiac
pacemakers and wheelchairs that have been electrically driven due to interference
from other devices; this phenomenon is called radiofrequency interference.
The main inconveniences with this are the following:
• Increasing the number of electronically controlled medical devices that do not
have electronic security.
• Increasing the number of sources in the environment.
Some of the most important radiofrequency sources are mobile phones, transmit-
ters mounted on vehicles or portable.
Body Area Network (BAN) for Healthcare by Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) 7
Some medical equipment has a high sensitivity to digital modulation that certain
wireless systems use. The international standard on the radiofrequency protection of
medical equipment is represented by IEC 60601-1-2 of the International
Electrotechnical Commission. This standard establishes a minimum immunity level
of 3 V/m in the frequency range 26–1000 MHz.
Existing technology aims to protect most medical equipment from radio fields
that are 3 V/m more powerful than standard. The main procedures such as screen-
ing, grounding, and filtering are not very expensive if they are introduced in the
initial design of the electronic system [20].
Healthcare applications have the shorter bandwidth for the newly allocated fre-
quencies. The current bandwidth for 2.4 and 5 GHz 802.11a/b/g is 383 MHz (not
including 255 MHz introduced in the 5 GHz band). This compares to WMTS
(Wireless Medical Telemetry Service), which has a bandwidth of 13 MHz. This was
quite enough for several wireless connected monitors back in 1999, when they were
the only wireless medical device, but not in today’s hospitals. The 802.11 band-
width is 30–400 times higher than WTMS. Another dedicated band is the MICS,
Medical Implant Communications Service, with a bandwidth of 3 MHz.
The bandwidth is influenced by the capacity; the higher the bandwidth, the
higher the number of users that can be supported. To be effective and secure, they
need a larger bandwidth.
Due to the known wireless network problems, the alternatives found for wireless
applications were by replacing short-range cables within the company’s network
with cables up to 30 m. The connectivity options for the company’s network were
rather limited and included WMTS and ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical). The
short-range cable replacement applies to wireless sensors in BAN (Body Area
Network) networks that are limited to ISM [21].
With the increased growth of electromagnetic radiation equipment, especially
wireless communications such as mobile phones and Wi-Fi transmitters, over 50 years,
it has become clear that radiofrequency interference can affect human health. Studies
are carried out on the impact of radiofrequency interference at the specific rate of
absorption (SAR), increase of cell temperature, blood glucose levels, and change of
the RNA/DNA structure, to highlight the electromagnetic effects on human health and
to achieve the necessary reduction systems of radio frequency interference.
The brainwaves are detected by recording the electrical signal of the brain by
noninvasive method such as electroencephalography (EEG) [22] or by using inva-
sive microelectrodes for deep signal recording in case of epilepsy.
ments that need to be made for such a system, in order for it to become more practi-
cal and to be successfully applied in the medical field. A comparison between the
current systems and a future concept for a medical monitoring platform is also pre-
sented, in order to highlight the changes needed. The study takes into consideration
sensor optimization and energy saving techniques in order to implement a large-
scale patient monitoring system. The software component gathers and stores data,
which are later displayed on a graphical user interface (GUI) and interpreted by
specialists. In addition, the approach taken by the author envisions the extension of
the application, as there are mentioned different wireless standards to be used.
In their article [24], Jeevan et al. mention three different possibilities of dealing
with the sensor nodes design when developing a WBAN system for medical health-
care: creating a sensor node from the scratch, using predefined components for cre-
ating it or adopting an existing node. The first option is described as being the most
expensive but also the most efficient. However, several other parameters need to be
taken into consideration when designing a new sensor node, such as:
–– To be wearable, this depends on sensors’ size, weight.
–– Security.
–– How reliable the communication is, based on communication requirements.
–– Interoperability.
The paper also highlights the importance of monitoring multiple patients at a
time while using a system as simple as possible in order not to require a high com-
putational time. This also makes the system suitable to be used for monitoring peo-
ple working in harsh environments, and have a high efficiency.
This paper [25] presents a full architecture of a WBAN system, and its practical
implementation. The system contains two nodes, which collect and send continu-
ously data such as HR (heart rate), body temperature and patient’s location. At the
same time, the base station requests data and coordinates the entire system. It is
equipped with an ARDUINO board, which uses both WiFi and ZigBee for access-
ing data. The software component is an intuitive GUI for the medical personnel and
displays data in a user-friendly manner. The system has also been tested under
multiple conditions, comparing data gathered both when the patients were relaxed
and after doing physical activities. Figure 4 shows the network architecture as
described by the authors:
The edge system is taken into account by energy management, AI, Cloud, Fog
researchers.
They want to place the actions that require cognitive tasks at the edge of the net-
work, which means certain edge equipment, will handle those tasks. At the edge
layer, there are various objects connected wirelessly with the network, exchanging
information (e.g., smartphones, cars, smart city equipment) [26].
Edge computing provides energy efficiency replacing data centers and eliminat-
ing the overhead resulted from big data. They form small cells giving the possibility
of saving energy when sending information, better timing, enough bandwidth to
execute the cognitive tasks and other new AI tasks. One example is the voice recog-
nition system.
Cloud does not have enough computation ability to handle the new cognitive
tasks, and it cannot face the traffic volume resulted. However, Cloud handles certain
tasks and the new architectures proposed include both Cloud and Edge (Fig. 5).
The Mobile crowd sensing service is a good example to show how Cloud and
Edge work together. MCS (Mobile Crowdsensing) relates to human tasks using
wireless objects enables collaboration between individuals. MCS it has applications
in healthcare, transport, and social care. MCS require sensing devices and analyzing
Fig. 5 Cloud is not replaced by Edge, some information travels from Edge to Cloud. Certain tasks
are taken by Cloud [26]
10 R. M. Aileni et al.
Fig. 6 MCS deployments. (a) Cloud-based crowdsource architecture. (b) MCS architecture pow-
ered by edge infrastructure [27]
functions. MCS implies load on network, traffic on cloud servers, delays, not
enough security. Mobile Edge computing can solve these issues, by managing the
applications near the mobile devices and Edge servers. The following image pres-
ents the MCS running on a cloud architecture compared to running on Edge archi-
tecture [27, 28].
Figures 5 and 6 present mobile crowd sensing deployments in cloud architecture
and the edge.
Wireless body area networks support some interesting applications. These applica-
tions include several areas of research such as smart healthcare, assisted elderly
living, emergency response, and interactive gaming [29]. The rising healthcare costs
and the aging of the world population contribute to the advancements in telemedi-
cine network for the delivery of several healthcare services [30].
Telemedicine is considering health information systems and telecommunication
technologies that can allow scientists to serve more patients. Do to the signals that
body sensors provide, gathered information could be processed efficiently to obtain
accurate physiological estimations and to let a distant doctor have real-time opin-
ions on medical diagnosis and prescription [31].
Such smart health system can provide applications for a diagnostic procedure,
maintenance of a chronic condition, and supervised recovery from a surgical
procedure.
Body Area Network (BAN) for Healthcare by Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) 11
Patient monitoring applications control vital signals and provide real-time feed-
back and information helping the recovery of the patient. In such situations, we can
keep the patient under doctor monitoring under natural physiological states without
constraining their normal activities and without injuring his high cost.
Daily-life activity monitoring monitors the actions during the daily life of
patients with some specific diseases, while in-hospital monitoring focuses on cases
in which patients must stay in a hospital for intensive care and observations, some-
times for a prolonged period.
Wireless body area network can provide continuous measurements of the physi-
ological parameters and allow for better diagnosis of organ failures and faster detec-
tion of emergencies. Such remote monitoring system will be safer, more convenient,
and cheaper. In this field, many works have been proposed in the literature. Some of
them tried to design a generic framework able to support most of cases, while others
tried to study specific diseases. Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer detection,
Parkinson, asthma, Alzheimer’s, and artificial retina are some examples of specific
remote patient monitoring applications [32].
Wireless medical applications show great promise in improving the lives of peo-
ple and satisfying many requirements of old people by enabling them to live safely,
securely, healthily, and independently. Since wireless medium provides a very con-
venient way for information transmission, wireless technologies involved in sensor
communication as well as the communication between the base station and
sensors.
The specific requirements of WBAN are as follows:
• Reliability: Data sent by WBAN sensors concern health information for which
high reliability is required.
• Latency: Some medical applications handling emergency data cannot tolerate
long response time. Thus, real-time transmission with performance guarantee is
required.
• Security: such systems handle personal and critical data; the security and privacy
of such data are becoming important issues.
• Power consumption: Battery replacement in WBAN is easy, so there is less focus
on power consumption, for some scenarios.
These requirements may differ while considering the different operational envi-
ronments and characteristics of each wireless body area network application.
In fact, applications for rehabilitation aim to capture movements and postures of
patients for monitoring his motor activities during rehabilitation therapy. Possible
clinical applications include cognitive rehabilitation such as cognitive impairment or
brain injury treatments, as well as motor rehabilitation such as post-stroke rehabili-
tation, post-surgery rehabilitation, post-accident rehabilitation, or post-disease reha-
bilitation. As many sensors are used, taking into account the proximity of the nodes
on the body and interferences should be considered at network layers to provide
reliable communication. Besides, to correctly get the phenomenon being monitored,
sensors should be sampled at high frequencies. The system must show high accuracy
in data collection and data processing to extract correct medical information.
12 R. M. Aileni et al.
9 Conclusions
The important thing is to integrate Bluetooth on the smart sensor platform in order
to send data independently to the gateway. A challenge is to reduce electromagnetic
radiation by choosing a low radiant wireless device and send to the gateway only
critical events (biomedical parameters values that are not repetitive in discrete time).
The main trend in small electronics is in designing the wearable technologies for
healthcare, sport, emergency services (fire fighters), or space suits for harsh envi-
ronments. The main objective is to obtain wearable technology with new character-
istics such as light, ultrathin, low power computing, and energy autonomy using
photovoltaic cells or piezoelectric devices. An efficient wearable monitoring system
should be based on a WBAN topology composed by a main board and several sen-
sor nodes, each having the role to capture, A/D-convert the signal, sample the sig-
nal, and send wirelessly the vital signals for respiration rate, heart rate, blood
pressure, ECG, oxygen saturation, and glucose concentration.
Body Area Network (BAN) for Healthcare by Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) 13
Acknowledgments This has been supported in part by UEFISCDI Romania and MCI through
projects ESTABLISH, WINS@HI, EmoSpaces and TelMonAer, and funded in part by European
Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 777996
(SealedGRID project) and No. 787002 (SAFECARE project).
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LP43415.
Anatomy of a 415. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in
association with Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Adam 12) © Adam 12 Productions; 4Mar73; LP43415.
LP43416.
Easy rap. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in association
with Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Adam 12) ©
Adam 12 Productions; 18Mar73; LP43416.
LP43417.
A Fool and his money. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in
association with Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Adam 12) © Adam 12 Productions; 25Feb73; LP43417.
LP43418.
A More exciting case. Produced with cooperation of the American
Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Marcus
Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 2Jan73 (in notice:
1972); LP43418.
LP43419.
A Necessary end. Produced with cooperation of the American
Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Marcus
Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 9Jan73 (in notice:
1972); LP43419.
LP43420.
Gemini descending. Produced with cooperation of the American
Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Marcus
Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 23Jan73 (in notice:
1972); LP43420.
LP43421.
The Problem with Charlie. Produced with cooperation of the
American Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Marcus Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 30Jan73 (in
notice: 1972); LP43421.
LP43422.
The Working heart. Produced with cooperation of the American
Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Marcus
Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 13Feb73 (in notice:
1972); LP43422.
LP43423.
The Other Martin Loring. Produced with cooperation of the
American Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Marcus Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 20Feb73;
LP43423.
LP43424.
Love me in December. A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 9Jan73; LP43424.
LP43425.
The Ghost of the dancing doll. A Harbour UTV production. 53
min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 12Feb73;
LP43425.
LP43426.
All about Andrea. A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd., color,
16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 22Feb73; LP43426.
LP43427.
Another shell game. A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 1Mar73; LP43427.
LP43428.
All honorable men. A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd., color,
16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 5Mar73; LP43428.
LP43429.
The Best laid plans. A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 12Mar73; LP43429.
LP43430.
A Game of showdown. A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 19Mar73; LP43430.
LP43431.
The Savage sentry. A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd., color,
16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 18Sep72; LP43431.
LP43432.
Programmed for panic. A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 25Sep72; LP43432.
LP43433.
Down two roads. A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd., color,
16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 9Oct72; LP43433.
LP43434.
The Countdown. A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd., color,
16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 16Oct72; LP43434.
LP43435.
Camera, action, murder! A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 23Oct72; LP43435.
LP43436.
Riddle me death. A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd., color,
16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 2Nov72; LP43436.
LP43437.
Nightmare trip. A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 9Nov72; LP43437.
LP43438.
The Deadly gamesmen. A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 27Nov72; LP43438.
LP43439.
Who’ll cry for my baby? A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 4Dec72; LP43439.
LP43440.
Cold, hard cash. A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 11Dec72; LP43440.
LP43441.
Shadow soldiers. A Harbour UTV production. 53 min., sd., color,
16 mm. (Ironside) © Harbour UTV; 18Dec72; LP43441.
LP43442.
Gifts and long letters. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in
association with Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Adam 12) © Adam 12 Productions; 17Dec72; LP43442.
LP43443.
Vendetta. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in association
with Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Adam 12) ©
Adam 12 Productions; 15Oct72; LP43443.
LP43444.
Dirt duel. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in association
with Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Adam 12) ©
Adam 12 Productions; 9Sep72; LP43444.
LP43445.
Badge heavy. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in association
with Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Adam 12) ©
Adam 12 Productions; 23Oct72; LP43445.
LP43446.
Harry nobody. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in
association with Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Adam 12) © Adam 12 Productions; 5Nov72; LP43446.
LP43447.
Training wheels. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in
association with Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Adam 12) © Adam 12 Productions; 8Oct72; LP43447.
LP43448.
O’Brien’s stand. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in
association with Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Adam 12) © Adam 12 Productions; 29Oct72; LP43448.
LP43449.
Lost and found. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in
association with Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Adam 12) © Adam 12 Productions; 1Oct72; LP43449.
LP43450.
The Late baby. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in
association with Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Adam 12) © Adam 12 Productions; 16Sep72; LP43450.
LP43451.
Airdrop. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in association with
Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Adam 12) © Adam 12
Productions; 24Sep72; LP43451.
LP43452.
The Chaser. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in association
with Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Adam 12) ©
Adam 12 Productions; 3Dec72; LP43452.
LP43453.
The Surprise. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in association
with Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Adam 12) ©
Adam 12 Productions; 12Nov72; LP43453.
LP43454.
Hot spell. A production of Mark 7, Ltd. Produced in association
with Universal Studios. 26 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Adam 12) ©
Adam 12 Productions; 11Dec72; LP43454.
LP43455.
A Fragile possession. Produced with cooperation of the American
Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Marcus
Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 12Sep72; LP43455.
LP43456.
Love is when they say they need you. Produced with cooperation of
the American Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Marcus Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 19Sep72;
LP43456.
LP43457.
We’ll walk out of here together. Produced with cooperation of the
American Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Marcus Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 26Sep72;
LP43457.
LP43458.
In sickness and in health. Produced with cooperation of the
American Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Marcus Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 3Oct72;
LP43458.
LP43459.
House of mirrors. Produced with cooperation of the American
Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Marcus
Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 10Oct72; LP43459.
LP43460.
He could sell iceboxes to Eskimos. Produced with cooperation of
the American Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Marcus Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 17Oct72;
LP43460.
LP43461.
The Wednesday game. Produced with cooperation of the American
Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Marcus
Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 24Oct72; LP43461.
LP43462.
Don and Denise. Produced with cooperation of the American
Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Marcus
Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 31Oct72; LP43462.
LP43463.
Please don’t send flowers. Produced with cooperation of the
American Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Marcus Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 14Nov72;
LP43463.
LP43464.
With a shout, not a whimper. Produced with cooperation of the
American Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Marcus Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 21Nov72;
LP43464.
LP43465.
Jason be nimble, Jason be quick. Produced with cooperation of the
American Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Marcus Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 28Nov72;
LP43465.
LP43466.
Unto the next generation. Produced with cooperation of the
American Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Marcus Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 5Dec72;
LP43466.
LP43467.
Heartbeat for yesterday. Produced with cooperation of the
American Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Marcus Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 12Dec72;
LP43467.
LP43468.
Dinner of herbs. Produced with cooperation of the American
Academy of Family Physicians. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Marcus
Welby, M. D.) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 19Dec72; LP43468.
LP43469.
English logic static control program. 690 min., sd., color,
videotape (3/4 inch) © Ford Motor Company; 6Jun73; LP43469.
LP43470.
Big Jake. 109 min., sd., color, 35 mm., Panavision. © Batjac
Productions, Inc.; 24May71; LP43470.
LP43471.
Question of guilt. An Alfra production. Produced in association
with MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) ©
Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 3Jan73; LP43471.
LP43472.
The Judgement. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 10Jan73; LP43472.
LP43473.
End of the line; formerly Brush with death. An Alfra production.
Produced in association with MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Medical Center) © Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 17Jan73; LP43473.
LP43474.
Between two fires. An Alfra production. Produced in association
with MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) ©
Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 24Jan73; LP43474.
LP43475.
Night cry. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 31Jan73; LP43475.
LP43476.
No margin for error. An Alfra production. Produced in association
with MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) ©
Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 7Feb73; LP43476.
LP43477.
Impact. An Alfra production. Produced in association with MGM-
TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro Goldwyn
Mayer, Inc.; 14Feb73; LP43477.
LP43478.
Fatal memory. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 21Feb73; LP43478.
LP43479.
The Vortex. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 28Feb73; LP43479.
LP43480.
Vision of doom. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 13Sep72; LP43480.
LP43481.
Cycle of peril. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 20Sep72; LP43481.
LP43482.
Condemned. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 27Sep72; LP43482.
LP43483.
The Torn man. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 11Oct72; LP43483.
LP43484.
A Wall of silence. An Alfra production. Produced in association
with MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) ©
Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 4Oct72; LP43484.
LP43485.
The Betrayed. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 18Oct72; LP43485.
LP43486.
Doctor and Mister Harper. An Alfra production. Produced in
association with MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical
Center) © Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 25Oct72; LP43486.
LP43487.
The Fallen. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 1Nov72; LP43487.
LP43488.
Tio Taco, M. D. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 8Nov72; LP43488.
LP43489.
The Outcast. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 15Nov72; LP43489.
LP43490.
No sanctuary. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 22Nov72; LP43490.
LP43491.
The Gladiator. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 29Nov72; LP43491.
LP43492.
No way out. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 6Dec72; LP43492.
LP43493.
A Game for one player. An Alfra production. Produced in
association with MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical
Center) © Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 13Dec72; LP43493.
LP43494.
Pressure point. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM-TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 20Dec72; LP43494.
LP43495.
As the tumbleweed turns. 7 min., sd., color, 35 mm. (Hoot Kloot)
© United Artists Corporation; 8Apr74 (in notice: 1973); LP43495.
LP43496.
Hunt for a lonely girl. Universal Studios. 80 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Cool million) (NBC Wednesday mystery movie) © Universal
City Studios, Inc.; 25Oct72; LP43496.
LP43497.
Assault on Gavaloni. Universal Studios. 80 mm., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Cool million) (NBC Wednesday mystery movie) © Universal City
Studios, Inc.; 22Nov72; LP43497.
LP43498.
The Abduction of Bayard Barnes. Universal Studios. 80 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Cool million) (NBC Wednesday mystery movie) ©
Universal City Studios, Inc.; 6Dec72; LP43498.
LP43499.
The Million dollar misunderstanding. Universal Studios. 80 min.,
sd., color, 16 mm. (Cool million) (NBC Wednesday mystery movie) ©
Universal City Studios, Inc.; 20Dec72; LP43499.
LP43500.
Milton Berle is the life of the party. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.
27 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions,
Inc.; 11Feb74 (in notice: 1973); LP43500.
LP43501.
Mary Jane’s boyfriend. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.;
18Feb74 (in notice: 1973); LP43501.
LP43502.
Lucy Carter meets Lucille Ball. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27
min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions,
Inc.; 4Mar74 (in notice: 1973); LP43502.
LP43503.
Lucy the sheriff. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd., color,
16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.; 28Jan74 (in
notice: 1973); LP43503.
LP43504.
Lucy is a birdsitter. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.; 7Jan74
(in notice: 1975); LP43504.
LP43505.
Meanwhile back at the office. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27
min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions,
Inc.; 14Jan74 (in notice: 1973); LP43505.
LP43506.
Lucy is N. G. as R. N. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.;
21Jan74 (in notice: 1973); LP43506.
LP43507.
Lucy and Phil Harris strike up the band. Lucille Ball Productions,
Inc. 27 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball
Productions, Inc.; 25Feb74; LP43507.
LP43508.
Lucy fights the system. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.;
18Mar74; LP43508.
LP43509.
Where is my wandering mother tonight? Lucille Ball Productions,
Inc. 27 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball
Productions, Inc.; 11Mar74; LP43509.
LP43510.
Lucy and Danny Thomas. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min.,
sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.;
10Sep73; LP43510.
LP43511.
Lucy plays cops and robbers. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27
min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions,
Inc.; 26Nov73; LP43511.
LP43512.
Lucy the peacemaker. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.;
24Sep73; LP43512.
LP43513.
The Big game. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.; 17Sep73;
LP43513.
LP43514.
Lucy the wealthy widow. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.; 1Oct73;
LP43514.
LP43515.
The Bow Wow Boutique. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.; 8Oct73;
LP43515.
LP43516.
Lucy’s tenant. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd., color, 16
mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.; 22Oct73;
LP43516.
LP43517.
Lucy gives Eddie Albert the old song and dance. Lucille Ball
Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille
Ball Productions, Inc.; 15Oct73; LP43517.
LP43518.
Lucy and Andy Griffith. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.;
29Oct73; LP43518.
LP43519.
Lucy and Joan Rivers do jury duty. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.
27 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions,
Inc.; 5Nov73; LP43519.
LP43520.
Tipsy through the tulips. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.;
12Nov73; LP43520.
LP43521.
The Carters meet Frankie Avalon. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27
min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions,
Inc.; 19Nov73; LP43521.
LP43522.
Harry catches goldfever. Lucille Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) © Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.;
3Dec73; LP43522.
LP43523.
Lucy and Chuck Connors have a surprise slumber party. Lucille
Ball Productions, Inc. 27 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Here’s Lucy) ©
Lucille Ball Productions, Inc.; 17Dec73; LP43523.
LP43524.
Conscience. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 14Sep72;
LP43524.
LP43525.
Ben Franklin. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 5Sep72;
LP43525.
LP43526.
Automobiles. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 30Oct72;
LP43526.
LP43527.
Lions. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm, (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 22Sep72;
LP43527.
LP43528.
Cats. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions 24Oct72;
LP43528.
LP43529.
Homes. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 7Sep72;
LP43529.
LP43530.
Penguins. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 29Sep72;
LP43530.
LP43531.
Knights of old. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory)
NM: additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 22Sep72;
LP43531.
LP43532.
Mice. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 16Oct72;
LP43532.
LP43533.
Elephants. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 13Oct72;
LP43533.
LP43534.
The Wheel. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 7Sep72;
LP43534.
LP43535.
Winter fun. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 6Oct72;
LP43535.
LP43536.
Pluto. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 29Sep72;
LP43536.
LP43537.
Trains. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 14Sep72;
LP43537.
LP43538.
Dancing. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 30Oct72;
LP43538.
LP43539.
Tugboats. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 24Oct72;
LP43539.
LP43540.
Noah’s ark. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 22Sep72;
LP43540.
LP43541.
Bullfighting. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory) NM:
additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 14Sep72;
LP43541.
LP43542.
Mickey and the beanstalk. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse
factory) NM: additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions;
24Oct72; LP43542.
LP43543.
Reluctant dragon. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory)
NM: additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 1Nov72;
LP43543.
LP43544.
Mickey Mouse. 30 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Mouse factory)
NM: additions & compilation. © Walt Disney Productions; 29Sep72;
LP43544.