(1)INTRO TO CRIMINOLOGY Scope of the study of Criminology

Etymological – Criminology  Criminal demography – relasyon ng crimen sa

population
(Latin) Crimen means “accusasion”
 Criminal epidemiology – related sa public
(Greek) Logia means “to study” health
 Criminal ecology – spatial distribution in
Italian – criminologia (Rafaelle Garofalo) community
French – criminology (Paul Topinard)  Criminal physical anthropology – physical
constitution of men
Edwin Sutherland (Dean of the modern criminology)  Criminal psychology – human behavior in
- He defines criminology bases Principles of relation to criminality
Criminology  Criminal Psychiatry – human mind relation to
- Co-author (Donald Cressey) criminality
 Victimology - role of the victim in the
Criminology as a Profession commission of the crime
- RA 6506 by Teodulo Natividad Major Perspective of Criminology
- RA 1131 current law, repealed RA 6506 –
Antonio Trillanes 1. Classical/ Choice perspective – Situational
force
Sec 14 of RA 11131(Qualification of an Applicant 2. Biological/ Psychological perspective –
for the licensure examination) internal force
*Pwede ba mag apply ang foreign citizen? YES. 3. Structural perspective – ecological forces
4. Process perspective – socialization forces
Requirements *tabula rasa – blank slate of the mind
1. Citizen of the Philippines as long as may 5. Conflict perspective – economic and
reciprocity yung country nila sa country political forces
natin 6. Development perspective – multiple forces
2. Good moral character, good reputation and (madaming dahilan na nagccombine para
sound mind if foreign need pa din ng good magproduce ng crimen)
moral Definition of crime
3. Bachelor’s degree of Criminology, if foreign
equivalent degree. Recogninzed and Crime – generic term (all violation of the law)
accredited by CHED Felony – RPC
4. Hindi convicted ng offense involving moral
turpitude eg. Rape, murder Offense – Special laws
5. Kahit repeater, basta hindi nagfail ng limang Misdemeanor / Infraction – city or local ordinances
beses, pero pag nag refresher pwede na uli.
Delinquency – same as crime but ang gumawa ng
Nature or Characteristics of Criminology crimen ay bata below 18 years old
1. Applied Science – application of science Status offense – act na consider wrongful kung bata
2. Social Science- society and human behavior ang gumawa ex. Drinking alcohol or smoking
3. Dynamic – changing
4. Nationalistic – culture, history and law of Deviance – not necessary may nilabag na batas, di
other country (ibat ibang bansa ibat ibang lang katanggap tanggap sa norms ng society.
approach)
  Instant crime – mabilisan nagagawa in a short
period of time ex. Theft
Classification of crimes
 Episodal crime – series of acts, mahaba ang
1. legal classification nirerequire na time. Ex. Kidnapping
2. criminological classification  Static crime – committed in one place
*Simple Crime – single act constituting only one  Continuing crime – involves several places ex.
offense Kidnapping or abduction
 Rational crime – nakakagawa ng crie ay ang
*Complex Crime- single act constituting two or mga tao na nasa taman pagiisip, alam ang
more grave felonies or an act necessary means to consequence
committing the others  Irrational crime – hindi alam ang kanilang
2 kinds of complex crime ginagawa
 White Collar crimes – puting kwelyo,
1. compound crime (delito compuesto) professional
2. complex crime proper (delito complejo)  Blue collar crimes – pangkaraniwan ang
*Grave felonies – capital punishment which in any criminal dito
of their period are afflictive.(Recusion perpetua,  Green collar crimes – environmental crimes
reclusion temporal, prision mayor. )  Pink collar crime – kapantay ng white collar
crime pag babae ang criminal
Fine exceeding 1.2m pesos  Upper world crime – belonging to the upper
*Less grave felonies- law punishes with penalties class of the society
which in their maximum period are correctional.  Under world crime -member of lower or under
(prision correctional, arresto mayor) privilege class of society.
 Crimes by imitation – copycat crimes (Gabriel
Fine not exceeding 1.2m pesos not below 40,000 Tarde- imitation theory) mahihina ang
pesos gumagawa sa superior
*Light Felonies- infraction of laws penalty of  Crimes by passion – dala ng masidhing
arresto menor emosyon
 Service crimes – commited tru rendition of
Fine not exceeding 40,00 pesos
service, ex. Naghihire para pumatay
(RA 10951) AS TO FINE
 CRIME MALA IN SE – inherently or nature, According to legal classification
alam mong mali pumatay
 CRIME MALA PROHIBITA – naging mali 1. Recidivist under Art. 14(9) – previously
lang kasi sinabi ng batas convicted by final judgement embraced by same
title of the RPC.
 Aquisitive crime – the offender acquire or Ex. Theft and kaso nya dati tapos kinasuhan
gained, may nakukuha ang offender ex. Robbery, uli Roberry e parehas ng title crime against
Estafa property.
 Extinctive crime – naeextinc nawawala, 2. Repetition or reiteration under Art 13 (10)-
nasisira namamatay ex. Murder, arson previously punished for an offense which the
 Seasonal Crime – hindi araw araw, may law attached an equal or greater penalty
particular part of the year. Ex. Violation of Ex. Theft crimes against property ang unang
election law. kaso tapos kinasuhan ng rape crimes against
 Situational crime – ang situation ang nagbigay person nman magkaibang title kaya
ng opportunity para magawa ang crie repetition or reiteration
 1. Born Criminals – atavistic features atleast 5
stigmata
3. Habitual delinquent under Art 62 (5)-
2. Criminal by Passion – nagagawa ng crime dahil
offender in the period of 10 yrs from the date of
sa emotion
his release or last conviction of the crime of
3. Insane Criminals – may problema sa pagiisip
serious o less serious PI, robo, hurto, estafa or
4. Criminoloid – nakakagawa ng crime dahil less
falsification is found guilty of the any of said
physical stigmata dahil di kayang kontrolin
crimes a third time or oftener
5. Occasional Criminal – dahil sa occasion of
4. Quasi-recidivist under Art 160- convicted by
opportunity
final judgement bago mo iserve or habang
6. Psuedo-Criminal – who kill forslef defense
nagsserve ka gumaaw ka uli ng crime

2. Enrico Ferri – kaya daw ang tao ay

(2)THEORIES OF CRIME
nakakagawa ng crime dahil sa economic, social
Early theory 3. at political factors (Moral Responsibility) hindi
talaga nila ginusto
1. Demonological – pre-classical/ demon/evil 4. Raffaelle Garofalo – moral anonmalies;
Inabanduna, rejected violation of probity and pity. Problem sa
2. Classical theory – freewill, pleasure/pain, integrity at honesty
rational, punishment should fit the crime
3. Neo-classical – may mali daw sa theory ng CLASSICAL THEORIES OF CRIME
classical, bakit daw di titingnan kung sino ang CAUSATIONS
gumawa ng crime. Sabi dito the lunaticas and
1. Rational Choice Theory – rational choice,
children are exempted. May mga tao dawn a
person will engage in criminal weighing the
hindi ginustong gumaw ng crimen
consequences and benefits of his/her action.
4. Positivist – science; beyond the control of
Naninimbang between pleasure and pain
individual; treatment (Rehab or reform)
principle or called felisific calculous or
5. French – social and psychological factors
hedonistic calculous
6. Socialist – economic; Marxist
2. Routine Activity Theory – moticated offender,
7. Cartography – statistical ad geograpgical
suitable target at not protected by capable
patterns.
guardians.
UNHOLY THREE of Criminology (LEG) Para daw magkaron ng krimen may taong
motivated offener, person or property na VIA
Lomboroso, Enrico, Garofalo (Visibility, Inertia, Access), capable guardian –
1. Cesare Lombroso – theory of born criminal do we have physical at mechanical means to
(Apelike Ancestors) protect the target.
Theory of criminal atavism = physical 3. Lifestyle Theory – lifestyle increases their
anomalies exposure to criminal offenders. Alam mo na na
Father of scientific & Empirical Criminology mananakawan ka pag laging bukas ang pinto mo.
4. General Deterrence and specific deterrence
Charles Goring - may mal isa pag-aaral ni theory – ang tao mapipigilan gumawa ng crime
Lombroso. Wala daw patunay na nakadepende sa kung kayang takutin ang tao dahil sa presence of
itsura ng tao ang pagiging criminal.kaya ang sabi ni punishment. Kailangan ipaalam na may gantong
Goring nakakagawa daw ng crime ang tao dahil sa parusa.
=Intelligence inferiority / defective intelligence 5. Victim precipitation theory – victim ang
Classifications of criminals by Lombroso nagumpisa ng crimen or nag provoc nag initiate
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME  Short-medium heavy for arson
CAUSATION (something is natural)  Short-heavy men for sec offenses
1. Life Course theory/ developmental theory – Hooton advocated for the removal of criminal from
habang tayo ay tumatanda ay nagbabago ang society, kailangan pigilan ang pagreproducing,
ating behavior as we mature. Transistion sa life. process of sterilization. Lalaki- vacetomy;babae
2. Latent Trait Theory – tayo daw ay isinilang na legate
mayroong traits, pagnatrigger yun makakagawa
tayo ng criminal. Kailangan magkarron ng 7. Phisiognomy – facial features, nasa muka ang
environmental factors; na nagpapatrigger sayo criminal. Pag itsurang criminal ka itsurang
ex. Mainitin ang ulo. hayop ka.
3. Evolutionary Theory – kailangan ng 8. Phrenology – skull formation, kayang masabi
aggression at violent behavior para makasurvive kung mabuti or masama.
4. Cheater theory – may mga lalaki na na Basta may bump or depression sa ulo-
talagang manloloko at manggagamit. maloloko makasarili, pagwala
Naghahanp ng baabeng manuto para pakalatin mapagkakatiwalaan.
ang lahi BIOSOCIAL THEORY OF CRIME
5. R/K selection theory – r-reproduce rapidly; k- CAUSATION – combi of biological and social
caring factors
6. Somatotyping theory – body physique
1. Biochemical Factors – relation between antisoscial
Erns Kretchmer (European) chemical makeup and that the body chemistry can
Thin (Asthenic) govern behavior and personality.
Ex. Kunware kumakaen ng aso, mainit sa
Fat(Pyknic) katawan paglaki ka nakaen magiging aggressive
ka
Muscular(Athletic)
 Hormonal levels - teenage years; increase
Willam Sheldon(Americal Somatotyping) level of male androgen and testosterone
 Frontal lobe – area of brain particular
Thin (Ectomorph)
sensitive to environmental toxin such as lead
Fat(Endomorph) and manganese which lead to behavioral
difficulties
Muscular(Mesomomrph)
 Preliminary studies na nagpatunay na ang
brains ng vilent at normal ay iba.
HPA(hypothalamic pituitary andrr=enal
Asthenic & Ectomoph – mattalino, ang nagagawa galand)
e mga theft. (Cerebrotonic)  Hypoglyemia – condition pag ang sugar or
Asthenic & Ectomoph – mattalino, ang nagagawa glucose ay bumababa, tinuturong dahil bakit
e mga theft. (Viscerotonic) nakakagawa ng crime
2. Neurological Dysfunction – brain waves, heart rate,
Athletic & Mesomorph – prone na maging arousal level, skin conductance and attention span
criminal (Romotonic)  Research suggested that abnoral levels of
Ernest Hooton – some neurotransmitters – pag may abnormal
related sa aggression
 Tall slender – murder and robbery  People w/ history of impulsive violence
 Tall-medium heavy men forgery often have a reduction in the function of
 Tall-heavy men 1st degree murder serotonin system.
 Medium height-heavy for antisosial behavior
 Short-slender for bueglary and larceny
  High level of norepinephrine, high level of 2. Kallikak Family – Henry Goddard
depomine and low levels of serotonin have
Martin Kallikak
been associated with aggression
 Minimal brain dysfunction is defined as the (Married a worthy Quakerer)
damage to the brain itself that causes
antisoscial behavior. Ex. Nagpupuyat (Kabit ng Feable minded)
kinabukasan ayaw ng maingay ayaw ng
makulet, mainitin ang ulo pag kulang sa
tulog. PHYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME
3. Genetic Influences – individual who share the CAUSATION – may kinalaman sa personalities ng
same gene are alike in personality regardless of how tao.
they are reared. 1. Charles Goring – tumutol kay Cesare Lombroso
Sabi dito biological ang mas malaki ang role sa 2. Gabriel Tarde – theories of imitation, kinokopya
pagiging criminal ng isang tao. ng malalakas
 Parent Child Similarities – parental
criminality and deviance do, in fact, PSYCOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME
powerfully influence delinquent behavior. CAUSATION
Ex. Tanggol sa Batang Quiapo 1. Maternal deprivation and attachment theory
 Sibling and twin – MZ Mono Zigotic – John Bowbly; childs needs warmth and
(Identical twin) > DZ Digizotic/ (Fraternal affection. During 1st 2 years of the child. Pag
twins) hindi daw naramdaman nagiging malayo ang
 Adoption studies – Biological parents > loob sa magulang at di basta natitiwala sa tao.
adoptive parents
 Arousal Theory – factors na hinahanap ng utal, 2. Psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic theory –
naghahanap ng trill tripartite personality (ID, Ego, SuperEgo)
Ex. Nagddoorbell sabay takbo
 Nature Theory – low intelligence in genetically Sigmud Freud – kailangan maging pantay ang
determine at namamana, dahilan para maging tripartite
criminal or delinquent Id – pleasure
Family Studies Ego – reality
Superego – conscience (morality)
1. Jukes family – Richard Dugdale
Psychosexual Stages -OAPhaLaGe
Margaret Ada Jukes – mother of all criminal
Oral - mouth
52.40% or 80 of the descendants of Ada are into
harlotry(prostitution); among the thousand of the Anal – bladder and bowel movement (macontrol
Jukes descendants, there were 280 paupers, 60 ang dumi)
thieves , 7 murderer, 40 other criminal and the 40 Phallic – genitals ; sexual feelings towards parents
percent of the son have venereal disease. of opposite sex (naguumpisa ang bata sa
- burden of criminal found in illegitimate masturbation, example nagkakagusto ang babae sa
kanilang father) Oedipus (lalaki) electra complex
- legitimate line marry into a crime (babae) pero need macontrol habang nalaki
- eldest child has tendency to be a criminal Latency – domant/inactive sexual feelings
- crime chiefly follows the male line (pansamantala nagpapahinga ang sexual energy,
focus sa pagaaral pag bike)
- longest lines of crime are along the line of the
eldest Genital – maturation; heterosexual
Moral Development Theory walang mararating kaya nagiging criminal an
tao.
By Lawrence Kolberg
 Social Learning Theory – Albert Bandura
(bobo doll experiment, penguin nap ag
Pre Conventional – 3-7 age (wala pang sariling sinipa tatayo uli – surprisingly kahit hindi
moral ethics, kung anong sinabi ng matanda na iexplain sa nakakita na sisipain sinipa nila
bawal yun ang alam natin na bawal) Avoiding pag pasok/ nagging violent lang daw tayo
punishment and self-interest tru direct and indirect observation.
Convetional – 8-13 ages (rules; goodboy attitude  Differential Association Theory – process
kahit may rules gusto nating patunayan yun ex. May kung pano natututunan maging criminal;
sakit ang asa mo pero dahil alam mong mali may mga tao na hindi naman masama,
magnanakaw ka para pambili ng gamot dahil gusto nagging masama lang dahil nadevelop yun
mong patunayan na mahal mo asawa mo; law and sa mga nakakasama mo; tell me who your
order morality – while we understand na may mahal friends are and I’ll tell you who u are
mo ang asawa mo we cannot tolerate such actions)  Differential Reinforcement Theory -
reinforcement (reward) and puuniishment
Post Conventional – ethics are depend on us ang magdidictate ng behavior ng tao. Ex.
(principle and social contract – in the spirit of Pag may reward uulitin pag punishment
humanity kailangan natin unawain na ang buhay ay hindi nauuliting ng tao.
importante kesa sa material na bagay. Mas  Neutralization Theory – (drift theory) ang
mahalaga ang buhay ng tao kesa sa ninakaw na tao alam nya na Nakagawa sya ng mali pero
gamit. kaya lang nakakaligtas e jina-justify nya
Cognitive Development Theory  Containment Theory – inner and outer
containment – pangpigil natin para hindi
By John Piaget (nagdedevelop daw ang utak natin tayo maging criminal (ego,
habang natanda tayo) confidence;belongingness)
0-2 – Sensorimotor / World experience tru sence/  Social Bond Theory – onset of criminality
object permanency at stranger anxiety the moment na humina na ang bond mo sa
ibang tao, hindi mo na cinoconsider ang
2-7 - Preoperational / use words and image to nararamdaman ng ibang tao, hindi na
present things/ pretend play;egocentrism committed, involve at hindi ka naniniwala
7-11 – Concrete operational/ understand na magiging criminal ka?
concreteevents and logical analogies/ conservation; (attachment, commitment involvement at
math transformation belief)
 Primary Deviance – may ginawa kang
11+ -Formal operational / abstract reasoning and crime pero di sya nadetect kaya walang
hypothetical thinking / abstract logic; moral influence sa future mom
reasoning  Secondary Deviance- yung deviant act mo
nadetect at naging dahilan bakit Nawala ang
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME
pangarap mo kaya naging drug addict ka
CAUSATION – dahil sa society
 Labeling Theory – (social reaction theory)
1. Social learning Theory – natututunan ang power of bad labels to stigmatize people
paggiging criminal (wala kang kwenta)
2. Social Control Theory- institution (pamilya,  Socialdisorganization Theory – transcient,
school, simbahan) mixed-use and changing neighborhood,
3. Social Reaction Theory/ Labelling Theory – living in an area na watak watak at iba iba
negative label, sinabihan ng walang kwenta, ng paniniwala.
 Concentric zone theory – ang pinaka 3. Delinquent boy – adopt ang norms and
mataas na crimen sa transitional zone, principle na direct sa middle class
paglapit sa city pagtaas ng crimen  Differencial Opportunity Theory – recognize
1. Central business district yung mga tao na nasa ibat ibang class ng
2. Transitional zone - *recent immigrants Lipunan, iisa ang goal. Lahat ng nasa lower
(detoriated housing; factories; class laging limited ang opportunity
abandoned building) nagccreate sila ng gang
3. Working class zone – Single fam 1. Criminal Gangs – close connection sa
tenements adult na criminal
4. Residential zone – single fam homes; 2. Conflict gangs – willing makipag
yards/garages Patayan paa makuha ang respect ng
5. Commuter zone – suburbs kalaban, using weapons
 Anomie Theory- absence of norms/ 3. Retreatist gang – double failure, hindi na
normlessness; nawawala ang standard ng naging tagumpay sa legal hindi rin sa
society, mawawala ito kapag nagkakaroon illiegal
ng changes from mechanical solidarity to
organic solidarity- may mga building na, BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES OF CRIME
may technology na CAUSATION
Durkheim maintains that crime are not only
for society but are necessary. W/o crime Biological - Psychological - Social (widely used in
there could be no evolution in law medicine)
 Strain theory – negative feelings -anger
frustration resentment pag di nakukuha ang - understanding mental disorder
gusto - Isaac Ray - 1st forensic scientist
 General Strain Theory – - Philippe Pine - moral insanity
1. Dahil hindi naachieve nag goals
2. Disfuncyion – expectation at goal hindi  Premenstrual Syndrome - bago ang
nagmatch menstruation. Tumataas ang level ng female
3. Removal of positive value stimuli – may sex hormone. Katharina Dorothea Dalton
inalis ng source ng lakas mo ex. Pinatay  Elevated level of female aggression and
kuya mo menstruation - Diana Fishbein
4. Presentation of negative stimuli – ex. 1st  Battered Child Syndrome - hindi nito
day ng board exam at nalate ka dahil iniistablish kung ang tao ay may culpability or
dyan di kana pinayagan magexam dahil wala. Kapag nakitaan ng repeated injuries or
dyan gumawa ka ng crime. mga sugat or pasa, vitim ito ng abuse hindi ito
 Relative Deprivation Theory – constatnt galing sa accident. (Dr. C. Henry Kempe)
frustration dahil deprieve of economic  Battred Woman Syndrome - women stuck
status within love or relationship by cycle of violence
 Culture Deviance Theory or Culture (Lenore Walker)
Conflict theory – hindi ka natutuwa sa 1. Tension stage - may pinagtatalunanan
culture ng isang society at gumawa ka ng 2. Violent stage - nabubugbog na
sariling grupo na may sariling culture 3. Honeymoon or loving contrition -
 Delinquent Subculture Theory – hindi nagsisisi angg lalaki ‘diko na uulitin”
natutuwa sa status nya sa buhay aayusin nyo then repeat!
1. Corner boy – nareject ng middle class  Postpartum Stress Syndrome - baby blue
2. College boy – hindi nareject pero (mother e naiyak, emotional di alam pano
gusting gayahin ang middle class aalagaan ang anak) and post partum depression
 Postpartum psychosis - psychosis (severe  Chivalry or paternalism Theory - tinitingnan
mental disorder) tots ng mother e hindi nya natin na ang mga babae ay mahina, palagi
aalagaan;magsuicide;mapatay ang anak silang nagiging victim.

ECONOMIC THEORIES OF CRIME

CAUSATION
(3)PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND
 Connection between criminality and the ETHICAL STANDARDS
inequities for capitalist system(limited ang
resources pero di rin equal ang distributiong ng ETHICS = “ethicos” which pertains to “ethos”,
resources) in english custom or character
 Discriminates poor by defending the action of
the wealthy Deals with morality of human conduct or human act
 Proletariat who are deprive of the materials that
are monopolized by the bourgeoisie  Code of ethics - standard or guidelines ;
 Crimes are function of poverty listahan
 Bourgeoisie - Capitalist class (who have)  Code of conduct - code of ethics in situation or
 Proletariat - working class (who have not) behavior ; application of ethics
 Personal Ethics - pang araw araw na buhay
THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION  Professional Ethics - bussiness or profession
FEMALE OFFENDERS/ FEMALE  Code of Good Governance for Profession in
CRIMINALITY the Philippines - adopted by PRC and 42
Professional Regulatory Boards ; code na
 Adler’s Teory of Masculine - may mga babae ginagamit ng filipino professional
na empowered dahil may masculinity na traits  Code of Ethics for Law Enforcement -
dahil naeenvole sila sa violent crime universally accepted code of ethics of UN
 Opportunity Theory - pagbinibigyan ng
opportuinty ang babae, mas mataas ang crime Definition of Terms
na nakakagawa ng crimen  Police Ethics - practical science that treats the
 Marginalization Theory - related sa poverty; principle of the human morality and duty as
hindi lagi priority ang babae sa trabaho kaya applied to law enforcement
lumalaban sila kasi gusto nila makuha ng equal  Moonlighting - (illegal) hindi sila pwedeng
sa lalaki magengage sa occupation with conflict of
 Critical Feminist Theory - inequality, interest.
kinocontrol ang babae kaya nanlalaban ang  Ethical standard - conducts and behavior
babae governing a group, a class or organization
 Power-control Theory - quality of family  Police Customs and social decorum - a set of
life(patriarchal;father, matriarchal;mother, norms and standard practiced by members
egalitarian;both) kung bibnigyan ng power ang during social and other functions
mother nakikita yun ng bata kay ginagawa nila  Nonfeasance/Neglect of Duty -
pag very powerful or dominat ang nanay ang Mal; hindi mo dapat gawin pero ginawa mo
bata nagiging delinquent or criminal Mis;dapat mong gawi pero mali ang execution
 Penis envy theory - may bata na naiinggit Non; dapat mong gawin wala kang ginawa
bakit wala silang penis kaya pinapatay nila ang
nanay nila dahil sinisisi nila ito  Oppresion - cruelty, severity, unlawful
execution or exesive used of authority
 Dishonest - concealment or distotion of truth in  Salute to National Color ad Standard- ang
a manner of a fact relevant to one’ss office or sinasaluduhan ay watawat ng Pilipinas
connected with the performance of his duty  Address/Title - Junior in Rank address senior
 Disloyalty to the Government - consist of “SIR/Maam”
abandonement or renunciation of one’s loyalty
to the government
 Public official - lahat ng employee ng Courtesy Call
government, elective, appointed, permanent, 1. Courtesy call of newly assigned/
temporary, military appointed member - bPNP member na
 Public Officer or employee - any person bagong assigned or bagong lipat
holding any public office or employment by 2. Christmas call - ppunta sa local
virtue of an appointment, election or contract executive/mayor
and any person holding any office or 3. New Year’s Call - sa commander or key
employment, by appointment or contract in any offials ppunta
state-owned or controlled corporation 4. Promotion call - mag promotion,
 Gift - refers to things or right disposed congratulatory recognition
gratuitously or any act of liberality in favor of 5. Exit call - aalis sa unit or llipat, eexit
another who accept it. Hindi ka pwedeng muna
tumanggap pag may konenksyon sa opisina 6. Courtesy of the Post - hal; maybibisita
na regional Director, mageextend ng pagbati
PNP Core Value and Creed gamkit ang courtesy of the Post
1. Love of God 7. Rank-Has Its Own Privilege -
2. Respect for authority magkakaibang ranggo magkakaibang
3. Selfless love and service for people privilege
4. Sanctity of marriage and family life Police Customs on Ceremmonies
5. Responsible dominion and stewardship 1. Flag Raising Ceremony - every Monday
over material things 2. Flag Lowering Ceremony - every Friday
6. Truthfulness 3. Half-Mast - ginagawa pag may namatay,
ang watawat ay nasa middle ng pole
 PNP Career Management - key to 4. Funeral Service and Honnors - may
professionalism namatay, mageextend ng service, kasama
 Delicadeza - sacrificing self-interest; honor and ang 21 gun salute.
integrity 5. Ceremony Tendered to Retirees -
 Valor - sacrificing limbs and life recognition for a long truthful and honorable
 Non-Partisanship - nagseserve ka sa tao ng service
walang discrimination regardles of party 6. Honor Ceremony - Arrival and departure
affiliation honor ceremony
 Non-Solicitation of Patronage - PNP should 7. Turnover Ceremony -relinquishment of
not be soliciting for promotion position
 Secrecy Discipline - maintain confidentiality 8. Wedding Ceremony - During marriage of
 Customs - usage or social practice carried on PNP
by tradition 9. Anniversary - command or unit celeb
 Tradition - beliefs, story, custom
 Courtesy - respect “salute” highest courtesy REPUBLIC ACT 6713
 Ceremony - formal acts in relation to customs 6+7=13 Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards
or special occation for Pubic Official ad Employees
 Social Decorum - standards na ginagawa ng
members ng pnp pag may activities
 3. Psychotic depression - psychosis (hallucination
and delusion)
4. Postpartum depression - occurs after having
baby
5. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) - onset o a
(4)HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY depressive illness during the winter months
6. Bipolar Disorder - called manic-depressive
 Abnormal Behavior - something deviant from illness. Nagkakaron ng moodswings
normal ; self-defeating, dangerous, social
unacceptable 7. Endogenous Depression - within the body
feeling depressed for no apparent reason
 Psychopathology -scientific study of mental
disorder 8. Situational Depression or Reactive Depression
- develop in response to a specific stressful situation
 Mental disorder - physical and psychological
symptoms that cause abnormal thoughts and 9. Agitate Depression - Characterized by physical
behavior and emotional restlessness, irritability and insomnia,
which opposite of many dressed individual.
 Mental retardation - low IQ and limited Kabaligran ng depression
adaptive skills (usually below 70)
STRESS - consequence of the failure of an
Normal IQ 90-109 organism human or animal to respond appropriately
to emotional or physical threats
1. Mild - 50-70
Stressors is anything (physical or psychological)
2. Moderate - 35-55
that produces stress (negative or positive)
3. Severe -20-40
Eustress - positive
4. Profound - 20-25
Distress - negative
Conflict - negative emotional state caused inability
FRUSTRATION - resulting from a blocked goal
to choose between two or more incompatible goals
or impulse 1. Aggression - any response made with the
frustration harming some person or object
Approach -avoidance - positive - negative
2. Displaced Aggression - redirecting or aggression
Functional - conflict is responsive and innovative
to a target other than the actual source of our
aiding in creativity and viability (positive)
frustration
Dysfunctional - conflict disrupts hinder job
3. Scapegoat - acts of blaming a person or group
performance, and upsets personal psychological
functioning (negative) 4. Escape - act of reducing discomfort by leaving
frustrating situation
DEPRESSION - causes a person to feel sad and
hopeless much of the time Frustration aggression theory
1. Major depressive disorder - interfere with a Frustration induced criminality
person’s abnormal sleep, study, eat and enjoy once-
pleasurable activities HYPOTHESIS OF CATHARSIS - gagamit ng
ibang paraan para maibaling ang frustration ex.
2. Dysthymic disorder - having persistent but less Susuntok ng punching bag.
severe depressive symptoms that major depression
  Body dysmorphic disorder - defect in his or
her physical features (Alexa Ilacad)
FAKING symptoms and injuries
NEUROSIS - mild mental disorder ; anxious
phobia  Factitious disorder - mental disorder (walang
reason; psychological)
PSYCHOSS - severe hallucination and delusion
 Malingering - intentional
 Hallucination - false perception of object or
events involving your sense (sensory IMPULSE CONTRO DISORDER - cannot resist
misperceptions) an impulse
 Delusion - false beliefs that the person thinks 1. Intermittent Explosive Disorder - outburst of
are real (paranoid) anger or extreme temper (hindi kayang pigilan ang
galit)
DELUSIONAL DISORDER - paranoia; delusions
are false beliefs 2. Kleptomania - urge to steal small items that
usually have very little value
 Persecutory - being conspired against, spied on,
followed, poisoned, cheated, harrased, or 3. Pathological Gambling - inability to stop
obstructed. (iniisip mo ikaw e ipapapatay) gambling
 Jealous - spouse or lover is being unfaithful (di 4. Pyromania - person set fire for enjoyment
totoo)
5. Trichotillomania - hair loss caused by an
 Erotomanic - other person is in love with the impulse to twirl and pull hair; some have urge to ear
individual. (pero iniisip mo lang) their hair
 Grandoise - has an extraordinary talent or has 6. Compulsive Sexual Behavior -an excessive or
made important discovery (feel na merong iba uncontrolles sexual behavior or thoughts that lead to
kang powers) marked distress and social, occupational, legal
and/or financial consequence. (obsess sa sex)
 Somatic - bodily functions or sensations (iniisp
nila na may parasite ang katawan nila) SLEEP DISORDER - cannot resist an impulse to
have sleep
 Reference - being talked about (iniisip mo
pinaguusapan ka) 1. Insomnia - inability to fall asleep or to remain
asleep
PAPASA AKO 2025 FEBRUARY
2. Sleep apnea - pause in breathing during sleep
SOMATOFORM DISORDER - physical
3. Parasomnia - abnormal movement and behavior
symptoms; physical disease or injury pero walang
during sleep
na iidentify ang doctor, psychological daw kasi ito
Including ;
 Conversion/hysteria - neurological symptom
(pamamanhid, bulag or paralyze pero walang -sleep talk (somniloquy)
reason ang dorctor)
-sleep walk (somnambulism or noctambulism)
 Hypochondriasis - exaggerated (sakit ng ulo
-groaning
ko may tumor ata ako)
-nightmares
 Somatization - Chronically and persistently
complain of varied physical symptoms -bed wetting
 Pain - chronic pain in one or more areas -teeth grinding or jaw clenching (sleep bruxism)
4. Restless Leg Syndrome - overwhelming move 2. Satyriasis - males disorder is called satyriasis
of the legs and the etymology is satyr(obsess)
5. Narcolepsy - sleep attack (nakakatulog kahit  Exhibitionism - exposing private parts
kausap mo)
 Fetishism - sexual urges and behavior with
6. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder - associated with non-living things.
physically act out vivid (dream enactive behavior)
 Frotteurism - rubbing one’s genitals against
Yung dapat inactive na muscles nagiging active,
other
kung anong nasa panaginip yun ang ginagawa nila.
Nagsswimming habang tulog.  Scatologia - compulsive usse of the obscene
language. Mahahalay na language
SCHIZOPHRENIA - loss of contact with reality,
disturbance of thought and perception and behavior.  Necrophilia - dead/corpse
-may delucion at hallucination  Coprophalia - feces
Categories of Schizophrenic Hallucination  Zoophilia / bestiality/bestosexual - animal
 Tactile - touch  Urophillia - urine
 Visual - sight  Infantosexual/ pedophillia - immature/young
 Auditory - hearing  Gerontophilia - elder
 Olfactory - smell  Incest - sexual relationship between person
who, by reason of blood cannot legally marry .
Kinds of Schizophrenia
Kapatid/nanay
1. Paranoid - very specious of others; has great
 Voyeurism - peeping;peeping tom (naninilip)
scheme of persecution (baka ipapapatay ka)
Sexual abnormalities as to mode of sexual
2. Residual n- at least one episode of Schizophrenia
expression satisfaction;
(6months) but then “recover”
1. Oralism - use of mouth
3. Disorganized/ hebephrenic - expressing emotions
that are not appropriate to the situation (taliwas ang (a) Fellatio (Irrumation) - female agent receive the
pinapakita mong emotion - kunware may namatay penis of a man into her mouth
tawa ka ng tawa)
(b) Cunnilingus - sexual gratifcation is attained by
4. Catatonic - almost immobile or exhibit agitated licking or sucking the external female genitalia
purposeless movement (statwa or galaw ng galaw)
(c) Anilism (anilingus) - sexual perversion wherein
VAGINISMUS - involuntary muscle spasm at the a person derives excitement y licking the anus of
vagina that prevents penetration and sexual another person of either sex
intercourse (nagsasaraa ang entrance ng vagina)
2. Sado-masochism (algolagia) - painful/cruel act
DYSPAREUNIA - refers to painful coitus that may as a factor for gratification
have either an organic or psychological basis
(painful ang sex) (a) Sadism (active algolagnia) - sexual perversion
which inclict pain on another is necessary ; sexual
HYPER SEXUALITY ; enjoyment is pain. (ikaw ang nananakit)
1. Nymphomania (or furor uterinus) - female (b) Masochism (Passive Algolagnia) - refers to
psychological disorder characterized y an attainment of pain ang humiliation from opposite
overactive libido and an obsession with sex sex. (ikaw ang sinasaktan)
  Routine activities Theory - suitable target;
motivated offender; absent of guardians

Sexual Abnormalities as to the part of the body ;

 Victim Precipitation Theory - applies only
1. Sodomy - anus of another human being
victimization; by acting in certain provocation;
2. Uranism - fingering or fondling ng breast initiate
3. Frottage - ruubing (a) Active Precipitation - when victim
provocatively use treats or fighting words or even
4. Partialism - nagkakaron ng affinkitty sa ccertain attract first. (may ginawa ang victim/sinabi)
parts ex. Sa susu or paa or pwet
(b) Passive Precipitation - victim exhibits some
VICTIMOLOGY personal characters that unknowingly either
 Victimization threatens or encourage the attacker (nagtama lang
ang mata nakursunadahan agad)
 Victim-offender relationship
 Lifestyle Theory - ppl may become victim
 Victim-criminal justice system relationship because their lifestyle increases their exposure
 Victim and the media to criminal offenders

 Victims and the cost of crime  Deviant Place Theory - victims do not
encourage crime but are victim prone because
 Victim and social movements they reside in socially disorganized high crime
areas.

Victimity - refers to the state, quality or fact of Kinds of Crime Victims

being a victim 1. Direct or Primary Crime Victim - directly
Victimizer - refers to a person who victimize others suffer the harm or injury w/c is physical,
psychological and economic losses
2. Indirect or Secondary Crime Victim - who
THEORIES OF VICTIMIZATION experience the harm second hand such as intimate
 Lunckenbill’s (1977) Situatedd Transaction partner of rape victims etc. Ex. Police, bumbero
Model - explaining murder and homicide; may 3. Tertiary Victim - who experience the harm
gustong patunayan ang participants; victim ang vicariously, such as tru media accounts, scared
nag provoke at dahil ayaw ng criminal na public, or community.
napapahiya.
MENDELSOHN’S Type of Victim
- interpersonal level, crime and victimizatiton is a
contest of character. 1. Innocent - literal na victim lang

 Benjamin & Master’s Threefold Model - 2. Vctime w/ only minor guilt - ignorante ka kaya
victim
(a) Precipitation Factors - nasa maling lugar nasa
maling oras ka kaya ka naging victim 3. Victim who is just guilty as the offender -kasing
guilty ka ng offender x. voluntary victim - suicide
(b) Attracting Factors - choices, option, lifestyle
4. Victim guiltier than the offender -
(c) Predisposing Factors - sociodemographic provocation;initiation
chracteristic of victim; ex. Pagiging mahirap mo
5. The most guilty victim “who is guilty alone” -
unattacker na napatay nila in actof self defence
6. Imaginary Victim - mental disorder
(5)JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND JUVENILE
HANS VON HENTIG’S Taxonomy of murder JUSTICE SYSTEM
victims
 Juvenile Delinquent - acts committed by child
1. Depressive Type - submissive because of
 Status offense - nagiging mali lang pag bata
emotional problem
nag gumawa Ex. Smoking sig
2. Greedy of gain or Acquisitive Type - lacks all
 Truancy (ex. of status offense)- defined as
normal inhibition and well-founded suspicion ;
having unexcused absence from school for a
motivation for easy gain ; mabilis mascam
period of exceeding (20) days PD603 - hindi
3. Wanton or Overly Sensual Type - ruled by need sunod sunod na 20 days asta lagpas ng 20
passion and always seeking pleasure days walang justifiable reason.
4. Tormentor Type - attack from target of his or her  Parens Patriae philosophy - parents of the
abuse ; battered woman country ; state ang mag responsibilidad to
protect ppl na di kayang protektahan ang sarili
5. Lonesone Type - by compation of wanting
nila
copanionship or affection kaya nagiging victim ng
rape, murder  Presidential Decree 603 - “Child and Youth
Welfare code” - below 21 y/o refers to child
6. Heartbroken Type - emotionally disturbed virtue
minor or youth
by heartaches and pain
*Commencement of Civil Personality -
HANS VON HENTIG & MENDELSOHN
Naguumpisa ang civil personality or right from the
- father of victimology moment of conception/ nabuo sa sinapupunan.
Von Hentig’s Classes of Victime *Joint Parental Authority - father and mother has
responsibility sa anak, pag may disagreement,
1. The Young father’s decision will prevail. Pag naghiwalay- no
2. The Female child under 7 y/o ang ihihiwalay sa nanay (tender
years doctrine) pag over 7 - pwede sya magdecide.
3. The old
Absence of parents
4. The Mentally Defect
1. Grandparent
5. The Immigrant - baguhan
2. Oldest sibling
6. The Minorities (discriminations)
3. Relative
4. Guardian appointed by the court
*Dependent Child - walang parents, guardian,
custodian at depende sa public or ibang tao
*Abandoned Child - iniwanan kinalimutan ng
parents; hindi na nya nakikita ang parents sa loob
ng 6months na tuloy tuloy sa PD 603; based on RA
9523- 3months
*Neglected child - deliberately unattended or 4. 15 y/o but below 18 y/o bawal magwork ng
inadequately unattended; di nabibigay ang needs 10am-6am
 Children as hereby as Zones of Peace in
situation of armed conflict
PD 603
 Children shall be given priority during
 Youthful Offender Defined - one who over 9
evacuation as a result of armed conflict
y/o but under 12 y/o at the time of commission
of crime (RA 9344 - CICL) RA 9344 - Creating Juvenile and welfare council
under DOJ; Juvenile Justice and welfare act of
9 or under; over 9 and under 15 w/o discernment -
2006; nung una under ito ng DOJ
EXEMPTED ; Over 9 and under 15 w/
discernment - NOT EXEMPTED - cover (CICL and Child at Risk)
RA 7610 RA 10630 - Juvenile Justice and Welfare Council
under DSWD; created Bahay Pagasa - inilipat
Special Protection Act Against Exploitation and
ang pamamalakad ng JJSC from DOJ to DSWD
Discrimination Act
- nagkaroon na ng bahay pagasa
 Children - refers to under 18; or over 18 but
unable to fully take care of themselves - both of this laws explain ang minimun age ng
(neglect,cruelty,exploitation or disability) criminal responsibility
 Child Prostitution - for money, binebenta ang  Exact 15 y/o ang bata ; over 15 and under 18
bata; binubugaw w/O discernment (EXEMPTED ) intervention
 Child Trafficking - pnagbebenta ang bata - ibinabalik sa magulang o sa may custody,
pagbinalik (community based intervention); Bahay
 Obscene Publication and Indecent shows -
Pag-asa (center based intervention)
kahalayan
- minimun age 12 y/o
RA 7658 - Act Prohibiting the employment of
Children below 15 of age in public and private -ang bata ay nakagawa ng Serious Crime ex.
undertakings Parricide, Murder 12 y/o (considered as neglected
Child) mandatory syang dalhin sa Bahay Pag-asa
 Pwede namn mag work ang 15 as long as under
“Intensive Juvenile Intervention and Support Center
direct responsibility by parents ; Essential
(IJISC)
participation hal. Commertial ng diaper baby.
-above 12-15 y/o nakagawa for the 2nd time (IJISC)
 Join Parental Responsibility - magulang ng
RA 9231 - Act Prohibiting the Employment
mga bata, magundergo ng counseling both
below 15 years of age in Public and Private
parents and child
Undertakings
 Over 15 under 18 w discernment - NOT
HOURS:
(EXEMPTED) diversion - paghindi lalagpas
1. Below 15 - hindi pwede lagpas 24 hours kada ng 6yrs and penalty.
week, hindi pwedeng lagpas 4 hours kada araw
- pag lagpas ng 6y/o or ayaw ng magulang sa
2. 15 y/o but below 18 - hindi lalagpas ng 8 hours diversion - proceed sa prosecution
kada araw at hindi lalagpas 40 hours kada week
 authomatic suspension of sentence - hanggat
3. Below 15 y/o hindi pwede mag work 6pm-6am di sya 18, pwedeng manatili sya sa DSWD dun
sya mag sserve ng sentence.
- kahit lagpas na ng 18 as long as below 18 nya  Hostage - one who has been held by
nagawa ang crime. Mag stay sya ng hanggang 18 perpetrators against his/her will
pwedeng mas maaga pag maganda ang progress at
 Hostage-taker - indi or group who hold
kung ddi nag papakita ng progress or pasaway
another person against their will as their
naeextend sya minsan until 21 y/o.
bargaining chips
TERMS TO REMEMBER
DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND CRISIS/
 Stockholm Syndrome - hostage has posistive or
INCIDENT MANAGEMENT
mutual feeling with hostage taker
 Crisis Management - expert handling of a
 Lima Syndrome - pag ang nanghostage ang
crisis or emergency
naaawa sa kanyang hostage
 Emergency - situation is still controllable
 London Syndrome - belligerence and non-
 Crisis- situation is already beyond normal ccoperation - nanlalaan.
control
 Stronghold - location or structure san hinostage
 Disaster - if crisis is not controllable
 Proof of life - na buhay ang hostage
“Commander should not negotiate, negotiator
Phases of Crisis Management should not command”
1. Proactive - wala pang nangyayare Cardinal Rule in Negotiation
2. Reactive - may nangyayare na During hostage taking situation, the hostage-
taker can either;
3. Post Conflict - tapos na recovery healing na
1. Choose martyrdon, kill the hostage, and commit
5P Crisis Management Model:
suicide
 Proactive Phase
2. Less one’s demand to a more achievable
1. Predict proportion and continue negotiation
2. Prepare 3. Surrender to the police
3. Prevent Important to know that the basic policy in Hostage
taking incident is “no concession to hostage takers”
 Reactive Phase
-last result is assault
4. Perform
 Concession - giving in to the demand
 Post Incident Phase
 Pay-off - delivery of the ransom
5. Post-Action
 Compromise - an agreement or a settlement of
INTRODUCTION TO HOSTAGE TAKING a dispute that is reached by each side making
SITUATION concessions.
 Hostage Situation - refers to a set of Negotiable - food, cigar, dribks, alcohol, transfo
circumstances, wherein a suspected law
violator holds a person captive w/ the use of Non-negotiable - weapons, drugs, release of
force and threat of violence while the law prisoner, exchange of hostage.
enforcement officer officers are in close contact
DISPUTE RESOLUTION
with the suspect and his captive
- one of the function of sound policing system
Dispute - disagreement, argument or controversy
that gives rise to a legal proceeding such as
arbitration, mediation, lawsuit.

Types of Dispute Resolution

1. Litigation - dumaan sa court.
2. Alternative Dispute Resolution - arbitration,
mediation, negotiation.
TYPES OF ADR (RA 9285 - Alternative Dispute
Resolution Act of 2004)
1. Arbitration - means voluntary dispute resolution
process in w/c one or more arbitrators.
 Arbitrator - means the person apponted to
render an award, alone or with other, in a
dispute that is the subject of an arbitration
agreement
 Award - any partial or final decision
 Commercial Arbitration - “commercial if it
covers matter arising from all relationships of a
commercial nature, whether contractual or not”
2. Mediation - voluntary process in w/c a mediator,
selected y the disputing parties, facilities
communication and negotiation and assist the m
parties in the parties in reaching a voluntary
agreement regarding a dispute
 Mediator - means a person who conducts
mediation
 Mediation Party - person who participates in a
mediation and whose consent is necessary to
resolve the dispute
 Court-Annexed Mediation - means any
Mediation process conducted under the
auspices of the court, aftter court has acquired
jurisdiction of the dispute
 Court- Referred Mediation - mediation
ordered by a court to conduct in accordance w/
the agreement of the parties when as action is
prematurely commenced in violation of such
agreement.