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Chænichthys rhinoceratus from Kerguelen’s Land (see Fig. 108,
p. 291); and Ch. esox from the Straits of Magelhaen.
Other genera belonging to this group are Aphritis, Acanthaphritis,
Eleginus, Chænichthys, and Chimarrhichthys from the South Pacific
and Antarctic zone; Cottoperca from the west coast of Patagonia;
Percophis from the coast of Southern Brazil; and Trichodon from the
coast of Kamtschatka.
3. In the Pinguipedina the body is covered with small scales; the
eye lateral; the lateral line continuous; and the intermaxillary is armed
with a larger tooth on its posterior portion, as in many Labroids.
Two genera, Pinguipes and Latilus, from various parts of tropical
and sub-tropical seas, belong to this group.
4. In the Pseudochromides, the lateral line is interrupted or not
continued to the caudal fin; they have one continuous dorsal only.
These fishes are inhabitants of coral reefs or coasts:
Opisthognathus, Pseudochromis, Cichlops, and Pseudoplesiops.
5. In the Nototheniina the lateral line is interrupted; and the
dorsal fin consists of two separate portions.
They (with others) represent in the Antarctic zone the Cottoids of
the Northern Hemisphere: they have the same habits as their
northern analogues. In Notothenia, which on the southern extremity
of South America, in New Zealand, Kerguelen’s Land, etc., is
represented by about twenty species, the body is covered with
ctenoid scales, and the bones of the head are unarmed; whilst
Harpagifer, a small species with a similar range as Notothenia, has
the body naked, and the operculum and sub-operculum armed with
long and strong spines.
Ninth Family—Malacanthidæ.
Body elongate, with very small scales; mouth with thick lips; a
strong tooth posteriorly on the intermaxillary. Dorsal and anal fins
very long, the former with a few simple rays anteriorly; ventrals
thoracic, with one spine and five rays. Gill-opening wide, with the gill-
membranes united below the throat. Ten abdominal and fourteen
caudal vertebræ.
One genus only, Malacanthus, with three species from tropical
seas.
Tenth Family—Batrachidæ.
Head broad and thick; body elongate, compressed behind; skin
naked or with small scales. No bony stay for the præoperculum.
Teeth conical, small or of moderate size. The spinous dorsal consists
of two or three spines only; the soft and the anal long. Ventrals
jugular, with two soft rays; pectorals not pediculated. Gill-opening a
more or less vertical slit before the pectoral, rather narrow.
Carnivorous fishes, of small size, living on the bottom of the sea
near the coast in the tropical zone, some species advancing into the
warmer parts of the temperate zones.
Batrachus.—The spinous dorsal is formed by three stout spines.
Gill-covers armed with spines. Circumference of the mouth and other
parts of the head frequently provided with small skinny tentacles.
Some of the fishes of this genus possess a subcutaneous
spacious cavity behind the base of the pectoral fin, the inside of
which is coated with a reticulated mucous membrane. It opens by a
foramen in the upper part of the axil.—This apparatus is the same
which is found in many Siluroid fishes, and which has been noticed
above, p. 192. There cannot be any doubt that it is a secretory
organ, but whether the secretion has any poisonous properties, as in
the Siluroids, or as in Thalassophryne, has not been determined. No
instance of poisonous wounds having been inflicted by these fishes
is on record. Twelve species are known, the distribution of which
coincides with that of the family; one very fine species, B. didactylus,
occurs in the Mediterranean.
Thalassophryne.—The spinous dorsal is formed by two spines
only, each of which is hollow, like the opercular spine, and conveys
the contents of a poison-bag situated at its base. Canine teeth none.
Fig. 208.—Thalassophryne reticulata.
Two species are known from the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of
Central America. The poison-apparatus is more perfectly developed
than any other known at present in the class of fishes; it has been
described above, p. 192. The species figured, Th. reticulata, is not
uncommon at Panama, and attains to a length of fifteen inches.
Porichthys.—Two small dorsal spines; a canine tooth on each
side of the vomer.
Two species, from the Atlantic and Pacific sides of Central and
South America.
Eleventh Family—Psychrolutidæ.
Body rather elongate, naked; head broad. Spinous dorsal
separate or absent. Ventral fins close together, thoracic, composed
of a few rays. Teeth small. Three gills and a half; pseudobranchiæ
well developed; gill-openings of moderate width, the gill-membranes
being attached to the isthmus.
Of this family only two representatives are known, viz.
Psychrolutes paradoxus, from Vancouver’s Islands, without first
dorsal fin; and Neophrynichthys latus, from New Zealand, with two
dorsal fins. Both are very scarce marine fishes.
Twelfth Family—Pediculati.
Head and anterior part of the body very large, without scales. No
bony stay for the præoperculum. Teeth villiform or rasp-like. The
spinous dorsal is advanced forwards, composed of a few more or
less isolated spines, often transformed into tentacles; or entirely
absent. Ventral fins jugular, with four or five soft rays, sometimes
absent. The carpal bones are prolonged, forming a sort of arm,
terminating in the pectoral. Gill-opening reduced to a small foramen,
situated in or near the axil. Gills two and a half, or three, or three and
a half; pseudobranchiæ generally absent.
This family contains a larger number of bizarre forms than any
other; and there is, perhaps, none in which the singular organisation
of the fish is more distinctly seen to be in consonance with its habits.
Pediculates are found in all seas. The habits of all are equally
sluggish and inactive; they are very bad swimmers; those found near
the coasts lie on the bottom of the sea, holding on with their arm-like
pectoral fins by seaweed or stones, between which they are hidden;
those of pelagic habits attach themselves to floating seaweed or
other objects, and are at the mercy of wind and current. A large
proportion of the genera, therefore, have gradually found their way to
the greatest depths of the ocean; retaining all the characteristics of
their surface-ancestors, but assuming the modifications by which
they are enabled to live in abyssal depths.
Lophius.—Head exceedingly large, broad, depressed, with the
eyes on its upper surface; cleft of the mouth very wide. Jaws and
palate armed with rasp-like depressible teeth of unequal size. Body
naked; bones of the head armed with numerous spines. The three
anterior dorsal spines are isolated, situated on the head, and modified
into long tentacles; the three following spines form a continuous fin;
the soft dorsal and anal short. Gills three. Young individuals have the
tentacles beset with lappets, and most of the fin-rays prolonged into
filaments.
These fishes are well known under the names “Fishing-Frog,”
“Frog-fishes,” “Anglers,” or “Sea-devils.” They are coast-fishes, living
at very small depths. Four species are known: the British species (L.
piscatorius) found all round the coasts of Europe and Western North
America, and on the Cape of Good Hope; a second (Mediterranean)
species, L. budegassa; L. setigerus from China and Japan; and L.
naresii from the Admiralty Islands.
Thirteenth Family—Cottidæ.
Form of the body oblong, sub-cylindrical. Cleft of the mouth
lateral. Dentition feeble, generally in villiform bands. Some bones of
the head are armed; and a bony stay connects the præopercular
spine with the infraorbital ring. Two dorsal fins (rarely one), the
spinous being less developed than the soft and than the anal.
Ventrals thoracic, with five or less soft rays.
The fishes of this family are of small size, bad swimmers, and
generally living on the bottom, near the coasts, of almost all the
arctic, temperate, and tropical seas. Only a few live in fresh water.
They prefer shallow to deep water; and there is only one instance
known of a member of this family living at a great depth, viz. Cottus
bathybius from the Japanese sea, which is stated to have been
dredged in a depth of 565 fathoms. Fossil representatives are few in
number: two or three species of Trigla; others, although having a
general resemblance to the genus Cottus, were covered with ctenoid
scales, and therefore are referred to a distinct genus, Lepidocottus;
they are from tertiary formations.
Cottus.—Head broad, depressed, rounded in front; body sub-
cylindrical, compressed posteriorly. Scaleless; lateral line present.
Pectoral rounded, with some or all the rays simple. Jaws and vomer
with villiform teeth; palatine teeth none.
The “Bull-heads” or “Miller’s Thumbs” are small fishes from the
shores and fresh waters of the northern temperate zone. Some forty
species are known; the greater number live in the northern half of the
temperate zone. On the shore, as well as in rivers, they prefer rocky
or stony to muddy ground, lying concealed between the stones, and
watching for their prey, which consists of small crustaceans and
other aquatic animals. The common British Miller’s Thumb (C. gobio)
is found in almost all suitable fresh waters of Northern and Central
Europe, especially in small streams, and extends into Northern Asia.
Other freshwater species abound in North America and Northern
Asia. Cottus scorpius and C. bubalis, the common European marine
species, range across the Atlantic to the American coasts. The male
is said to construct a nest, for the reception of the spawn, of
seaweeds and stones, and to anxiously watch and defend his
offspring. The spine at the angle of the præoperculum, which is
simple in the majority of the freshwater species, is frequently armed
with accessory processes, and antler-like, in marine.
Cantridermichthys differs from Cottus in having teeth on the
palatine bones.
Eleven species are known, distributed like Cottus, but absent in
Europe and North-western Asia.
Icelus.—Head large, armed at the gill-covers and on the neck;
body with a dorsal series of bony plates from the neck to the base of
the caudal; lateral line with osseous tubercles; scattered scales on the
sides and abdomen. Ventrals thoracic, with less than five rays. No
pectoral filaments. Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and
palatine bones.
Represents Cottus in the far north; I. hamatus is common in
Spitzbergen and Greenland, and has been found in abundance in
lat. 81° 44’.
Platycephalus.—Head broad, much depressed, more or less
armed with spines; body depressed behind the head, sub-cylindrical
towards the tail, covered with ctenoid scales. Two dorsal fins; the first
spine isolated from the others. Ventrals thoracic, but rather remote
from the base of the pectorals. Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the
vomer and palatine bones.
Two dorsal fins. Three free pectoral rays. Villiform teeth. Air-
bladder generally with lateral muscles, often divided into two lateral
halves. The species may be referred to three groups:—
1. Palatine teeth none; scales exceedingly small, except those of
the lateral line: Trigla.
2. Palatine teeth none; scales of moderate size: Lepidotrigla.
3. Palatine teeth present: Prionotus.
Fig. 214.—Trigla pleuracanthica.
Fourteenth Family—Cataphracti.
Form of the body elongate, sub-cylindrical. Dentition feeble. Body
completely cuirassed with osseous keeled scales or plates. A bony
stay connects the angle of the præoperculum with the infraorbital
ring. Ventrals thoracic.
Marine fishes, and partly pelagic. Petalopteryx, from the chalk of
Mount Lebanon, is supposed to have a resemblance to
Dactylopterus.
Agonus.—Head and body angular, covered with bony plates. Two
dorsal fins; no pectoral appendages. Small teeth in the jaws.
Small fishes, from the northern parts of the temperate zone and
extending into the Arctic Ocean; the genus reappears in the
Southern Hemisphere on the coast of Chile. Of the eleven species
known, one (A. cataphractus) is not uncommon on the coast of Great
Britain.
Aspidophoroides, from Greenland, has a very similar form of the
body, but possesses one short dorsal fin only.
Siphagonus.—With the snout produced into a long tube like a
Syngnathus; chin prominent, with a barbel.
From Behring’s Strait and Japan.
Peristethus.—Head parallelopiped, with the upper surface and
the sides entirely bony; each præorbital prolonged into a long flat
process, projecting beyond the snout. Body cuirassed with large bony
plates. One continuous dorsal, or two dorsals, of which the second is
the more developed. Two free pectoral appendages. Teeth none;
lower jaw with barbels.
Singularly shaped fishes, of rather small size, from the
Mediterranean, the warmer parts of the Atlantic, and the Indian
Ocean; of the ten species known one species only has been found in
the Pacific, near the Sandwich Islands. The European species is P.
cataphractum. They are not common, and probably inhabit greater
depths than the Gurnards, with which they have much in common as
regards their habits.
Fifteenth Family—Pegasidæ.
Body entirely covered with bony plates, anchylosed on the trunk
and movable on the tail. Barbels none. The margin of the upper jaw
is formed by the intermaxillaries and their cutaneous prolongation,
which extends downwards to the extremity of the maxillaries. Gill-
cover formed by a large plate, homologous to the operculum,
præoperculum, and sub-operculum; interoperculum a long fine bone,
hidden below the gill-plate. One rudimentary branchiostegal. The gill-
plate is united with the isthmus by a narrow membrane; gill-openings
narrow, in front of the base of the pectoral fin. Gills four, lamellated.
Pseudobranchiæ and air-bladder absent. One short dorsal and anal
fin, opposite to each other. Ventral fin present. Ovarian sacs closed.
One genus only is known, Pegasus. Its pectoral fins are broad,
horizontal, long, composed of simple rays, some of which are
sometimes spinous. Ventral fins one- or two-rayed. Upper part of the
snout produced into a shorter or longer process. Mouth inferior,
toothless. Suborbital ring well developed, forming a suture with the
gill-cover. Vertebræ in small number, thin; no ribs. Four species are
known, two of which are of a shorter, and the two others of a longer
form. The former are P. draconis, common in the Indian Ocean, and
P. volans, which is frequently stuck by the Chinese into the insect-
boxes which they manufacture for sale. The two elongate species, P.
natans and P. lancifer, are from the Chinese and Australian coasts.
They are all very small fishes, probably living on sandy shoal places
near the coast.
First Family—Discoboli.
Body thick or oblong, naked or tubercular. Teeth small. Ventral
fins with one spine and five rays, all being rudimentary and forming
the osseous support of a round disk, which is surrounded by a
cutaneous fringe. Gill-openings narrow, the gill-membranes being
attached to the isthmus.
Carnivorous fishes, living at the bottom of the shores of northern
seas. By their ventral disk they are enabled to attach themselves
very firmly to rocks.
Cyclopterus.—Body thick, short, covered with a viscous,
tubercular skin. Head large, snout short. Villiform teeth in the jaws,
none on the palate. Skeleton soft, with but little earthy matter.
Fig. 218.—Cyclopterus lumpus. a, Ventral disk.
Three species of “Lump-suckers” are known from the northern
temperate and the arctic zones. The common North European and
North American species, C. lumpus, is known also by the names of
“Cock- and Hen-Paddle.” It attains to a length of twenty-four inches,
but generally is much smaller. It is difficult to remove it from any
object to which it once has attached itself by means of its sucking-
disk. Its skin is so thick as to more or less entirely conceal the first
dorsal fin; it is covered with rough tubercles, the larger ones being
arranged in four series along each side of the body. In young
specimens these tubercles are absent. The arctic species, C.
spinosus, has large conical plates on the head and body, each plate
with a spine in the centre. Also of this species the young are naked,
the plates making only gradually their appearance, in the form of
groups of tubercles. Their development is irregular, as young
specimens of the same size may be entirely naked or tubercular.
This species ranges beyond the 81° lat. N.