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MSSD DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 54

DEMAND PROJECTIONS FOR POULTRY PRODUCTS AND

POULTRY FEEDS IN BANGLADESH

Nabiul Islam

Markets and Structural Studies Division

International Food Policy Research Institute

2033 K Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20006 U.S.A.
http://www. ifpri.org

January 2003

MSSD Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results, and are circulated prior to a
full peer review in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most Discussion
Papers will eventually be published in some other form, and that their content may also be revised. This
paper is available http://www.cgiar.org/ifpri/divs/mssd/dp.html
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The research was carried out under Food Management Research Support Project

(FMRSP), BIDS-IFPRI, Dhaka and was funded by USAID.

I wish to thank Dr. Quazi Shahabuddin, Research Director, BIDS and Dr. Paul

Dorosh, Chief of Party, FMRSP IFPRI, Dhaka for their valuable comments on an earlier

version of this Report. In estimating consumption of poultry products, the research has

largely used the primary data generated by the Flood Impact Study, FMRSP IFPRI,

Dhaka which was led by Dr. Carlo Del Ninno. I gratefully acknowledge the generous

help offered by him in this respect. I have also benefited from the extremely useful and

constructive comments made by Dr. Chris Delgado on an earlier draft of this report. The

research assistance provided by Ayub Ali Khan, Taskina Huq, Kaniz Shamima Islam and

Daudur Rahman is gratefully acknowledged.

However, the author remains responsible for any errors or shortcomings.

 ABSTRACT

The analysis carries out demand projections for poultry products and poultry feeds in

Bangladesh over the next 20 years. Using separate rural and urban consumption data and

income elasticities of demand, the national consumption of eggs is projected to be 5,866

million for 2020. The corresponding consumption of meat is projected to be 307 thousand

tons. The estimated use of grains (wheat and maize) as poultry feeds ranges from 867 to 898

thousand tons for the year 2020, depending on the approach adopted. The requirement of

wheat as poultry feed is only 8 per cent of the total domestic production while the

requirement of maize as poultry feed is as high as nearly 8 times its domestic production.

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1

2. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................3
Existing Literature and Major Data Sources.................................................................... 3
Data Source .....................................................................................................................4
Estimation Procedures .........................................................................................................6
Demand Approach ..........................................................................................................6
Trends Approach.............................................................................................................7
Estimate for Consumption on Poultry Products..............................................................9
Estimate for Poultry Population ....................................................................................10
Estimate for Scavenging Birds......................................................................................10

3. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS..................................................................................................12

Per Household and Per Capita Consumption of Poultry Products for 2000 ......................12
National Consumption of Poultry Products for the Base Year 2000 .................................14
Projections of Consumption of Poultry Products (Demand Approach).............................16
Projections of Poultry Population (Trends Approach).......................................................19
Projected Use of Grain (Wheat And Maize) for Poultry Feeds .........................................26

4. CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................................................30

REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................37

ii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1—Per Household and Per Capita Consumption of Poultry Products in Bangladesh
Diet (2000) ................................................................................................................. 14
Table 2—National Consumption of Poultry Products (2000)............................................ 16
Table 3—Projected Consumption of Poultry Products in Bangladesh............................... 18
Table 4—Projections for Supply Indicators for Poultry
(Based on Past Trend Growth Rates) .......................................................................... 21
Table 5—Projections of Poultry Population (Trends Approach) ....................................... 23
Table 6—Projections of Poultry Population by Scavenging (Village) and Commercial
Type in Bangladesh (Trends Approach) .................................................................... 25
Table 7—Projected Use of Grain (Wheat and Maize) as Poultry Feeds ........................... 28
Table 8—Projected Use of Grain (Wheat and Maize) for Poultry Feeds in Bangladesh
(Demand Approach): Under Various Scenarios .......................................................... 35
Table 9—Projected Use of Grain (Wheat and Maize) for Poultry Feeds in Bangladesh
(Trends Approach): Under Various Scenarios ............................................................ 36

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

Table A. 1—Estimated Trend Equations for Relevant Indicators....................................... 22

Table A. 2—Household Structure and Proportions of Sample Households Consuming
Poultry Birds and Products by Land Holdings ............................................................ 23
Table A. 3—Farm Size by Chicken Type by Division ...................................................... 25
Table A. 4—Use of Grain (Wheat and Maize) for Producing Eggs and Meat in
Bangladesh.................................................................................................................. 27
Table A. 5—Consumption of Grain (Wheat and Maize) as Poultry Feeds in
Bangladesh (2000) ...................................................................................................... 29

iii
 DEMAND PROJECTIONS FOR POULTRY PRODUCTS
AND POULTRY FEEDS IN BANGLADESH

Nabiul Islam1

1. INTRODUCTION

The poultry sub-sector is crucially important in the context of agricultural growth

and improvement of diets of people in Bangladesh. The sub-sector is particularly important

in that it is a significant source for the supply of protein and nutrition in a household's

nutritional intake. It is an attractive economic activity as well, especially to women and poor

population.

One of the major problems of development of the poultry sub-sector in Bangladesh

relates to lack of sufficient and appropriate feeds (Mitchell 1997; Alam 1997). Relevant

research suggests that a high priority is given on the improvement of feed supply in the sub-

sector, which is expected to help in developing resistance to diseases, on the one hand, and

production of quality products, on the other.

Poultry farms in Bangladesh are growing fast in recent times. With a high

population and income growth, urbanisation and high income elasticity of demand, the

demand for poultry products is expected to increase appreciably in the future. Hence,

poultry farms are also expected to increase over time. Wheat and maize together constitute

over half in total poultry feeds, of which a little less than four-fifths is maize and about

one-fifth is wheat. Although the use of wheat and maize for livestock and poultry feed is

1
Research Fellow, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies

1
growing rapidly in developing countries, in general (Sarma 1997), this has not yet reached to

a significant proportion in Bangladesh. Maize in Bangladesh is still a minor crop in terms of

acreage, equal to only 3 per cent of wheat area and 0.2 per cent of rice area. Although it is

possible to produce maize throughout the year, maize is currently produced in the country

largely in winter season.

Wheat and maize are important components of poultry feeds. The demand for wheat

and maize, therefore, is expected to increase with the growth of poultry farms in the country.

The demand for both livestock and poultry feeds appear to be currently met from only

imports, and at seemingly relatively higher costs. In view of this, the domestic production of

maize and wheat has an important role to play in the development of poultry vis-à-vis

agriculture sector in Bangladesh.

Against this background and the fact that there exists a large potential (even for

export) for the poultry sub-sector in Bangladesh, the major objective of this study is to carry

out demand projections for poultry and poultry products, and thus address the potential of

the grain (maize, in particular) economy, through carrying out demand projections for

poultry feeds in Bangladesh. More specifically, the study aims to estimate the total use of

feed as grain by the poultry sub-sector, through assessing the current levels of demand and

supply of poultry and poultry products.

2
 2. METHODOLOGY

EXISTING LITERATURE AND MAJOR DATA SOURCES

Research on livestock resources in Bangladesh, in general, and poultry sub-sector, in

particular, is rather limited. The major contributors include Alam (1995, 1997), Mitchell

(1997), Quasem (2001) and the studies conducted by the Department of Livestock from

time to time.

The research by Alam (1995), which has been later updated (Alam 1997), is an

useful document on livestock resources in Bangladesh, presenting the existing status and the

future potential of the sub-sector. The research, concentrating more on cattle and buffaloes,

estimated livestock (including poultry) population and products and their growth rates as of

1994-95. The research also delineated the socio-economic aspects of livestock including

identifying the constraints to livestock production. Mitchell (1997), which is a policy paper,

based on a mission to Bangladesh, outlined the problems and prospects of livestock sector. It

also covered consumption and marketing aspects of poultry products in Bangladesh, largely

using data generated by FAO Yearbook (1997). The paper by Haque and Raha (1997) is a

research note concentrating on maize marketing in Bangladesh at the micro level. The study

by Saha and Asaduzzaman (1998) discussed the present status of production organisation

and technology, concentrating on the poultry sub-sector with special emphasis on

disaggregated input-output structure for the sub-sector. This was a background study,

aiming at estimating relevant input-output coefficients for use in the construction of the

national input-output table. The study by Quasem (2001), undertaken simultaneously with

3
the present study under the Food Management and Research Support Project (FMRSP),

discussed survey results showing the principal characteristics of poultry farms and the

efficiency of their feeding practices at both household and commercial levels.

This study has also consulted other documents published elsewhere, such as Sarma

(1986) and Mink (1987). Sarma (1986), a Research Report published by IFPRI

(Washington), is concerned with the analysis and projections (to 2000) of use of cereals for

livestock feed in developing countries. Mink (1987) has addressed the use of corn in

livestock feed and the future of the corn economy in Indonesia. The study focussed on

current levels of corn use and likely future growth of corn-based livestock feeds in

Indonesia.

Despite the availability of the studies mentioned above, knowledge about aspects

relating to supply and demand of poultry feed in Bangladesh is rather limited. In particular,

data on the present poultry population and poultry products, disaggregated by commercial

and scavenging nature, are not available in any of the studies mentioned above.

Data Sources

The study is largely based on information from secondary sources; Agricultural

Censuses (1960, 1977; 1983-84, 1996) are the main sources of historical data on poultry

population. FAO Yearbook (1997) was also a source in this respect. However, such

information are supplemented by primary data generated from field surveys. A basic

problem with the analysis of poultry population and feed trends relates to the lack of

reliable and adequate data on their use by type of feed and by category of poultry output.

4
In particular, the data on poultry population, disaggregated by scavenging type and

commercial farms in rural and urban Bangladesh, are sparse. The consumption data for

rural households have been primarily collected from the Flood Impact Study, FMRSP

(Ninno and Roy, 1999). Those for urban households have largely been based on

Household Expenditure Survey.

As will be seen later, the commercial farms are the prime focus of the current

analysis, as few scavenging birds are likely to have direct grain-feed requirements. The data

on current poultry production system, generated by the field surveys, have been used. The

data on various aspects such as feeding practices, feed requirements and farm size by type,

collected from the surveys by Quasem (2001), have been used.

A rapid market survey including a few key-informant interviews was also

conducted. Data and information collected are, among others: (1) feeding requirements and

practices of scavenging birds; (2) proportion of scavenging and commercial birds; (3)

proportion of scavenging layers and broilers; (4) proportion of commercial layers and

broilers; (5) average life span of various types of birds; (6) average eggs produced by

scavenging layers and commercial layers; (7) average weight of live birds and meat

produced by various types of birds; (8) wheat consumed by scavenging birds; (9) age and

productive age of various birds; and (10) mortality rate of various types of birds. The key-

informant techniques of data collection were adopted also to supplement the information

collected from secondary sources to make projections of growth of poultry farms and

poultry products.

5
ESTIMATION PROCEDURES

Demand Approach

The major theme of this study component involves carrying out projections of

demand for poultry feeds and its implications for wheat and maize production. For this

purpose, the projection of poultry and poultry products has to be carried out first. Two

approaches can be employed to estimate the medium and long- term demand for use of grain

as poultry feeds. One approach involves projecting demand derived from the consumption

of poultry products (meat and eggs). The approach may be called "Demand Approach" 2. In

usual conditions, demand for poultry products is expected to increase with the increase in

consumer income up to a certain time3. Thus, the projection of growth in demand for

products requires incorporation of income growth and income elasticities of demand.

Preferably, demand for poultry products should be disaggregated by income or socio-

ecnomic groups, to allow differential impacts across different groups, in both rural and

urban areas. Moreover, in this approach, the factors such as population and urbanisation

growth have to be taken into account in the estimation of future feed demand.

The responsiveness of demand for poultry products to per capita income growth has

to be estimated from some past studies. It could be ideal to have separate elasticity estimates

for village and commercial poultry products, presumably because of potential variations of

2
The approach is largely drawn from the Indonesian study by Mink (1987).
3
As will be seen later, the estimates are carried out under various scenarios, such as declining demand
elasticites.

6
qualities and tastes in these two markets. With the help of these income elasticities and base

year data for consumption per capita, consumption of poultry products (separately for meat

and eggs) can be projected through incorporating, among others, growth in population,

urbanisation and income. Such quantities of poultry products can be translated into feed

requirements and finally into projected use of grain and demand for poultry feeds. These

estimates are carried out, preferably disaggregated by village (scavenging) and commercial

poultry birds, using appropriate feed coefficients.

Trends Approach

Future feed requirements can also be projected based on the growth in poultry

population. An alternative approach, thus, involves assessing future feed requirements

through estimating historical trends of growth in the poultry population. The approach may

be termed as Trends Approach.

If supply constraints are more likely to dominate the demand characteristics in

determining the growth of poultry, this approach may be more appropriate to project the

future poultry population. In this approach, the rate of increase in the poultry population can

be estimated by analysing the past trends. Both simple linear trends and log-linear trends

from the time series data on poultry populations have been examined. However, the latter

type of trend estimates has proven to be more appropriate.

7
 Both the approaches require the knowledge of current poultry production system so

that the number of poultry or the quantity of poultry products can be translated into feed

requirements and thus determine the implications for domestic production of wheat and

maize.

In the Trends Approach, the estimates for projected poultry populations have been

used to project future feed requirements and subsequent use of grain (wheat and maize),

through using appropriate feed coefficients. The poultry population have been disaggregated

by village (scavenging) and commercial birds (layers and broilers), as the feeding practices

vary significantly among these three types of birds, as observed from our field surveys.

This study employs both the approaches in order to obtain a range of demand

estimates for the use of grain as poultry feeds, for the years 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020. The

year 2000 is considered as the base year. Presumably because of variations in feeding

practices and hence feed consumption level (in terms of type and quality, for example) field

data were collected from poultry farms of three categories: (1) village birds (household-

level); (2) small commercial farms; and (3) large commercial farms. The first category is, by

and large, of scavenging nature while the second and third type lives on improved feeds

such as ‘concentrates'. It is envisaged that, generally, the first type exists in rural areas and

the other two types exist in urban and semi-urban areas. So, broadly two markets for poultry

feeds exist: rural and urban. The small commercial farms, largely located in semi-urban

areas, by and large, have less refrigeration and modern processing facilities while large

commercial enterprises, located largely in urban areas, use relatively modern production

technology. Therefore, it is envisaged that the categorisation of poultry birds into three types

8
will cover both rural and urban markets and enterprises. The analysis, thus, needs to be

disaggregated into village (scavenging) birds and commercial birds as much as possible.

Estimate for Consumption on Poultry Products

As already mentioned, there is a serious data constraint for consumption of poultry

products from secondary sources. Some data on consumption aspects, however, were

compiled from the Flood Impact Study (Ninno and Roy, 1999) conducted by FMRSP-IFPRI

during 1998-99. The broad objective of the Flood Impact Study was to assess socio-

economic impacts on households due to the 1998 flood. The study was carried out in three

rounds, at three different points of time: two months after the 1998 flood (November-

December, 1998), seven months after the flood (April-May, 1999) and 14 months after the

flood (November-December 1999). The survey covered 155 villages across 7 districts and

generated longitudinal data sets at the three points of time, by interviewing the same set of

757 householders each time.

This study has used household data (by land categories) on consumption of poultry

products generated by the abovementioned survey. The poultry products considered in this

analysis include meat and eggs. For obvious reasons of potential adverse impacts on

households' consumption basket in the aftermath of the flood, the consumption data

collected for the third round (12 months after the flood) survey are used.

The abovementioned survey data, however, relate to consumption in rural areas.

Following this, consumption data for urban households are compiled from Household

9
Expenditure Survey (HES), which are available from several rounds of HES including

1995-96. The consumption data for the base year 2000 are estimated from trend analysis.

Estimate for Poultry Population

Historical data for poultry populations are even more sparse. The major sources of

data on poultry population are the censuses, Agricultural Census 1996, Agricultural

Census 1983-84, Agricultural Census 1977 and Agricultural Census 1960. The

information for the years between the censuses are collected from various sources such as

Alam (1997), FAO Yearbook (1997), USAID (1991), Livestock and Poultry Survey

(1988-89) and Department of Livestock Services. Trend estimates are carried out

separately for chicken and duck population4. Later, chicken populations are combined

with duck populations to represent total poultry population.

Estimate for Scavenging Birds

Poultry production is dominated by commercial farms, located in mostly urban

areas, and by chicken of scavenging nature, located in rural areas. The Department of

Livestock Services (DLS) keeps records for the poultry farms at the Thana level. These

records form the basis for an enumeration of the total number of commercial farms rearing

different species of poultry in the country. However, there is no updated published data on

poultry heads or the number of poultry farms.

Any projection of poultry feed requirements requires first the estimate of total

4
The trend estimates are carried out by fitting semi-logarithmic models.

10
poultry population, disaggregated by village poultry (of scavenging nature) and grain-

consuming commercial birds (layers and broilers). A basic problem of this analysis relates to

lack of reliable and adequate data on poultry populations. Moreover, whatever data

available, are not disaggregated by scavenging and commercial birds, let alone by layer and

broiler type. In particular, there is serious lack of data on birds of scavenging nature. Official

sources (e.g. Agricultural Censuses, Livestock Department and FAO Yearbook) do not have

such disaggregated data. These sources only suggest the total poultry population and the

number of commercial farms. Hence, the only way of estimating the scavenging birds is by

subtracting the number of commercial birds from the total poultry population, through use

of data collected from the field surveys and key-informant interviews.

The Livestock Department suggests that of all the private commercial farms,

about 22 per cent are broiler and 78 per cent are layer farms. Our key-informant

interviews and expert opinions suggest that 19 per cent of the commercial farms are

broiler and 81 per cent are layer farms. Our sample survey of 71 commercial poultry

farms shows that the average number of bird per broiler farm is 622 and 1544 for a small

and large-scale unit, respectively. The corresponding bird size of layer type estimates as

607 and 4870 at small and large scale, respectively. These figures for the per enterprise

bird size appear to be on a very high side, presumably because of the large share of the

sample from in and around Dhaka city5.

Unofficial data compiled from the Livestock Department, however, show that

average (weighted) number of bird per private commercial farm is in the range of 640 and

5
For example, the broiler and layer farms, located in Gazipur, (near Dhaka City), have an average size of as
high as 1833 and 7572, respectively.

11
485 for layer and broiler type respectively (Appendix Table A.3). Using these figures for

average farm size, the total birds under private farms are estimated. The deduction of this

from the total poultry population, estimated earlier, gives the estimate of scavenging birds

for various years. Later, however, these are cross-checked with similar data collected from

the field surveys and key-informant interviews.

3. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

As already mentioned, the study employs two approaches in order to obtain a range

of projection for use of grain (wheat and maize) as poultry feeds, for the years 2005, 2010,

2015 and 2020. The year 2000 is considered as the base year. The first approach, the

Demand Approach, involves projecting demand for grain derived from the projected

consumption of poultry products (meat and eggs). The consumption per capita, multiplied

by population (urban and rural), gives estimates of rural and urban demand for poultry

products. Finally, the total demand for poultry products is projected through incorporating,

growth in population, urbanization, income, income elasticities, and other factors.

PER HOUSEHOLD AND PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF POULTRY PRODUCTS

FOR 2000

Two data sources, Flood Impact Study, FMRSP (primary data) and Household

Expenditure Survey (HES) (secondary data), have been used to estimate per household and

per capita consumption of poultry products.

Since the demand for poultry products is likely to be income-elastic it is important to

use consumption data disaggregated by various socio-economic groups to allow potential

12
variations among such groups. Such data disaggregations are expected to give better

estimates of aggregate data at national level.

Per capita consumption estimates of poultry products for farm households in rural

areas (disaggregated by land categories) are compiled from the first source6. Table 1 gives

such data on per household and per capita consumption (by land holding categories) in

selected areas of rural Bangladesh for the year 2000. It can be seen that per capita and per

household consumption of poultry products, as expected, vary significantly with various

land-holding households. Since these data relate to only rural areas, per capita consumption

data for urban households are compiled from the second source (HES data), which are

available for 1995-96. The data for the year 2000 are estimated from trend analysis.

As is evident from the Estimate 1 (FMRSP data) presented in Table 1, within the

rural households per capita consumption of both poultry meat and eggs almost

systematically increases with the increase in land holdings. Per capita consumption of meat

for the landless households, for example, estimated as 1.13 kgs (per annum), which

increases to 2.92 kgs (per annum) for the large land-holding category. Similarly, per capita

consumption of eggs for the landless households estimates as 16 kgs (per annum), which

increases to 25 kgs (per annum) for the large farmers. For the rural areas, as a whole, per

capita consumption of chicken meat and eggs per annum estimates are 1.03 kg and 18.1 kgs

respectively.

6
Flood Impact Study (1999), FMRSP, IFPRI. Farmers are grouped into four land holding categories:
marginal, small, medium and large, according to operated land. Consumption refers to that in the previous
month of the time of the survey (See Table 1).

13
Table 1—Per Household and Per Capita Consumption of Poultry Products in
Bangladesh Diet (2000)

Chicken Meat Chicken Eggs

Estimate 1 Estimate 2 Estimate 1 Estimate 2
Farm's Category(1) Per Capita Per Capita Per Capita Per Capita
Consumption Consumption Consumption Consumption
(Kg/Year) (Kg/Year) (No./Year) (No./Year)
Rural Farm Households
Landless 1.13 NA 16.0 NA
Marginal 0.61 NA 14.8 NA
Small 1.24 NA 20.3 NA
Medium 1.30 NA 21.2 NA
Large 2.92 NA 25.0 NA
Rural Households 1.03 1.05 18.1 26.8
Urban Households NA 2.49 NA 43.3

(1)
Notes: Farmers are categorized according to operated land.
Marginal - 0.01 - <0.50 acre
Small - 0.50 - < 2.5 acres
Medium - 2.5 - < 5.0 acres
Large - > 5.0 acres
Sources: Estimate 1 is based on primary data on monthly per household consumption (for rural
households), generated from Flood Impact Study (1999), FMRSP.
Estimate 2 is based on several rounds of HES secondary data on per capita daily
consumption. The data for Estimate 2 are based on trend estimates.

In the case of computation from HES data (Estimate 2), obtained from trend

estimates, it is evident that per capita consumption of meat in rural areas (1.05 Kg) is almost

equal to that estimated from FMRSP data (1.03). However, the estimate for per capita eggs

based on HES data (26.8) differs significantly compared to that obtained from FMRSP data

(18.1).

NATIONAL CONSUMPTION OF POULTRY PRODUCTS FOR THE BASE YEAR

2000

Based on the per capita consumption figures, national consumption of poultry meat

and eggs for rural and urban households have been estimated, which are shown in Table 2.

As already mentioned, two data sources have been used to estimate consumptions of poultry

14
products. As can be seen from the Table, the total rural demand for poultry meat in the year

2000, based on FMRSP data, is estimated as 104 thousand metric tons7. The estimate based

on HES data is close to this, 106 thousand metric tons. The rural demand for poultry eggs in

the year 2000 is estimated as 1831 million, based on FMRSP data. The HES source,

however, estimates the rural demand for eggs at as high as 2711 million. Since the FMRSP

consumption data for rural households are the most recent and the data for urban households

are not available from this source, it is suggested that the analysis use a combination of the

two sources in estimating the national consumption. In other words, the analysis uses

FMRSP data for rural households and HES data for urban households in estimating the

national consumption. Thus, the national consumption of meat for the year 2000 is worked

out as 172 thousand metric tons while the consumption for eggs for the year 2000 is

estimated as 3007 millions8. These estimates have been used as the base year figures in the

projection exercise carried out below9.

7
The population for 2000 is estimated as 128.31 million, of which 101.14 million are rural and 27.17 million
are urban.
8
This figure includes duck eggs, The FAO Production Year Book (1997) estimates the hen eggs to be in
the range of 104 metric tons for 1997, about 2167 million eggs. The trend estimate of hen eggs for 2000 is
found to be 2658 million.
9
As will be seen below, in sensitive analysis, the projection is also carried out using exclusively HES
consumption data.

15
Table 2—National Consumption of Poultry Products (2000)

Farm's Category Total Consumption of Meat Total Consumption of Eggs

(000 Tons/Year) (Million No/Year)
Estimate 1(1) Estimate 2(2) Estimate 1(1) Estimate 2(2)
Rural Farm Households
Landless 7.34 - 103.91 -
Marginal 30.07 - 729.46 -
Small 38.37 - 628.21 -
Medium 11.82 - 181.57 -
Large 16.66 - 142.66 -
Rural Households 104.26 106.20 1831 2711
Urban Households NA 67.65 NA 1176
TOTAL 171.91 173.85 3007 3887

Notes: Poultry include duck population.

Land category proportions, collected from Bangladesh Economic Review, are taken as proxy for population
proportions (in corresponding categories).
Population in 2000 is estimated as 128.31 million, of which 101.14 million are rural and 27.17 million are urban.
Source: 1 Estimate 1 uses primary data from FMRSP (Flood Impact Study) for rural consumption, and HES secondary
data for urban consumption.
2
Estimate 2 uses HES data for both rural and urban areas.

PROJECTIONS OF CONSUMPTION OF POULTRY PRODUCTS

(DEMAND APPROACH)

The Demand Approach of the projection exercise (for selected years) requires that

the responsiveness of demand for poultry products to income growth be incorporated. Alam

(1995) estimated income elasticities as 1.23 for meat (all types) and 2.00 for eggs for the late

1990s. This study uses these figures of income elasticities in the projection exercise10. The

elasticity for meat (all types) has been used for chicken. Average annual income growth per

capita, estimated on the basis of past trends, is 2.83 per cent (See Appendix Table A.1 for

estimated equations). Projection for human population, total rural, and urban, is carried out

10
Alam (1995) suggested the elasticities to be tentatively 1.14 for meat and 1.67 for eggs for the year 2000, which was
suggested to be approximately further declining, by the year 2010, to 0.83 and 1.30 for meat and eggs, respectively. As will
be seen later, the two sets of elasticities have been used in carrying out a sensitivity analysis. Shahabuddin and Zohir
(1995) estimated income elasticity of meat (all types) in rural and urban Bangladesh as 1.2 and 1.4, respectively. The
estimated income elasticities for Indonesia are 2.2 for chicken meat and 1.6 for chicken eggs (Mink 1987).

16
and presented in Table 4.

Starting from the base year (2000) data, consumption of poultry products over the

years are projected incorporating growth in population, income, and income elasticities, for

poultry products. Table 3 presents projected total consumption of poultry products in

Bangladesh (Demand Approach) by poultry and poultry product type. Disaggregations by

poultry type and products are made using information collected from the market survey and

key-informant interviews.

As can be seen from Table 3, the projected national consumption of eggs are 4347

million, 4878 million, 5397 million and 5866 million for the years 2005, 2010, 2015 and

2020, respectively. Thus, the total consumption for eggs is projected to increase by 62 per

cent in year 2010 and by 95 per cent in year 2020.

The corresponding national consumption of meat are projected to be 227, 255, 283

and 307 thousand metric tons for the four selected years, respectively11. Thus, the total

consumption of meat is expected to increase by 48 per cent in year 2010 and by 78 per cent

in year 2020.

The projected quantity of poultry products can be converted into feed requirements

and finally, into use of grain (maize and wheat), which is discussed later in this Section.

The projection exercise carried out in this study involves substantial estimation

procedures, with many supporting assumptions. In fact, more precise estimates require much

detailed and practical knowledge about poultry production systems and feed coefficients,

11
Employing the IMPACT model, Mark Rosegrant (2002) has shown that the projected consumption of
poultry meat in Bangladesh is 349 thousand metric tons in 2020.

17
according to types of poultry such as scavenging and commercial layers and broilers, ducks

and swine. It is also imperative to obtain details of demand characteristics, which depend on

quality and tastes of scavenger and commercial poultry meat and eggs. While such detailed

information are lacking or quite demanding,12 there are other shortcomings as well. It is

difficult to assess how much of the domestic demand for poultry products are met from

domestic production and how much from imports.

Table 3—Projected Consumption of Poultry Products in Bangladesh

(Demand Approach)

Projection for Poultry Products

Poultry Products by Type Base Year 2000 Over the Next 20 Years
2005 2010 2015 2020
Poultry Eggs (Million No)
Scavenging 1323.08 1912.57 2146.10 2374.59 2581.15
Layer (Commercial) 1683.92 2434.18 2731.40 3022.20 3285.10
Total 3007.00 4346.75 4877.50 5396.79 5866.25
Poultry Meat (`000 Tons)
Scavenging 90.42 119.60 134.27 148.62 161.62
Layer (Commercial) 67.22 88.91 99.81 110.48 120.14
Broiler (Commercial) 14.27 18. 87 21.19 23.45 25.50
Total 171.91 227.38 255.27 282.55 307.25

Note: Poultry include duck population.

Source: Estimates of total consumption of poultry products are based on Table 2, incorporating income
growth and income elasticity of demand for products. Base year figures for total consumption (for
both eggs and meat) are obtained from rural estimate based on FMRSP data, and urban estimate
based on HES data. The disaggregations by poultry type and products are made on the basis of
data collected from market survey.

12
The relevant assumptions in this analysis are based on a quick market survey and a few key-informant interviews.

18
PROJECTIONS OF POULTRY POPULATION (TRENDS APPROACH)

The second approach, the Trends Approach, involves estimating the rate of increase

in the population of poultry on the basis of past trends. Semi-log models are employed to

estimate trends using time series data. Table A.1 (Appendix Table) presents trend equations

for poultry population and private commercial farms. Trend equations are estimated

separately for chicken and duck population. As can be seen from the table, almost all the

equations fit well at a highly acceptable level of statistical significance.

Estimated semi-log models show that chicken population is growing at an average

rate of 5.3 per cent per annum (which is more than three times the current population growth

rate) while duck population is growing at an average rate of 0.5 per cent per annum.

Production of meat (all types) is growing at a 2.8 per cent rate annually. However,

disaggregated chicken and duck were not available.

Current government policies in Bangladesh are based on open market economy

where private sector plays a vital role. This is also true for the private poultry farms in

general the farms are experiencing a significant growth in recent time. It can be seen from

Table A.1 that chicken farms are growing at an annual rate of 1.5 and 6.1 per cent for fowls

and rearing categories, respectively. Duck farms are growing even rapidly, at an average

annual rate of 3.4 per cent and 10.4 per cent for fowls and rearing categories, respectively.

Projections of poultry and duck populations and commercial farms, based on the

current growth rates, for the selected years (2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020) are presented in

Table 4. The projected number of private chicken farms (fowls) are 29,202; 31,414; 33,743

19
and 36,352 in the years 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020, respectively. The corresponding

projections of chicken farms (rearing) are 21,775; 29,555; 40,115 and 54,448 in the four

selected years, respectively.

The number of private duck farms (fowls) is estimated to be 19,149, 22,720, 26,957

and 31,984 in the four selected years, respectively. The corresponding duck farms (rearing)

are estimated to be 16,831, 28,311, 47,620 and 80,098, respectively.

Table 5 presents projections of the total poultry population, based on the trend rates

of growth, for the four selected years, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020. Poultry includes duck

population. Two estimates are carried out, based on two methods: poultry population trend

method and per capita (of poultry) trend method. One can use either of the two, or the mean

of the two estimates. In this analysis, mean of the two estimates is calculated, which has

subsequently been used in the projection of grain use as poultry feeds. The projected poultry

populations are 218, 279, 356 and 451 million for the four selected years, respectively.

Thus, the Trends Approach, based on past trend, suggests that the poultry population is

expected to increase by 64 per cent in year 2010 and 165 per cent in year 2020 compared to

that of 2000.

20
Table 4—Projections for Supply Indicators for Poultry
(Based on Past Trend Growth Rates)

Indicators Base Year Projections for Years

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Duck Population (Million Heads) 13.777 14.101 14.432 14.771 15.118
Chicken Population 156.96 204.91 267.49 349.20 455.87
(Million Heads)
Private Chicken Farms (Fowls) 27,146 29,202 31,414 33,743 36,352
(Number)
Private Chicken Farms (Rearing) 16,043 21,775 29,555 40,115 54,448
(Number)
Private Duck Farms (Fowls) 16,139 19,149 22,720 26,957 31,984
(Number)
Private Duck Farms (Rearing) 10,007 16,831 28,311 47,620 80,098
(Number)
Human Population (’000) 128,310 139,911 151,890 162,682 171,420
Rural Population (’000) 101,138 105,960 110,127 112,609 113,103
Urban Population (’000) 27,172 33,951 41,763 50,073 58,317

Notes: Projections for poultry population and farms are based on past trend growth rates. Projection for
human population is adopted from UN(1998a) and Islam (1997).
Sources: Estimates are based on data collected from (1) Agricultural Census 1960; (2) Agricultural Census
1970; (3) Agricultural Census 1983-84; (4) Agricultural Census 1996; (5) Livestock and Poultry
Survey; (6) Department of Livestock Services, GOB; (7) Alam (1997); (8) FAO Yearbook (1997);
(9) UN (1998a); (10) UN (1998b).

21
Table A. 1—Estimated Trend Equations for Relevant Indicators

Estimated Model Annual Growth Adj R2 F sig. Level

(%)
Duck Population:
LOG (DCKPOP) = -6.669 + .004646 T 0.5 .95 .00

Chicken Population:
LOG (DENACRE)= -101.564 + .05331 T 5.3 .99 .00

Production of Meat (All Type):

LOG (PRODMEAT) = -50.548 + .02846 T 2.8 .99 .00

Per Capita Availability of Meat:

LOG (CAPMEAT) = -12.538 + .00698 T 0.7 .99 .00

Chicken Farms (Fowls):

LOG (PFARM1) = -18.991 + .0146 T 1.5 .26 .38

Chicken Farms (Rearing):

LOG (PFARM2) = -112.517 + .0611 T 6.1 .69 .05

Duck Farms (Fowls):

LOG (DFARM1) = -58.711 + .0342 T 3.4 .77 .03

Duck Farms (Rearing):

LOG (DFARM2) = -198.789 + .1040 T 10.4 .88 .01

National Per Capita Income Growth

LOG (CAPINC) = -47.934 + 0.0283 T 2.83 .98 .00

Note: T=Time
Sources: Estimates are based on data collected from: (1) Agricultural Census 1960; (2) Agricultural Census
1977; (3) Agricultural Census 1983/84; (4) Agricultural Census 1996; (5) Livestock and Poultry
Survey; (6) Department of Livestock Services, GOB; (7) Alam (1997;1995); (8) FAO Yearbook
(1997); (9) UN (1998a); (10) UN(1998b); (11) BBS(1998); (12) Household Expenditure Survey
(1997);

22
Table 5—Projections of Poultry Population (Trends Approach)

Method Base Projections of Poultry Population for Selected Years

Year (Million)
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Trend Estimate (on Poultry
Population) Method 170.737 219.011 281.922 363.971 470.990
Trend Estimate (on Per
Capita Poultry) Method 169.369 216.862 276.440 348.139 430.264
Average (1) 170.053 217.937 279.181 356.055 450.627

Notes: Projections of Poultry Population are based on past trend growth rates. Poultry include duck
population.
(1)
Average represents mean from two estimates, based on two methods: poultry population and per
capita poultry trend method.
Sources: Estimates are based on data collected from (1) Agricultural Census 1960; (2) Agricultural Census
1970; (3) Agricultural Census 1983-84; (6) Agricultural Census 1996; (5) Livestock and Poultry
Survey; (6) Department of Livestock Services, GOB; (7) Alam (1997); (8) FAO Yearbook (1997);
(9) UN (1998a).

Table A. 2—Household Structure and Proportions of Sample Households Consuming

Poultry Birds and Products by Land Holdings

Farm's No. of % of HH % HH % HH % HH % HH
Category Sample Total Size Owning Owning Consuming Consuming
Farmers Chicken Duck Chicken Meat Egg

Landless 236 32.2 4.8 69.5 25.8 16.8 36.6

Marginal 160 21.8 5.1 84.4 39.4 24.3 47.1

Small 280 38.1 5.5 86.4 50.4 25.0 41.1

Medium 43 5.9 6.5 86.0 60.5 26.7 46.7

Large 15 2.0 7.1 73.3 33.3 45.5 81.8

Total 734 100.0 5.3 80.2 39.1 21.9 40.8

Notes: Farmers are categorized according to operated land. Consumption refers to that in the previous month
of the time of the survey.
Land Categories: Marginal - 0.01 - < 0.50 acre
Small - 0.50 - < 2.5 acres
Medium - 2.5 - < 5.0 acres
Large - > 5.0 acres
Source: Flood Impact Study (1999), FMRSP.

23
 The figures for average farm size (shown in Appendix Table A.3) give the estimate

for total birds under private farms (disaggregated by layer and broiler type)13. The deduction

of the commercial birds from the total birds gives the estimate of scavenging birds.

At this stage, it is pertinent to say a few words on the use of trend growth rates in the

current projection exercise. As will be seen in the sensitivity analysis (Tables 8 and 9), the

use of such high rates of past trend growth in the projection exercise has led to severe

overestimation of poultry, poultry farms and, hence, feed requirements. The main reason

behind this is the lack of a sufficiently large time series data from which trends have been

estimated. On the other hand, it is more likely that the high trend growth rates, which require

appropriate and adequate policy supports to sustain, may not be applicable over the next

twenty years. In these circumstances, this analysis uses the current population growth rate,

instead of using past trend growth rates, for the projection of poultry population and poultry

farms.

Taking the current population growth rate as a proxy to the past trend growth rate,

the projected poultry populations, disaggregated by type (scavenging, layers and broilers),

are shown in Table 6. Finally, these disaggregated figures of poultry populations are used in

the projections of grain use as poultry feeds, which is discussed in the next Section.

13
Estimates from the Livestock Department shows that of all the commercial farms, 78 per cent are layer
and 22 per cent broiler farms. Our market survey and key-informant interviews indicate that the
corresponding proportions to be in a close range, 81 per cent for layers and 19 per cent for broilers. The
current analysis uses the estimates provided by the Livestock Department. Taking into account of the average
farm size (Table A.3), layer poultry population accounts for 82.4 per cent and broiler accounts for 17.6 per cent in the
total commercial birds.

24
Table 6—Projections of Poultry Population by Scavenging (Village) and
Commercial Type in Bangladesh (Trends Approach)

Poultry Type Base Projections of Poultry Population for Selected Years

Year (Million Birds)
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Village (Scavenging) 128.043 138.62 150.07 162.47 175.88
Layer 34.612 37.479 40.57 43.92 47.54
Broiler 7.398 8.018 8.67 9.39 10.16
Total 170.05 184.10 199.31 215.78 233.59

Notes: The current population growth rate has been taken as a proxy to the past trend growth rate. Poultry
includes duck population. Mortality is not considered in these estimates. For the approach of
deriving the distribution of poultry population among poultry type, see text.

Table A. 3—Farm Size by Chicken Type by Division

Division Average Number of Birds Per Commercial Farm

Layer Boiler

Dhaka 800 500

Chittagong 600 500
Barisal 300 200
Khulna 300 250
Rajshahi 300 200
(1)
Average 640 485

(1)
Notes: Averages represent weighted average, the weights being the number of farms in each Division.
Data for Sylhet Division is not available
Source: Compiled from Livestock Department.

25
PROJECTED USE OF GRAIN (WHEAT AND MAIZE) FOR POULTRY FEEDS

Table 7 presents projected use of grain (wheat and maize) for poultry feeds, by

poultry type, for the four selected years. Two separate estimates are carried out by

adopting two approaches, Demand Approach and Trends Approach. The Demand

Approach uses rural consumption from FMRSP and urban consumption from HES source

(Table 2), and fixed income elasticities for eggs and meat for the projection of demand for

poultry products. Since the estimates of trend growth rates were very high, the Trends

Approach uses the current population growth rate as a proxy to past trend growth rate for the

projection of poultry population and poultry farms. The data derived from these projections

have subsequently been used in the projection of grain use as poultry feeds.

The projected uses of grain for poultry feeds are estimated by use of feed ingredients

and feed coefficients shown in Tables A.4 and A.5 (Appendix Tables). As field survey

suggests, an average rate of 10 per cent mortality has been assumed. For both layers and

broilers, consumption figures are adjusted for annual level. For layers, feed consumption

(per week) level applies for the life cycle of 78 weeks, from which that for 52 weeks is

estimated. For broilers, average feed consumption (per week) applies for the life cycle of 6

weeks. Six batches of broilers in a year are considered. In other words, feed demand for 36

weeks is considered in a year. As estimated from field survey, the wheat consumption by

scavenging birds is equivalent to 20 per cent of average quantity consumed by commercial

layers and broilers. No maize consumption is considered for scavenging birds. Half of the

scavenging birds are estimated to lay eggs in four seasons of the year.

26
 As can be seen from Table 7, adopting Demand Approach, the projected use of total

grains as poultry feeds is 665, 746, 826 and 898 thousand metric tons for the years 2005,

2010, 2015 and 2020, respectively. That is, starting from the base-year requirements, the

projected use of grain for poultry feeds is expected to increase by 18 per cent in year 2010

and by 42 per cent in year 2020.

As can be seen from Table 7, according to the Trends Approach, the projected feeds

are 683, 740, 801 and 867 thousand metric tons for the years 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020,

respectively. In terms of growth, the projected use of grain for poultry feeds is expected to

increase by 17 per cent in year 2010 and by 37 per cent in year 2020.

Table A. 4—Use of Grain (Wheat and Maize) for Producing Eggs and
Meat in Bangladesh (2000)

Average Use of Grain Per Average Use of Grain Per

Type of Poultry 1000 Eggs (Kg) 1 Ton of Meat (Kg)
Wheat Maize Total Wheat Maize Total

Scavenging 14.310 - 14.310 615.56 - 615.56

Layers 5.877 77.130 83.007 267.50 3518.75 3786.25

Broilers - - - 457.14 877.55 1334.69

Notes: The wheat consumption by scavenging birds is estimated to be 20 per cent of average quantify
consumed by layers and broilers. No maize consumption is considered for scavenging birds.
Sources: Field Survey and Quasem (2001).

27
Table 7—Projected Use of Grain (Wheat and Maize) as Poultry Feeds
(by Poultry Type) in Bangladesh

Base Year Projected Use of Grain for Poultry Feeds (000

Grain by Poultry Type 2000 Tons)
Demand Approach
2005 2010 2015 2020
Scavenging
Wheat - 100.99 113.36 125.47 136.42
Maize - - - - -
Layer
Wheat - 38.09 42.75 47.31 51.44
Maize - 500.59 561.87 621.85 676.11
Broiler
Wheat - 8.63 9.69 10.72 11.66
Maize - 16.56 18.59 20.58 22.38
Wheat 140.56 147.71 165.80 183.50 199.52
Maize 490.51 517.15 580.46 642.43 698.49
Total Grain 631.07 664.86 746.26 825.93 898.01
Trends Approach
Scavenging
Wheat 79.70 86.28 93.41 101.13 109.48
Maize - - - - -
Layer
Wheat 34.02 36.83 39.87 43.16 46.73
Maize 438.98 475.24 514.49 556.99 602.99
Broiler
Wheat 26.85 29.06 31.46 34.06 36.88
Maize 51.53 55.79 60.40 65.39 70.79
Wheat 140.56 152.17 164.74 178.35 193.08
Maize 490.51 531.03 574.89 622.38 673.78
Total Grain 631.07 683.20 739.63 800.73 866.86

Notes: The trend growth rates of both poultry population and commercial farms is taken as equal to current
population growth rate (1.6%). A 10 per cent mortality rate is assumed. For both layers and broilers,
consumptions are adjusted for annual level. For layers, feed consumption (per week) level applies for
the life cycle of 78 weeks, from which that for 52 weeks is estimated. For broilers, average feed
consumption (per week) applies for the life cycle of 6 weeks. 6 batches of broilers in a year are
considered. This means feed demand for 36 weeks is considered in a year. As estimated from field
survey, the wheat consumption by scavenging birds is equivalent to 10 per cent of average quantity
consumed by layers and broilers. No maize consumption is considered for scavenging birds. Half of
scavenging birds are estimated to lay eggs in the whole year.

28
Table A. 5—Consumption of Grain (Wheat and Maize) as Poultry Feeds in
Bangladesh (2000)

Feeds Average Consumption % of Grain Consumption

(Grams/Per
Week/Bird)
Scavenging
Wheat 13.3 100.0
Maize - -
Total Grain 13.3 100.0
Layer
During First 20 Weeks
Wheat 12 7.2
Maize 155 92.8
Total Grain 167 100.0
Remaining 32 Weeks
Wheat 26 7.0
Maize 343 93.0
Total Grain 369 100.0
Average Over 52 Weeks
Wheat 21 7.2
Maize 271 92.8
Total Grain 292 100.0
Broiler
Wheat 112 34.3
Maize 215 65.7
Total Grain 324 100.0

Notes: For scavenging birds, only wheat consumption is applicable.

For layers, feed consumption (per week) level applies for the life cycle of 78 weeks, from which that
for 52 weeks is estimated. For broilers, average feed consumption (per week) applies for the life
cycle of 6 weeks. 6 batches of broilers in a year are considered. That means, feed demand for 36
weeks is considered in a year.
Sources: Field Survey and Quasem (2001).

29
 4. CONCLUSIONS

The two estimates involving the two approaches are within a reasonable range

(Table 7). In order to derive more concrete conclusions, a sensitivity analysis for various

alternative scenarios is carried out. The results are shown in Tables 8 and 9. Four estimates

under four scenarios have been compared. The first scenario for each of the two approaches

relates to the basic scenario referred to in Table 7.

At this stage, it is pertinent to say a few words on the results of the four

alternative scenarios, including merits and demerits of the two methods adopted. In the

first approach, i.e. Demand Approach, demands derived from the consumption of poultry

products are dependent on factors such as income growth and income elasticities,

urbanization, and population growth. Ideally, separate elasticities for scavenging and

commercial poultry products, and separate income growths for rural and urban areas

should have been estimated and used. Moreover, in this analysis, the factors such as

tastes and, more importantly, relative product prices could not be incorporated. In

Bangladesh, this issue is particularly important. Seasonal price fluctuations following

non-availability of grain as poultry feeds throughout the year should be taken into

account to estimate the total poultry feed requirement. Because, grains are very often

replaced by substitute feeds as a result of a rise in prices. Hence, non-incorporation of

price elasticity of demand is a limitation of this analysis.

Unfortunately, data on these aspects are neither available nor reliable. Particularly,

the data that can identify the demand characteristics for commercial, as opposed to

30
scavenging poultry meat and eggs, are not available. In rural and even in urban areas, it is

still a widespread notion that the scavenging poultry meat and eggs are superior in terms of

tastes and nutritional contents. On the other hand, there appear to have constraints for the

supply of commercial birds in rural areas, as the commercial farms are largely concentrated

in urban areas. The fact that the scavenging birds are imperfect substitutes for commercial

birds has not been incorporated, which is another limitation of this approach.

The second approach, i.e. the Trends Approach may be more appropriate in

projecting the use of grain for poultry feeds when the supply constraints are more likely to

dominate demand in determining the growth of poultry. However, the major drawback of

this approach is the lack of large enough, continuous and reliable time series data. The trend

estimates carried out using a discrete data series with a small number of observations are

likely to lead to overestimation of growth rates. Moreover, the trend growth rates, which

require appropriate and adequate policy supports to sustain, may not be applicable to a

projection over the next twenty years. Under these circumstances, despite its limitations, the

first approach (the Demand Approach) might be more appropriate in projecting the use of

grain for poultry feeds in Bangladesh.

As can be observed from the sensitivity analysis presented in Table 8, the alternative

scenarios for the Demand Approach use consumption data (for poultry products) from two

sources, FMRSP (primary data) and HES (secondary data), and fixed and declining income

elasticities. The four projection estimates of poultry feeds under four alternative scenarios

are within a reasonable range, differing by 15 per cent. One can also use the mean of the

four estimates derived from the four scenarios.

31
 For the obvious reason of relatively much higher grain-consumption, the figures for

commercial farms account for the main difference in the total feed requirements in the case

of Trends Approach. As can be seen from the sensitivity analysis presented in Table 9, the

alternative scenarios for this approach relate to various trend growth rates of poultry

population and commercial farms. Keeping aside the projection under the fourth scenario

(which is clearly an outlier), which incorporates the past trend growth of poultry population

and commercial farms, the three projections of poultry feeds under the other three

alternative scenarios differ by up to nearly one-third. Under these circumstances, one can

also use the mean of the three estimates derived from the three scenarios.

The use of grain for poultry feeds for the base year 2000 is estimated to be 631

thousand metric tons. Of this amount, wheat accounts for 141 thousand metric tons and

maize accounts for 491 thousand metric tons, i.e., 22 and 78 per cent of total grain

requirements in the base year, respectively. Current production levels for wheat and maize

in Bangladesh are in the range of 1800 thousand and 65 thousand metric tons, respectively.

Thus, total poultry feed requirement is approximately one-third of the total wheat and maize

production in Bangladesh. The requirement of wheat as poultry feed is nearly 8 per cent of

the total domestic production and the requirement of maize as poultry feed is as high as

about 8 times of its domestic production.

Our market survey (results not presented here) indicates that there is no marked

difference in quality between domestic and imported maize except that the former has a

little higher moisture and fiber content. Although, the import price of maize is reported to

be often higher, no significant difference in domestic and import prices has been

32
observed. Nonetheless, the issue of moisture and fibre content is not a serious problem, as

reported by respondent traders in our field survey.

The demands for both poultry feeds are currently met largely by imports, at

seemingly relatively higher costs. Domestic maize is available only in a particular season

of the year whereas demands for maize by poultry farms exist throughout the year.

Sustainable supply of domestic maize throughout the year would contribute significantly

for the development of the poultry sector.

The poultry sub-sector has significant linkage effects, both backward and forward.

There has been tremendous growth of poultry farms over the last few years. Maize forms the

major component in total grain requirement (78 per cent) as poultry feeds. Why then the

production of maize in the country is not picking up? Maize ranks second to wheat in

world cereal production, but in Bangladesh, it is still a minor crop in terms of acreage,

accounting for only 3 per cent of wheat and 0.2 per cent of rice area. From the viewpoint of

both human food and livestock feed, and its role in agro-ecological balance maize

production is critically important in a country like Bangladesh. Although it may be possible

to produce maize throughout the year, maize is currently produced in the country largely in

winter. The major constraint of maize production could be the lack of incentives on the part

of the cultivators, which was also observed by Quasem (1999). He suggested a series of

motivational steps and market interventions. It is also observed that maize production is

relatively unprofitable presumably because of low productivity.

Why are the poultry farms not encouraged to use domestic maize as poultry feeds?

Is it because of irregular and unsustainable supply? It appears from our market survey

33
that the poultry farm-owners are not sufficiently aware of the quality and supply of

domestic maize? Then, is there any need for market intervention? Do the farms need

some orientation in feed-mixing know-how and technology? Why has there not been any

significant growth of feed mills? Although some large farms buy ingredients, largely

imported ones, for mixing their own feed, small poultry farmers do not generally have the

know-how or a large enough scale of operation for feed mixing to be feasible. Thus, a

substantial number of farms are using ready feeds, which are often of lower quality. These

are some of the issues, which deserve significant attention in future research.

34
Table 8—Projected Use of Grain (Wheat and Maize) for Poultry Feeds in Bangladesh
(Demand Approach): Under Various Scenarios

Base Year Projected Use of Grain for Poultry Feeds (000

Scenario Grain 2000 Tons)
Demand Approach
2005 2010 2015 2020
Wheat 140.56 147.71 165.80 183.50 199.52
1 Maize 490.51 517.15 580.46 642.43 698.49
Total Grain 631.07 664.86 746.26 825.93 898.01
Wheat 140.56 145.04 162.80 173.16 188.27
2 Maize 490.51 506.75 568.78 604.70 657.47
Total Grain 631.07 651.79 731.58 777.86 845.74
Wheat 140.56 157.12 175.35 185.45 200.62
3 Maize 490.51 559.54 623.65 658.45 711.45
Total Grain 631.07 716.66 799.00 843.90 912.07
Wheat 140.56 160.21 178.79 196.79 212.86
4 Maize 490.51 571.84 637.30 700.55 756.87
Total Grain 631.07 732.05 816.09 897.34 969.73

SCENARIO 1: Using rural consumption from FMRSP and urban consumption from HES source (Table 2)
and fixed income elasticities:
EGG: 2.00 (during 2000-2020)
MEAT: 1.23 (during 2000-2020).
SCENARIO 2: Using rural consumption from FMRSP and urban consumption from HES source and
declining income elasticities:
EGG: 1.67 (during 2000-2010); 1.30 (during 2010-2020)
MEAT: 1.14 (during 2000-2010); 0.83 (during 2010-2020).
SCENARIO 3: Using both rural and urban consumption data from HES source and declining income
elasticities as above.
SCENARIO 4: Using both rural and urban consumption from HES source and fixed income elasticities:
EGG: 2.00 (during 2000-2020)
MEAT: 1.23 (during 2000-2020).

35
Table 9—Projected Use of Grain (Wheat and Maize) for Poultry Feeds in Bangladesh
(Trends Approach): Under Various Scenarios

Base Year Projected Use of Grain for Poultry Feeds (000 Tons)
Scenario Grain 2000 Trends Approach
2005 2010 2015 2020
Wheat 140.56 152.17 164.74 178.35 193.08
1 Maize 490.51 531.03 574.89 622.38 673.78
Total Grain 631.07 683.20 739.63 800.73 866.87
Wheat 140.56 149.20 158.37 168.10 178.43
2 Maize 490.51 520.66 552.65 586.62 622.67
Total Grain 631.07 669.85 711.02 754.72 801.10
Wheat 140.56 159.51 181.03 205.45 233.17
3 Maize 490.51 561.77 643.38 736.85 843.90
Total Grain 631.07 721.29 824.40 942.30 1077.07
Wheat 140.56 179.19 229.85 295.96 382.06
4 Maize 490.51 615.18 792.35 1050.41 1435.29
Total Grain 631.07 794.37 1022.20 1346.37 1817.35

SCENARIO 1: Trend growth rate of both poultry population and commercial farms taken as equal to current
population growth rate (1.6%).
SCENARIO 2: Trend growth rate of both poultry population and commercial farms taken as equal to future
population growth rate (1.2%).
SCENARIO 3: Half of past trend growth rate of poultry population (2.5%) & half of that of commercial farms
(2.75%).
SCENARIO 4: Past trend growth rate of poultry population (5%) and past trend growth rate of commercial
farms (5.5%).

36
 REFERENCES

Alam J. 1995. Livestock Resources in Bangladesh, Present Status and Future Potential,
University Press Limited, Dhaka.

 .1997.“Non-Crop Sector.” in Rehman Sobhan (ed.). Growth or Stagnation? A

Review of Bangladesh's Development, University Press Limited, Dhaka.
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38
 MSSD DISCUSSION PAPERS

1. Foodgrain Market Integration Under Market Reforms in Egypt, May 1994 by

Francesco Goletti, Ousmane Badiane, and Jayashree Sil.

2. Agricultural Market Reforms in Egypt: Initial Adjustments in Local Output

Markets, November 1994 by Ousmane Badiane.

3. Agricultural Market Reforms in Egypt: Initial Adjustments in Local Input

Markets, November 1994 by Francesco Goletti.

4. Agricultural Input Market Reforms: A Review of Selected Literature, June 1995

by Francesco Goletti and Anna Alfano.

5. The Development of Maize Seed Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa, September 1995

by Joseph Rusike.

6. Methods for Agricultural Input Market Reform Research: A Tool Kit of

Techniques, December 1995 by Francesco Goletti and Kumaresan Govindan.

7. Agricultural Transformation: The Key to Broad Based Growth and Poverty

Alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa, December 1995 by Christopher Delgado.

8. The Impact of the CFA Devaluation on Cereal Markets in Selected CMA/WCA

Member Countries, February 1996 by Ousmane Badiane.

9. Smallholder Dairying Under Transactions Costs in East Africa, December 1996

by Steven Staal, Christopher Delgado, and Charles Nicholson.

10. Reforming and Promoting Local Agricultural Markets: A Research Approach,

February 1997 by Ousmane Badiane and Ernst-August Nuppenau.

11. Market Integration and the Long Run Adjustment of Local Markets to Changes in
Trade and Exchange Rate Regimes: Options For Market Reform and Promotion
Policies, February 1997 by Ousmane Badiane.

12. The Response of Local Maize Prices to the 1983 Currency Devaluation in Ghana,
February 1997 by Ousmane Badiane and Gerald E. Shively.

39
 MSSD DISCUSSION PAPERS

13. The Sequencing of Agricultural Market Reforms in Malawi, February 1997 by Mylène
Kherallah and Kumaresan Govindan.

14. Rice Markets, Agricultural Growth, and Policy Options in Vietnam, April 1997 by
Francesco Goletti and Nicholas Minot.

15. Marketing Constraints on Rice Exports from Vietnam, June 1997 by Francesco
Goletti, Nicholas Minot, and Philippe Berry.

16. A Sluggish Demand Could be as Potent as Technological Progress in Creating

Surplus in Staple Production: The Case of Bangladesh, June 1997 by Raisuddin
Ahmed.

17. Liberalisation et Competitivite de la Filiere Arachidiere au Senegal, October

1997 by Ousmane Badiane.

18. Changing Fish Trade and Demand Patterns in Developing Countries and Their
Significance for Policy Research, October 1997 by Christopher Delgado and
Claude Courbois.

19. The Impact of Livestock and Fisheries on Food Availability and Demand in 2020,
October 1997 by Christopher Delgado, Pierre Crosson, and Claude Courbois.

20. Rural Economy and Farm Income Diversification in Developing Countries,

October 1997 by Christopher Delgado and Ammar Siamwalla.

21. Global Food Demand and the Contribution of Livestock as We Enter the New
Millenium, February 1998 by Christopher L. Delgado, Claude B. Courbois, and
Mark W. Rosegrant.

22. Marketing Policy Reform and Competitiveness: Why Integration and Arbitrage
Costs Matter, March 1998 by Ousmane Badiane.

23. Returns to Social Capital among Traders, July 1998 by Marcel Fafchamps and
Bart Minten.

24. Relationships and Traders in Madagascar, July 1998 by M. Fafchamps and B.

Minten.

40
 MSSD DISCUSSION PAPERS

25. Generating Disaggregated Poverty Maps: An application to Viet Nam, October

1998 by Nicholas Minot.

26. Infrastructure, Market Access, and Agricultural Prices: Evidence from

Madagascar, March 1999 by Bart Minten.

27. Property Rights in a Flea Market Economy, March 1999 by Marcel Fafchamps
and Bart Minten.

28. The Growing Place of Livestock Products in World Food in the Twenty-First
Century, March 1999 by Christopher L. Delgado, Mark W. Rosegrant, Henning
Steinfeld, Simeon Ehui, and Claude Courbois.

29. The Impact of Postharvest Research, April 1999 by Francesco Goletti and
Christiane Wolff.

30. Agricultural Diversification and Rural Industrialization as a Strategy for Rural

Income Growth and Poverty Reduction in Indochina and Myanmar, June 1999 by
Francesco Goletti.

31. Transaction Costs and Market Institutions: Grain Brokers in Ethiopia, October
1999 by Eleni Z. Gabre-Madhin.

32. Adjustment of Wheat Production to Market reform in Egypt, October 1999 by

Mylene Kherallah, Nicholas Minot and Peter Gruhn.

33. Rural Growth Linkages in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, October
1999 by Simphiwe Ngqangweni.

34. Accelerating Africa’s Structural Transformation: Lessons from East Asia,

October 1999, by Eleni Z. Gabre-Madhin and Bruce F. Johnston.

35. Agroindustrialization Through Institutional Innovation: Transactions Costs,

Cooperatives and Milk-Market Development in the Ethiopian Highlands,
November 1999 by Garth Holloway, Charles Nicholson, Christopher Delgado,
Steven Staal and Simeon Ehui.

36. Effect of Transaction Costs on Supply Response and Marketed Surplus:

Simulations Using Non-Separable Household Models, October 1999 by Nicholas
Minot.

41
 MSSD DISCUSSION PAPERS

37. An Empirical Investigation of Short and Long-run Agricultural Wage Formation

in Ghana, November 1999 by Awudu Abdulai and Christopher Delgado.

38. Economy-Wide Impacts of Technological Change in the Agro-food Production

and Processing Sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa, November 1999 by Simeon Ehui
and Christopher Delgado.

39. Of Markets and Middlemen: The Role of Brokers in Ethiopia, November 1999 by
Eleni Z. Gabre-Madhin.

40. Fertilizer Market Reform and the Determinants of Fertilizer Use in Benin and
Malawi, October 2000 by Nicholas Minot, Mylene Kherallah, Philippe Berry.

41. The New Institutional Economics: Applications for Agricultural Policy Research
in Developing Countries, June 2001 by Mylene Kherallah and Johann Kirsten.

42. The Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Vietnam and the Potential for Targeting,
March 2002 by Nicholas Minot and Bob Baulch.

43. Bumper Crops, Producer Incentives and Persistent Poverty: Implications for
Food Aid Programs in Bangladesh, March 2002 by Paul Dorosh, Quazi
Shahabuddin, M. Abdul Aziz and Naser Farid.

44. Dynamics of Agricultural Wage and Rice Price in Bangladesh: A Re-examination,

March 2002 by Shahidur Rashid.

45. Micro Lending for Small Farmers in Bangladesh: Does it Affect Farm
Households’ Land Allocation Decision?, September 2002 by Shahidur Rashid,
Manohar Sharma, and Manfred Zeller.

46. Rice Price Stabilization in Bangladesh: An Analysis of Policy Options, October

2002 by Paul Dorosh and Quazi Shahabuddin

47. Comparative Advantage in Bangladesh Crop Production, October 2002 by Quazi

Shahabuddin and Paul Dorosh.

48. Impact of Global Cotton Markets on Rural Poverty in Benin, November 2002 by
Nicholas Minot and Lisa Daniels.

42
 MSSD DISCUSSION PAPERS

49. Poverty Mapping with Aggregate Census Data: What is the Loss in Precision?
November 2002 by Nicholas Minot and Bob Baulch.

50. Globalization and the Smallholders: A Review of Issues, Approaches, and

Implications. November 2002 by Sudha Narayanan and Ashok Gulati.

51. Rice Trade Liberalization and Poverty. November 2002 by Ashok Gulati and
Sudha Narayanan.

52. Fish as Food: Projections to 2020 Under Different Scenarios. December 2002 by
Christophet Delgado, Mark Rosegrant, Nikolas Wada, Siet Meijer and
Mahfuzuddin Ahmed.

53. Successes in African Agriculture: Results of an Expert Survey. January 2003 by

Eleni Z. Gabre-Madhin and Steven Haggblade.

43