Edexcel IAS Pure MathematicsP1-P2 WMA11-WMA12 Formula Sheet
Edexcel IAS Pure MathematicsP1-P2 WMA11-WMA12 Formula Sheet
Edexcel IAS Pure MathematicsP1-P2 WMA11-WMA12 Formula Sheet
FORMULA SHEET
Edexcel
IAS
Pure Mathematics
m
co
o.
yr
P1/P2 rd
rlo
ez
s.
pe
WMA11/WMA12
a
.p
w
w
w
by
ed
ct
lle
co
Surds
1. √𝑎 × √𝑏 = √𝑎𝑏
𝑎
2. √𝑎 ÷ √𝑏 = √
𝑏
Indices
1. am x an = a m + n
2. am / an = am – n
3. (am)n = amn
4. a0 = 1
1
m
5. a –n =
𝑎𝑛
co
1
6. 𝑎 = n√a
o.
𝑛
𝑚
n m n m
yr
7. 𝑎 𝑛 = √a = ( √a)
ez
s.
Rules of rationalizing rd
rlo
1
• Fractions in the form , multiply the top and bottom by √𝑎.
√𝑎
pe
1
• Fractions in the form , multiply the top and bottom by √𝑎 − √𝑏.
a
√𝑎+√𝑏
1
.p
√𝑎−√𝑏
w
w
Logarithms
by
ed
𝑎
2. log a – log b = log
lle
𝑏
co
3. a log x y = log x y a
4. log a a = 1
log 𝑏𝑥
5. loga𝑥 =
log 𝑏𝑎
6. loga1 = 0
1
7. log a b = log 𝑏 a
Quadratic Equation
Solving quadratic equation
Quadratic equation can be solved by:
1. factorization
2. completing the square:
𝑏 2 𝑏 2
𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 = (𝑥 + ) − ( )
2 2
3. using the formula
m
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
co
2𝑎
o.
yr
Nature of roots
ez
• ax2 + bx + c = 0
s.
rd
rlo
1. If b2 – 4ac > 0, roots are real & different / real and distinct and the curve y = ax2 + bx + c
pe
m
co
o.
yr
ez
3. If b2 – 4ac = 0, roots are real and equal / repeated / coincident and the curve y = ax2 + bx
s.
+ c touches the x-axis. rd
rlo
a pe
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ct
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co
m
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(𝑈 × 𝑥1) + (𝑇 × 𝑥2)
𝑎=
ez
𝑇+𝑈
s.
(𝑈 × 𝑦1) + (𝑇 × 𝑦2)
𝑏= rd
𝑇+𝑈
rlo
pe
5. The equation of the straight line having a gradient m and passing through the point (𝑥1,
a
7. Two lines are perpendicular to each other if the product of their gradients is −1.
w
by
Equation of circle
ed
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟2
co
Arithmetic Progression (A.P)
1. nth term = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
2. Sn = 𝑛 {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑}
2
m
𝑎 (𝑟𝑛−1)
co
2. Sn = ,r>1
𝑟−1
o.
𝑎 (1−𝑟𝑛)
3. Sn = ,r<1
yr
1−𝑟
ez
# −1 < 𝑟 < 1 or |𝑟| < 1.
s.
The series is convergent. It has sum to infinity. rd
rlo
𝑎
1. Sα = 1−𝑟
a pe
Otherwise the series is divergent. It has does not have sum to infinity.
.p
w
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by
ed
ct
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co
Differentiation
1. For a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) represents the gradient of the tangent to the curve at any point 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦
2. If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥𝑛, then = 𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑛−1, where 𝑎 and n are constants.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
3. (𝑢 + 𝑣) = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
4. If 𝑦 is a function of 𝑢, and 𝑢 us a function of 𝑥, then = × (chain rule).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
5. If y, 𝑢 and v are functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, then =𝑢 +𝑣 (product rule).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑑𝑢−
𝑢
𝑑𝑣
m
The following are true only when 𝑥 is in radians:
co
𝑑
7. (sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
o.
𝑑𝑥
yr
𝑑
8. (cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥
ez
𝑑𝑥
s.
Other formulae
rd
rlo
𝑑
9. (sin𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑛 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
pe
𝑑
10. (cos𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑛 cos𝑛−1 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
a
.p
Application of Differentiation
w
w
11. For an increasing function 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑓′(𝑥) > 0 in the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏.
w
12. For an decreasing function 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑓′(𝑥) < 0 in the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏.
by
𝑑𝑦
13. Stationary points or turning points of a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) occur when = 0.
ed
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑦
14. The second derivative ( ) determines the nature of the stationary points:
ct
𝑑𝑥 2
lle
𝑑2𝑦
(a) If is negative, the stationery point is a maximum point.
𝑑𝑥2
co
𝑑2𝑦
(b) If 𝑑𝑥2
is positive, the stationary point is a minimum point.
𝑑2𝑦
(c) If 𝑑𝑥2
is zero, the point could be either a maximum or a minimum point or a point of
inflexion.
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑3𝑦
(d) If 𝑑𝑥2
is zero 𝑑𝑥
is not equal to zero, then the stationary point is point of inflexion.
15. To sketch a curve, note
(i) the points where 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑦 = 0
(ii) the nature and position of the stationary points
(iii) the direction of the curve as 𝑥 and 𝑦 approach infinity.
(iv) the interval on which the gradient is positive or negative.
Integration
𝑎𝑥𝑛+1
1. J 𝑎𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑛+1
2. J (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
(𝑛+1)𝑎
3. J cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
4. J sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
1
5. J cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑏
1
6. J sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
m
𝑏
1
7. J cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
co
𝑎
1
o.
8. J sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑎
yr
9. The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥-axis and the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is given by
ez
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥.
s.
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10. The area bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), the 𝑦-axis and the lines 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 is given by
ct
𝑏
lle
∫𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
co
𝑏
11. Area between 𝑔(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ |𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)| 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
12. When the area bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥-axis and the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is rotated
𝑏
through 360o about the 𝑥-axis, the volume of solid of revolution is given by 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥.
13. When the area bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑦-axis and the lines 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 is rotated
𝑏
through 360o about the 𝑦-axis, the volume of solid of revolution is given by 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦.
𝑏 1 𝑏−𝑎
14. The trapezium rule: ∫ 𝑦 dx = ℎ{(𝑦 + 𝑦 ) + 2(𝑦 + 𝑦 + ⋯ 𝑦 )}, where ℎ =
𝑎 2 0 𝑛 1 2 𝑛−1 𝑛
m
co
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ez
Triangle s.
rd
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ape
Sine rule
.p
w
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ct
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𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
Cosine rule
𝑐2 + 𝑏2 − 𝑎2
cos 𝐴 =
2𝑏𝑐
Area of triangle
1
area = 2 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶
Circular Measure
1. ∏ radian = 1800
2. For a sector of a circle enclosed by two radii that subtend an angle of θ radians at the
centre, the arc length s is given by
s = rθ
m
and the area of the sector A is given by
co
1
A = 𝑟2 θ
o.
2
yr
where r is the radius of the circle.
ez
s.
rd
rlo
Binomial Expansion
ape
.p
𝑛! 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
2. = = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
w
(𝑛−2)!
(𝑛−2)
w
3. 𝑛𝑐1 = 𝑛
by
𝑛(𝑛−1)
4. 𝑛𝑐2 =
ed
2!
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)(𝑛−3)
5. 𝑛𝑐3 =
ct
3!
6. (𝑎 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛𝑐 𝑎𝑛−1𝑥 + 𝑛𝑐 𝑎𝑛−2𝑥2 + 𝑛𝑐 𝑎𝑛−3𝑥3 + …
lle
1 2 3
𝑛(𝑛−1) 2 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
co
7. (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥3 + …
2! 3!
8. (r + 1)th term = ( nc xn-r yr
r )
Trigonometry
Rotation
m
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s.
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a pe
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𝑜𝑝𝑝
1. sin θ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑎𝑑j
2. cos θ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝
3. tan θ = 𝑎𝑑j
4. sin2 + cos2 x = 1
sin 𝐴
5. tan A = cos 𝐴
Ratios
The trigonometric ratios of 30o, 45o and 60o have exact forms, given below:
1 3 3
sin 30o = cos 30o = √ tan 30o = √
2 2 3
2 2 o
tan 45 = 1
sin 45o = √ cos 45o = √
2 2
3 1
sin 60o = √ cos 60o = tan 60o = √3
2 2
Graphs
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥
m
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2. 𝑦 = 𝑥2
ct
lle
co
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥3
m
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s.
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4. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐)
pe
a
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by
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ct
lle
co
4. 𝑦 =
1
𝑥
5. 𝑦 = √𝑥
co
lle
ct
ed
by
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w
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a pe
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s.
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o.
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m
6. 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
7. 𝑦 = ln 𝑥
co
lle
ct
ed
by
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yr
o.
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m
8. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
m
co
9. 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
o.
yr
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s.
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10. 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
by
ed
ct
lle
co
Transformation
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎) is a translation of −𝑎 in the 𝑥-direction.
m
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