Chapter 1 - Introduction To Rotary Drilling

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VIETNAM OIL AND GAS GROUP

PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY

DRILLING ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Rotary Drilling

Lecturer : Dr. Nguyen Van Hung


Plan of course

CHAPTER 1 – Introduction to Rotary Drilling


CHAPTER 2 – Introduction to Geomechanics in Drilling
CHAPTER 3 – Drilling fluids
CHAPTER 4 – Cementing
CHAPTER 5 – Drilling hydraulics
CHAPTER 6 – Rotary drilling bits
CHAPTER 7 – Casing design
CHAPTER 8 – Directional drilling
CHAPTER 9 – Fuldamentals of drillstring design
CHAPTER 10 – Drilling problems
Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
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Content

CHAPTER 1 – Introduction to Rotary Drilling

1. Foreword.
2. History of Drilling.
3. The Drilling Team.
4. Drilling Rigs.
5. Drilling Rig Systems.
6. Marine Drilling.
7. Drilling Cost Analysis.

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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Purpose of chapter 1

v When you complete this chapter, you should be able


to:
• Understand the rotary-drilling process.
• Familiarize the student with the basic rotary-
drilling equipment.
• Introduce the student to fundamental operational
procedures.
• Drilling cost evaluation.

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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1. FOREWORD

• In engineering, a well will be drilled connecting the


energy source to the surface.
• The planning and execution is the job of drilling
engineers.
Oil & gas well drilling consist of two such forms are:
ü Engineering
ü Technology

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1. FOREWORD

Engineering:
ü Engineering is the science of machines. It is primarily
connected with analysis of mechanisms involved, design,
construction, operation and maintenance of the machines.

ü So Drilling Engineering is the science of machines which


are involved in drilling a petroleum well or simply a well.

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1. FOREWORD

Technology:
ü It is basically the science of Methods . When methods are
standardized we call them Techniques. When techniques
are used for commercial purpose, we call them
Technologies.

ü So Drilling Technology is the science of standard methods


or techniques which are used / employed for drilling an oil
or gas well(commercial purpose).

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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2. HISTORY OF DRILLING

v A true milestone for the drilling industry occurred


in 1859, in Titusville, Pennsylvania, USA. This is
the first well which planned for oil in the United
States.

v Even though there are archaeological records of


the Egyptians using rotary drilling mechanisms as
early as 3000 B.C., the process was little used in
the early days of the industry because of its
complexity compared to percussion drilling.

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2. HISTORY OF DRILLING

Development of Rotary Drilling

• In 1899 Higgins partnered with Captain Anthony


Francis Lucas, try again to drill a proper test well in
the region. Their first try was failures in July 1899 .
Their second well, Lucas Spindletop was finally
succeeded in reaching the objective.

• The Lucas well is considered by many as the birth of


the modern oil industry.

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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2. HISTORY OF DRILLING

Figure 1.1 – The Lucas Spindletop well


Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
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3. THE DRILLING TEAM

Ø The expertise and number of engineers and technicians


involved in the planning and execution of a drilling
operation will depend on the type of well being drilled, its
purpose, the well location, its depth, and the complexity of
the operation.

Ø The first exploration well are performed by a company’s


geological team, which usually is responsible for
recommending locations for wildcat wells, while the
reservoir team will be responsible, on a later phase, for
locating development wells.

Ø In either situation, the drilling team will be responsible for


the planning and execution of the operation including its
budget (cost estimation) and contingency plans.

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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3. THE DRILLING TEAM
8 F  S D E

Geological and Geophysical Analysis

Seismic Survey

Drill Exploration Well


Drill Appraisal
Well

Mud Logging
(Lithological and textural description of formation from drill
cutting, hydrocarbon shows)

Coring
(Lithological and textural description from massive sample. Samples
used for lab analysis – porosity, permeability, capillary pressure etc.)

Well Logging
(Electrical, Radioactive and Sonic tools provide quantitative
assessment of fluid types and distribution)

Well Testing
(Following the well allows large representative samples of the reservoir
fluid to be recovered. Pressure response of reservoir allows extent,
producibility and drive mechanisms of the reservoir to be evaluated.)

Evaluated Information Gathered Above

From exploration and appraisal well information, compile


geological model

Compile Economic Model

Drill Development Wells

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


Figure 1.1 Role of drilling during field development. 12
3. THE DRILLING TEAM

Figure 1.2 – Drilling operations in the Chinook Field, Gulf of Mexico, Alaska and
Brazil’s Amazon jungle
Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
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3. THE DRILLING TEAM

Figure 1.3- Typical drilling rig organization (Bourgoyne et al, 1998)

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3. THE DRILLING TEAM
lOMoARcPSD|10166054

Where do I fit in?


Typical Land Drilling Organizational Chart

Drilling Manager
Technical

Other Safety IT and Data Operations Engineering


Services Coordinator Management Superintendent Manager

Rig Supervisor Drilling Engineer

Mud Rig Tool Directional


Mud Logger
Engineer Pusher Driller

Driller

Assistant Driller Derrickman Floor Hands

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung


Harold Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering 30 8-Jan-19
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charge centrifugal pumps (Figure 2.18). At least two sludge pumps are installed on the
rig. At shallow depths they are usually connected in parallel to deliver high flow rates.
4. DRILLING RIGS
CIRCULATION Swivel
SYSTEM
Rotary
Stand House
Pipe

Discharge
Line
Mud
Tank
Suction Kelly
Line
Drill
Pipe
Degasser
Mud
Pump
Desilter

Return Figure 1.4- The rotary drilling


Desander
Line process/circulating system
(Bourgoyne et at, 1991)
Annulus
Shale Steel
Shaker Drill
Tank
Collar

Drill Bit

Figure 2.17 Different components showing rig circulating


Chaptersystem.
1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
Dr. Nguyen Van Hung 16
4. DRILLING RIGS

Figure 1.5- Rotary rig classification (Bourgoyne et at, 1986)


Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
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4. DRILLING RIGS
1.4.1 Land Rigs.

q Mobile rigs tend to be more easily transported, while the


conventional rigs will take longer to be moved from one location
to another.

q Special rigs that are built in a way that rig pieces, when
disassembled, will never exceed a certain weight, allowing
transportation by helicopter.

q Mobile rigs have a cantilever derrick or a portable mast that is


raised and lowered as a whole rather than being constructed
piecemeal. The rig-up and rig-down operation is less time-
consuming than on conventional rigs.

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4. DRILLING RIGS
The cantilever derrick has its components assembled
horizontally on the ground and then is raised using the rig
hoisting equipment (see Fig. 1.11).
Rigs with portable masts usually are mounted on a truck
together with its hoisting system. Upon arrival on
location, the telescoped portable mast is easily raised to
vertical and extended to its fully operational position. Fig.
1.12 shows a mobile rig with portable mast.

Figure 1.6- Rig with cantilever derrick Figure 1.7- Mobile Rig with portable mast

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4. DRILLING RIGS
Land Rigs

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering 2 20
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4. DRILLING RIGS
Information contained in the rig specifications generally
addresses the following items:
• Derrick type
• Drawworks type
• Maximum operating depth
• Hookload capacity
• Mud pumps (number, manufacturer, horsepower)
• Engines (type, horsepower)
• Topdrive or rotary table
• Well-control equipment
• Fishing tools
• Main rig equipment information
• Drillstring and accessories
• Circulating system and mud-processing equipment
• Miscellaneous equipment

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4. DRILLING RIGS
1.4.2 Marine Rigs.
Offshore drilling rigs can be bottom-supported or floating vessels.

* Bottom-supported :
Drilling barges are widely used in areas such as
the Gulf of Mexico and the Niger basin marsh
areas, and in coastal waters immediately adjacent
to land areas.

Barges are not used when wave height exceeds


5 ft (1.5 m).

Figure 1.8- submersible drilling barge “ mr. Charlie,” circa 1954

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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4. DRILLING RIGS

1.4.2 Marine Rigs.

* Bottom-supported:
-Fixed platforms (Fig. 1.15) are usually
of jacket-type construction and are
supported by piling. Normally, fixed
platforms are used for development of
fields in water depths up to 1,500 ft (460
m).

Figure 1.9- Typical fixed-platform structure

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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4. DRILLING RIGS
1.4.2 Marine Rigs.
* Bottom-supported :
- The primary and most widely used bottom-supported marine
vessel for oilwell drilling is the jackup rig (Fig. 1.16).
As with any bottom-supported rig, jackups cannot operate in a
deepwater environment. Water depths will vary from a few feet to
approximately 350 ft (~106 m).

Figure 1.10- Jackup rig Courtesy of maerisk Drilling


Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
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4. DRILLING RIGS

1.4.2 Marine Rigs.

* Bottom-supported:
• Flatform: The rig is self-contained and carries all drilling
equipment, materials, life-support systems, and crew
quarters.

• The barge usually is divided into two or three decks. The


top deck contains the rig, pipe racks, and occasionally the
living quarters. The lower decks contain all support
drilling equipment, such as pumps and mud systems, and
the auxiliary barge equipment.

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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4. DRILLING RIGS

1.4.2 Marine Rigs

* Floating rigs :
a) Semisubmersible:
• Semisubmersible rigs generally are not
self-propelled.

• Semisubmersible rigs have already


drilled in water depths exceeding 8,000
ft (~2440 m)

Figure 1.11- An anchored semisubmersible drilling rig

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4. DRILLING RIGS
1.4.2 Marine Rigs.
+ Floating rigs :
b) Drillships:

Ø Anchored drillships (Fig. 1.18)


normally are built with a central turret
where the anchoring system is installed.
This allows vessel rotation around the
central turret in order to always keep the
ship facing the waves, reducing wave
action.

Ø Dynamically positioned drillships


have already drilled in water depths
greater than 10,000 ft (~3000 m).

Figure 1.12- An anchored drillship (Lake 2006)

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4. DRILLING RIGS

1.4.3 Deepwater rigs.

• Carry up-to-date technology and a high level of automation

• Contain: tension leg platform (TLP) and spar platform.

• Spar platforms and TLPs are primarily production


structures that may have drilling capability.

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4. DRILLING RIGS
Ø TLP :
A TLP is a floating deepwater-compliant structure designed for
offshore hydrocarbon production with its hull moored to the
ocean floor by high-strength cables, giving the platform vertical
and lateral stability. The drilling equipment and production
facilities, as well as crew quarters, are installed at surface on top
of the structure.

Ø Spar platform:
The spar platform concept comprises a huge cylindrical steel hull
that supports both the drilling operations and production facilities.
Compartments on the upper portion of the cylinder provide
buoyancy, while water-filled tanks on the bottom give weight and
stability. The hull is attached to the seafloor by catenary mooring
systems.

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Offshore Structures 4. DRILLING RIGS
Platform Jackup FPSOs (and
TLP
Semisub drillships)

Not shown:
Spar

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering 3 30
8-Jan-19
lOMoARcPSD|10166054

4. DRILLING RIGS
Offshore Drilling Rigs

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lOMoARcPSD|10166054

4. DRILLING RIGS

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of Texas

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


Downloaded by Nguyen Van Hung ([email protected])
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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

Although the objective is to select the most cost-effective


rig that will drill the well, some other factors must be
considered, including:
• Technical design requirements
• Rig’s manpower (i.e., experience and training)
• Track record
• Logistics
• Rigsite requirements
• Market availability
• Long-term contractual commitments.

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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

Drilling rigs have six basic systems. Traditionally, rig systems


are classified as:
v Power system
v Hoisting system
v Circulating system
v Rotary system
v Well-control system
v Well-monitoring system

Additionally, floating offshore rigs will have a seventh system


comprising special marine equipment required to deal with the
particularities of offshore drilling.

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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

1.5.1 Rig Power System:


Ø Equipment that requires power includes :
§ Drawworks
§ Mud pumps,
§ Rotary system,
§ Life-support system.
Ø The power loading may be continuous or intermittent. The power
system usually are diesel engines.
Ø Total power requirements for most rigs are from 1,000 to 3,000 hp
(750 to 2,200 kW).
Ø Power is transmitted via one of the following systems:
§ Mechanical drive
§ Direct-current (DC) generator and motor
§ Alternating-current (AC) generator, silicon-controlled rectifi er
(SCR), and DC motor

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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
1.5.1 Rig Power System:

ü Internal combustion engine or a


turbine that is the source of
power for driving equipment on
the Rig.

ü A drilling rig in which the source


of power is one or more internal-
combustion engine and in which
power is distributed to rig
components through devices such
as chains, sprockets, clutches and
shaft is said to be a Mechanical
Rig.
Figure 1.13- Internal- combustion engine

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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
1.5.1 Rig Power System:

Psp : shaft power


Psp = ωT ω : the angular velocity
T: torque

Q= ṁf H
ηsp :power efficiency
ṁf : fuel consumption
η sp = Psp / Q H: heating value
Q: internal-combustion engines

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lOMoARcPSD|10166054

5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS


Hoisting SystemSystem:
1.5.2 Hoisting

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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Harold Vance
All rights Department
reserved © 2008 of Petroleum
PETEX® Engineering
(Petroleum Extension Service), The University 14 8-Jan-19
5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS lOMoARcPSD|10166054

1.5.2 Hoisting System:


Hoisting System

Drawworks

Cathead

Winch/tugger

Dr. NguyenAllVan Hung© 2008 PETEX


rightsHarold
reserved Vance Department ofExtension
Petroleum Chapter
Engineering of Texas1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 15 8-Jan-19
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®
(Petroleum Service), The University
5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
1.5.2 Hoisting System:
The principal items in the hoisting system are as follows:
· Drawworks
· Block and tackle
· Derrick and substructure
· Ancillary equipment such as elevators, hooks, and bails

+ Drawworks :The drawworks is the


equipment that uses the energy from the
power system to apply a force to the
cable.
ü The hoisting mechanism on a
drilling rig.
ü It is essentially a large winch that
spools off or takes in the drilling line
and thus raises or lowers the drill
stem and bit.
Figure 1.14- Drawworks

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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hoisting system. The main components of hoisting system are derrick (i.e. steel tower/
5. DRILLING
mast) and substructure, drawworks, and block & tackle.RIG SYSTEMS
The assembly and components
of a hoisting system are shown in Figure 2.10.
1.5.2 Hoisting System:
Derrick
Crown Block
Drilling Line Dead Line
(8 lines are
Strung

Drum Traveling Block


Fast Line
Drawworks Storage
Dead Line Anchor
Reel

Hook

Drum Break

Load Indicator

Figure 2.10 Different components of hoisting


Figure system.
1.15- Block and tackle arrangement
Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
1.5.2 Hoisting System:
+ Block and Tackle: The block and tackle is the primary link between
the drawworks and the loads that will be lowered into or raised out of
the wellbore.
It is composed of the crown block, the traveling block, and the drilling
line. The principal function of the block and tackle is to provide a
mechanical advantage, which permits easier handling of large loads.

q Permit easier handling of large load

q Simple pulley system

q Force/Distance trade off

q How a block and tackle works

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
1.5.2 Hoisting System: 𝑊
+ Block and tackle: 𝑀=
30
𝐹!
F  S D E

Fd
Derrick
Leg
Tf
Td
Dead
Fast Line
Tf
Line
W W W W W W
Ff n n n n n n
Fs
Draw
Works Anchor
whl C
D

A
B

W
drawworks
anchor
Figure 2.12 Derrick/mast of the hoisting system.

Figure 1.16- Block


where; and tackle arrangement
Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1:WD = total compressive
Introduction to Rotary load on the derrick, lb f
Drilling
n = number of drilling lines through the travelling block 43
5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

1.5.2 Hoisting System:


+ Derrick and Substructure:
The derrick provides the height necessary for the hoisting
system to raise and lower the pipe. Derricks can handle sections called
stands, which are composed of two, three, or four joints of drillpipe.
Because common drillpipes are between 8 and 10 m long
(approximately 26 to 33 ft), a derrick designed to handle three-drillpipe
stands will be taller than a 10-story building.
The substructure provides the height required for the blowout
preventer stack on the wellhead below the rig floor.
The derrick and the substructure must have enough strength to support
all loads, including the hook load, pipe set in the derrick, and wind
loads.

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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS lOMoARcPSD|10166054

1.5.3 Circulating System:


Circulating
System

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Harold


© 2008Vance Department Chapter
of Petroleum 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
Service), TheEngineering 7 8-Jan-19
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All rights reserved ®
PETEX (Petroleum Extension University
of Texas
5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
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1.5.3 Circulating System:


Circulating System: Surface

Dr. Nguyen VanHaroldHung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


All rights reserved Vance
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Department
PETEX of Petroleum
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of Texas
5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

1.5.3 Circulating System:

The fluid-circulating system


provides hydraulic power to the drilling
fluid so that it can be pumped from
surface into the drillstring, travel all the
way down the bottom of the hole, and
then return to surface through the
annulus, carrying the rock cuttings
produced by the action of the bit
against the rock.

Figure 1.17- Schematic of drilling fluid path

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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

1.5.3 Circulating System:


The main components of the rig’s circulating system are the
mud pumps, mud pits, mud-mixing equipment, and contaminant-
removal equipment.

+ Mud pumps are designed for pressure output, flow rate,


and horsepower requirements. High pressures are required to
circulate heavy muds in deep wells and to optimize hole cleaning
below the bit. Flow rate must exceed a minimum required to
clean the hole.
Pump Suction Design
Pulsation Dampeners
Centrifugal Pumps
Drilling-Fluid-Handling Equipment

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

1.5.3 Circulating System:


lOMoARcPSD|10166054

Circulating System Desander

(small) mud tank


Triplex mud pumps

Shale shaker
Desilter

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering 9 8-Jan-19
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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMSlOMoARcPSD|10166054

1.5.3 Circulating System:


Other Circulating System Components

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering 10 8-Jan-19
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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

1.5.3 Circulating System:

Figure 1.18- Centrifugal pump diagram (Sahdev 2008)

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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

1.5.3 Circulating System:

+Mud pits:
A series of open tanks, usually made
of steel plates, through which the drilling
mud is cycled to allow sand and
sediments to settle out. Additives are
mixed with the mud in the pit, and the
fluid is temporarily stored there before
being pumped back into the well. Mud
pit compartments are also called shaker
pits, settling pits, and suction pits,
depending on their main purpose.

Figure 1.19- Mud pits


Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

1.5.3 Circulating System:

+ Standpipe :
ü A vertical pipe rising along the
side of the derrick or mast.
ü It joins the discharge line leading
from the mud pump to the rotary
hose and through which mud is
pumped going into the hole.

Figure 1.20- Standpipe

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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
1.5.3 Circulating System:

+ Mud Return Line :


A trough or pipe, placed
between the surface connections at
the well bore and the shale shaker.
Drilling mud flows through it upon
its return to the surface from the
hole.

Figure 1.21- Mud return line

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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

1.5.3 Circulating System:


+ Shale Shaker:
A series of trays with sieves or
screens that vibrate to remove
cuttings from circulating fluid in
rotary drilling operations.
The size of the openings in the
sieve is selected to match the size of
the solids in the drilling fluid and the
anticipated size of cuttings. Also
called a shaker.

Figure 1.22- Shale Shaker

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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

1.5.3 Circulating System:


+ Desander & Desilter:
Desander - a centrifugal
device for removing sand from the
drilling fluid to prevent abrasion
of the pumps.
Desilter - also a centrifugal
device for removing free particles
of silt from the drilling fluid to
keep the amount of solids in the
fluid at the lowest possible point.

Figure 1.23- Desander and Desilter


Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
1.5.4 The Rotary System:
+ The main parts of the rotary system with a rotary table are the swivel, kelly,
and drillstring.
a) The rotary swivel: serves two important functions in the drilling process is
a connecting point between the circulating system and the rotary system and
provides a fluid seal that must absorb rotational wear while holding pressure.

Figure 1.24- Rotary


swivel

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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

1.5.4 The Rotary System:

b) Kelly: The kelly is the first section of pipe below


the swivel. The outside cross section of the kelly is
square or (most commonly) hexagonal to permit it to be
gripped easily for turning.

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
Kelly/block system Kelly drive system

All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX® (Petroleum All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX® (Petroleum
Extension Service), The University of Texas Extension Service), The University of Texas

Figure 1.25- Kelly


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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
Rotating System: Kelly drive system

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX® (Petroleum Extension Service), The University
of Texas Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
60
12 8-Jan-19
5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

1.5.4 The Rotary System:

Modern rigs use a topdrive to replace the


kelly, kelly bushings, and rotary table.
Drillstring rotation is achieved through
hydraulic or electric motors. One type of
topdrive is shown in Fig. 1.29.

Figure 1.26- Topdrive

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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
lOMoARcPSD|10166054

1.5.4 The Rotary System:


Rotating System: Top Drive

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nj3rd3iGLLE

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


Harold
All Vance
rights Department
reserved
of Texas
®
of (Petroleum
© 2008 PETEX Petroleum Engineering
Extension Service), The University 13 8-Jan-19 62
5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
lOMoARcPSD|10166054

1.5.4 The Rotary System:


Well Control: System

All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX® (Petroleum Extension Service), The


University of Texas Courtesy SPE, Bourgoyne, et al

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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

1.5.4 The Rotary System:


The drillstring connects the surface equipment with the drill bit at the
bottom of the well. The drillstring is basically composed of two major
portions, the drillpipes and the bottomhole a ssembly (BHA).

Figure 1.27- a) Drillpipe tool joint ; b) drillpipe; c) drills collar


Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
64
5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
1.5.5 The Well-Control System:
The well control system prevents the
uncontrolled flow of formation fluids from the
wellbore. The flow of formation fluids into the
well in the presence of drilling fluid is called a
kick. The well-control system enables the driller
to:
• Detect the kick
• Close the well at the surface
• Circulate the well under pressure to
remove the formation fluids and increase
the mud density Figure 1.28- Annular preventer
• Move the drillstring up and down with
the well closed
• Divert the flow away from rig personnel
and equipment

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


65
5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
1.5.5 The Well-Control System:
Failure in detecting a kick or a malfunction in the well-control
system may result in an uncontrolled flow of formation fluids into the
wellbore. This unwanted fluid production is called a blowout. Blowouts
can cause loss of lives, drilling equipment, the well, much of the oil and
gas reserves in the underground reservoir, and can cause damage to the
environment.

Figure 1.29- Annular Figure 1.30 - Preventer rubber


Preventer (Hydril)
Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
66
5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
1.5.5 The Well-Control System:

Figure 1.31 – BOP rams

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


67
5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
1.5.5 The Well-Control System:

Figure 1.32- Surface/Land BOP Stack Figure 1.33- Subsea BOP Stack

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


68
5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
1.5.6 Well-Monitoring System:
A modern rig will have devices that display and simultaneously record most
of the important parameters related to the drilling operation. Parameters that
cannot be determined automatically, such as mud properties, will be measured,
recorded, and controlled constantly as well. Some of the most important
parameters include:

• Well depth • Flow return


• Weight on bit • Rate of penetration
• Rotary speed • Hookload
• Rotary torque • Fluid properties (e.g., density, temperature,
• Pump pressure viscosity, gas and sand content, salinity, solids
• Pump rate content)
• Fluid-flow rate • Pit level

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


69
5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS

1.5.6 Well-Monitoring System:

Monitoring the mud system is an important task that must be


fulfilled to maintain well control. The mud gives warning signs
and indications of kicks that can be used to reduce the severity of
the kicks by early detection, avoiding a large influx of gas into the
wellbore.

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


70
6. MARINE DRILLING
For deep and ultradeep water, where anchoring systems are not
feasible, an anchorless system was developed is the vessel has large thrusters
(Fig. 1.36),
This system is called dynamic positioning (DP), and it works to counteract
the forces to which the drilling vessel is subjected while on location.

Figure 1.34- Thruster with controllable patch propeller

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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6. MARINE DRILLING
The wind, waves, and maritime currents will tend to displace the
vessel from its station. Sensors at the vessel detect these actions and require
the thrusters to counteract the forces accurately.

Figure 1.35- DP control room

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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6. MARINE DRILLING
The derrick of a drillship often is designed to withstand as much as
a 20° tilt with a full load of drillpipes standing in the derrick.
The subsea BOP ensures that the well can be closed even in severe weather,
such as a hurricane.

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


73
6. MARINE DRILLING

In such extreme conditions, the BOP can be closed, and the


marine riser disconnected from the top of the BOP system,
allowing the vessel to go to a safer place.

when weather conditions get back to normal, the vessel returns to


the location and the riser is reconnected to the BOP so that the
operation can resume

If the drillstring is in the well and an emergency disconnection is


necessary, the BOP’s shear ram is used to cut off the drillpipe.

Then, the BOP’s blind ram also is closed, keeping the well shut.

Later, after the reconnection, the portion of the drillstring remaining


in the well can be fished (special tools are used to retrieve the
original drillpipe), the damaged pipe substituted, and the operation
resumed.

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


74
6. MARINE DRILLING
The sequence of operation for deepwater well spud-in is as follows :
• Run the conductor and its wellhead housing and jet it in place.
• Release the running tool and drill ahead with the bit and BHA
previously connected with the running string and positioned inside the
conductor.
• After conclusion of drilling, retrieve the drillstring and the running tool
to surface.
• Run the next casing with the high-pressure wellhead. The casing is run
with a running tool connected to the wellhead, and casing length is
calculated so that, when the casing shoe is in place, the wellhead is
landed on the wellhead housing. After landing the wellhead, cement the
casing and then retrieve the running tool and running string back to
surface.
• Run the BOP with the riser already connected on its top. The BOP is
then landed on the high-pressure wellhead.
• With the BOP and riser in place, the operation to drill the next section
can be carried out.

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


75
6. MARINE DRILLING
lOMoARcPSD|10166054

Drillstring
Spiral DC’s
Drillpipe on rack Hardbanding

DP vs DC
Box & pin end

All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX® (Petroleum Extension Service), The


University of Texas All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX® (Petroleum Extension Service), The
University of Texas

Dr. NguyenHarold HungDepartment of Petroleum EngineeringChapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


VanVance 24 8-Jan-19 76
6. MARINE DRILLING
lOMoARcPSD|10166054

Drillstring Handling
Elevators

Slips

Courtesy Devereux/Pennwell

DP vs DC

Courtesy Devereux/Pennwell

All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX® (Petroleum Extension Service), The University of Texas

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering 25 8-Jan-19 77
6. MARINE DRILLING
lOMoARcPSD|10166054

Operations: Tripping with top drive


Casing topdrive Topdrive bails,
elevators, stabbing
guide, saver sub

All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX® (Petroleum


Extension Service), The University of Texas

Courtesy TESCO

Sequence
(RIH)

All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX® (Petroleum Extension Service), The University of Texas

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering 26 8-Jan-19 78
6. MARINE DRILLING
lOMoARcPSD|10166054

Tripping Stabbing pipe


Monkey board/derrickman/racking fingers

All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX® (Petroleum Extension Service), The


All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX® (Petroleum Extension Service), The University of Texas
University of Texas

Standing back DP Pipe racked back

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Harold Vance Department of Petroleum


®
Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX (Petroleum Extension Service), The University of Texas
Engineering 79 8-Jan-19
27
lOMoARcPSD|10166054

6. MARINE DRILLING
Types of rigs: Unconventional

• Coil Tubing

Xtreme Coil Tubing Drilling, Inc

• Casing while
drilling

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering 8028 8-Jan-19
7. DRILLING COST ANALYSIS
Ø Drilling Cost Prediction:
The Most exploration ventures are very risky, presenting a high
possibility of resulting in “dry wells.” It is very common in modern
industry for companies to make joint ventures to explore a new area. In
such cases, normally one company is responsible for the operations (the
operating partner), while others share the costs and eventually the
associated profits of the project.

Drilling costs tend to increase exponentially with depth, and it is a good


policy for drilling engineers to rely on past data to estimate drilling time
and cost for future operations.

Cdc = adc exp(bdc s)

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


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7. DRILLING COST ANALYSIS

These additional drilling operations usually can be broken into the


general categories of
• Wellsite preparation
• Rig movement and rigging up
• Formation evaluation and borehole surveys
• Casing placement
• Well completion
• Drilling problems

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


82
8. SUMMARY

We need to know the following knowledge:

• Distinguishing technology and engineering.


• Know Development of Rotary Drilling.
• The function of the Drilling team and rotary-drilllig
process.
• Diagram drilling rig organization.
• Rotary rig classification and characteristic.
• Drilling rig systems and equipment.
• The feature of Marine drilling.
• Drilling cost evaluation.

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


83
REFERENCES

1. Robert F. Mitchell and Stefan Z. Miska: Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering,


Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, TX, 2011.

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling


84
Assessment

Question 1

Technology necessary for extracting oil and gas reserves is


a) Drilling
b) Coiled tubing
c) Hydraulic fracturing
d) None of the above

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 85


Assessment

Question 1

Technology necessary for extracting oil and gas reserves is


a) Drilling
b) Coiled tubing
c) Hydraulic fracturing
d) None of the above

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 86


Assessment

Question 2

A well that helps to determine the presence of hydrocarbons is


called well.
a) Wildcat
b) Development
c) Exploration
d) None of the above

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 87


Assessment

Question 2

A well that helps to determine the presence of hydrocarbons is


called well.
a) Wildcat
b) Development
c) Exploration
d) None of the above

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 88


Assessment

Question 3

A well drilled in a land known to have proven commercial oil is


a/an
a) Wildcat well
b) Appraisal well
c) Injection well
d) None of the above

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 89


Assessment

Question 3

A well drilled in a land known to have proven commercial oil is


a/an
a) Wildcat well
b) Appraisal well
c) Injection well
d) None of the above

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 90


Assessment

Question 4

In rotary drilling, drill cuttings are removed by


a. Drilling mud
b. Bailer
c. Water
d. Acidizing

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 91


Assessment

Question 4

In rotary drilling, drill cuttings are removed by


a. Drilling mud
b. Bailer
c. Water
d. Acidizing

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 92


Assessment

Question 5

Which one is responsible for transmitting power to other rig


systems?
a) Hoisting system
b) Power system
c) Circulating system
d) Rotary system

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 93


Assessment

Question 5

Which one is responsible for transmitting power to other rig


systems?
a) Hoisting system
b) Power system
c) Circulating system
d) Rotary system

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 94


Assessment

Question 6

Which one of the following is responsible for lowering or lifting


the drillstring, cas- ing string in and out of the hole?
a) Hoisting system
b) Power system
c) Circulating system d) Rotary system

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 95


Assessment

Question 6

Which one of the following is responsible for lowering or lifting


the drillstring, cas- ing string in and out of the hole?
a) Hoisting system
b) Power system
c) Circulating system
d) Rotary system

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 96


Assessment

Question 7

Which one is not a component of power system of drilling rig?


a) Drawworks
b) Mud pumps
c) Rotary table
d) Drilling line

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 97


Assessment

Question 7

Which one is not a component of power system of drilling rig?


a) Drawworks
b) Mud pumps
c) Rotary table
d) Drilling line

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 98


Assessment

Question 8

Shale shakers are used to remove


a) Gases from the drilling mud
b) Large cutting fragments
c) Fine clays
d) Small size solids and silts

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 99


Assessment

Question 8

Shale shakers are used to remove


a) Gases from the drilling mud
b) Large cutting fragments
c) Fine clays
d) Small size solids and silts

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 100


Well completion

The Basis for Well Completion Design


Key Issues

Ø Reservoir Management requirements


Ø Well Concept & Completion Type Selection
Ø Inflow Performance Modeling
Ø Outflow Performance Modeling
Ø Zonal Isolation requirements
Ø Well Impairment minimization, control & removal
Ø Sand Control requirement & method
Ø Reservoir Fluids Properties
Ø Tubing String Material specification
Ø Well Operations Philosophy (operable over well life)
Ø Well Servicing & Intervention requirement (maintainable well life)
Ø Well Abandonment requirement

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 101


Well completion
Functional Requirements of a Well Completion (Outflow
System)
v to hold back (control) reservoir pressure and fluids.
v to provide a communication between the reservoir and the well bore.
v to enable flow of the desired (optimum) production rates.

v to isolate the reservoir fluids from the casing-tubing annulus.


v to enable circulation between the tubing and the annulus.
v to enable monitoring of the Reservoir behavior & performance.

v to enable pressure testing of the completion string.


v to ensure tubing free movement
v to ensure component long life

v to provide safety devices down-hole to enable control of fluids flow to


surface
v to enable re-entry and intervention into the tubing string

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 102


Well completion
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS TUBING
STRING 1
REQUIREMENT COMPONENT

Control reservoir fluids Casing, liners

Reservoir > well communication Perforations / open hole /


gravelpack & screen
Optimum production Tubing size

Casing tubing isolation Packer & seals


Tubing hanger seals
Tbg-ann comm. SSD / SPM
Chemical injection SPM & injection valve
Installation of plugs and gauges Landing nipples & locking mandrels

Artificial lift SPM, downhole pump

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 103


Well completion
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS TUBING
STRING 2
REQUIREMENT COMPONENT

Tubing string movement Seal assembly, PBR, expansion joint,


tbg anchor
Well killing Kill wing valve, annulus connection
& tbg/ann comm
Safety SSV, SSC-SSSV,
SC-SSSV, SC-ASV
Tubing long life Blast joints, flow couplings

Tubing support Tubing hanger


Flow control choke
Well entry x-mas tree with swab valve

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 104


Well completion
Functional Requirement No 1:
to provide Reservoir to Wellbore connection
- Perforations, open-hole

CASING

PERFORATIONS

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 105


Well completion
Functional Requirement No 2:
to enable optimum flow rates

- Tubing

Tubing

PERFORATIONS

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 106


Well completion
Functional Requirement No 3:
to protect the Casing from reservoir fluids by creating Casing-Tubing
annulus

- Packer

Packer

PERFORATIONS

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 107


Well completion
Functional Requirement No 4:
to ensure safe-guard down-hole against uncontrolled well flow.

- SSVs & ASVs

Flow Couplings (FC)


Landing Nipple for SC-SSSV
1/4 “ Hydraulic
Control line

PERFORATIONS

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 108


Well completion
Functional Requirement No 5:
to enhance Tubing long-life as well as enable pressure-testing of
conduit : - Blast Joints, Flow Couplings and Landing Nipples

Flow Couplings (FC)


Landing Nipple for SC-SSSV
1/4 “ Hydraulic
Control line
Blast - Joint
PERFORATIONS -
2 Landing Nipple
(LN)
PERFORATIONS -
1

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 109


Well completion
Functional Requirement No 6:
to facilitate well-killing through enabling circulation between Tubing - Annulus
- SSD and wellhead piping manifold

Flow Couplings (FC)


Landing Nipple for SC-SSSV
1/4 “ Hydraulic
Control line Sliding Sleeve
(SSD)
Blast - Joint
PERFORATIONS -
2
Landing Nipple
(LN)
PERFORATIONS - 1

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 110


Well completion
Functional Requirement No 7:
to enable routine well re-entry and routine down-hole
operations: - Xmas Tree
} Xmas Tree

Flow Couplings (FC)


Landing Nipple for SC-SSSV
1/4 “ Hydraulic
Control line Circulating Sleeve (SSD)

Blast - Joint
PERFORATIONS -
2
No-Go Landing Nipple
(LN)
PERFORATIONS - 1

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 111


Well completion
Single Completion - Natural Flowing Well
HYDRAULIC FLOW COUPLING ( FC)
CONTROL LINE
SC-SSV LANDING
NIPPLE
FLOW COUPLING (FC)
SELECTIVE LANDING NIPPLE
(LN)
CIRCULATING SLEEVE (SSD)
PRODUCTION PACKER
“NO-GO” NIPPLE

RESERVOIR

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 112


Well completion
Single Completion - Gaslift Well

GAS LIFT MANDRELS

GAS IN CASING - TUBING


ANNULUS
FLOW COUPLING (FC)
PRODUCTION SELECTIVE LANDING NIPPLE
PACKER
CIRCULATING SLEEVE (SSD)

“NO-GO” NIPPLE

RESERVOIR

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 113


Well completion

FLOW COUPLING AND SC-SSV


LANDING NIPPLE FC
LN
INSTALLED IN EACH STRING FC FC
LN
FC POSSIBLE GASLIFT
MANDRELS

SSD SSD DUAL PRODUCTION


PACKER
BLAST JOINT

RESERVOIR (2)
SSD

RESERVOIR (1)

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 114


Well completion
Multiple Zones – 2 Zones 2 Packers

v Key Features
§ Independent production
through dual tubing strings
§ Blast joint protection across
upper interval
§ Both packers retrievable
§ Thru-tubing perforation of
lower zone possible

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 115


Well completion
The lower part of a Completion String
for pressure gauge installation

Landing Nipple
Pup Joint
Packer

Cross Over

Landing Nipple
Perforated Joint
No-Go, hang-off press gauge
Pup Joint
Wireline Re-entry Guide

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 116


Well completion

Multiple Zones – 3 Zones 3 Packers

v Key Features
§ Several zones produced
through one tubing string
§ Flow controlled by wireline
retrievable separation tool
§ Up to five zones have been
produced using this method

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 117


Well completion

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 118


Well completion

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 119


Well completion

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 120


Well completion

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 121


Well completion

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 122


Well completion

End

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 123

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