Chapter 05 Stereotypes Prejudice and Discrimination

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
1. Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that
promote the domination of one racial group over another, are most accurately termed
a. racism.
b. orientation
c. social justification.
d. ambivalent sexism.
ANSWER: a
2. Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the
domination of one gender (typically men) over another, are most accurately termed
a. sexism.
b. implicit racism.
c. orientation.
d. ambivalent racism.
ANSWER: a
3. When people belonging to a whole group are associated with certain traits or characteristics, it is known as
a. prejudice.
b. stereotyping.
c. sexism.
d. discrimination.
ANSWER: b
4. Which of the following is not an indicator of discrimination?

a. Believing that baby-faced men are harmless
b. Declining to allow a girl into an auto repair course in high school
c. Signing a petition to keep a minority group out of the neighborhood
d. Hiring a thin candidate rather than an obese one with the same credentials
ANSWER: a
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5. Dr. Charles does not feel that African American students are as academically qualified as other students. He does
not give them as much of his attention, is less willing to make appointments to give them help, and spends less time
reading and making comments on their papers. Dr. Charles is engaging in ____ toward his African American
students.
a. subgrouping
b. prejudice
c. stereotyping
d. discrimination
ANSWER: d
6. Bridgette thinks short people are lazy, and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club. Bridgette is
exhibiting ____, whereas Barbara is exhibiting ____.
a. discrimination; prejudice
b. stereotyping; discrimination
c. prejudice; stereotyping
d. prejudice; discrimination
ANSWER: b
7. Samantha thinks that all social psychology professors are intelligent, attractive, and fabulously good dancers. This is
an example of
a. prejudice.
b. discrimination.
c. social categorization.
d. stereotyping.
ANSWER: d
8. Bonnie feels very negatively toward lawyers. Whenever she meets a person who is a lawyer, she immediately feels
a strong dislike for them the moment she finds out what they do for a living. This is an example of
a. prejudice.
b. discrimination.
c. social categorization.
d. stereotyping.
ANSWER: a

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9. Negative feelings directed at others strictly because of their membership in a certain group is called
a. discrimination.
b. prejudice.
c. stereotyping.
d. the ingroup homogeneity effect.
ANSWER: b
10. Which of the following is an example of stereotyping?

a. A person believes atheists have very loose morals.
b. A company chairman refuses to hire women for top management positions.
c. A person believes Japanese people are hard workers.
d. A person fears that minorities are trying to replace his country’s culture.
ANSWER: c
11. Jane is from race X, and Jean is from race Y. Which scenario best demonstrates modern racism?
a. Jane yells racial slurs and spits on Jean who is a stranger.
b. Jane and Jean work together. Jane thinks Jean is not doing her share of the work. For this, Jane gives Jean a
more negative evaluation than is deserved.
c. Jane and Jean are on the same athletic team. The social norm of the team is for everyone to be friendly and
personable to one another. Jane never talks to Jean.
d. Jane is interviewing Jean as a pianist for her club. Jane is looking for a piano player who will play jazz. Jean
plays classical music. Jane doesn’t hire Jean for the job.
ANSWER: b
12. A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize is called
a. modern racism.
b. relative deprivation.
c. illusory correlation.
d. reverse discrimination.
ANSWER: a

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13. The concept that concerns the ambivalence between one’s sincere, fair-minded attitudes and beliefs, and their
largely unconscious and unrealized prejudicial feelings and beliefs, is called ____ racism.
a. modern
b. aversive
c. explicit
d. implicit
ANSWER: b
14. Although he does not intend to behave in a racist manner, Mark says to his Korean-American classmate during a
study session, “You speak such good English.” This seeming compliment best illustrates the idea of
a. microaggression.
b. stigmatization.
c. social dominance.
d. explicit discrimination.
ANSWER: a
15. According to research by Cascio & Plant (2015) and Merritt et al. (2010), what do people often do to establish their
moral credentials of not being racist?
a. They list down the celebrities they know from the racial group in question.
b. They try to denounce their own race and praise the racial group in question.
c. They take part in rallies and political gatherings of the racial group in question.
d. They demonstrate that they have good friends from the racial group in question.
ANSWER: d
16. Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally is called ____ racism.
a. modern
b. implicit
c. benevolent
d. ambivalent
ANSWER: b

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17. Consider the Implicit Association Test in which people are asked to categorize words as well as Caucasian/African-
American names. If you were to design a similar measure to assess implicit associations related to age, and more
specifically, implicit negative beliefs about older people, which pattern of results might your IAT produce to indicate
such ageism?
a. Participants report that they like younger-sounding names (e.g., Dylan, Carter) more than older-sounding
names (e.g., Gladys, Sydney).
b. Participants take longer to pair positive words with older-sounding names and negative words with younger-
sounding names than vice versa.
c. Participants primed with words related to old age (e.g., “Florida,” “Bingo,” “wheelchair”) internalize
stereotypes regarding the elderly and demonstrate slower reaction times to the categorization tasks.
d. Participants are quicker to recognize and categorize photos of young faces than photos of older faces.
ANSWER: b
18. According to research by Dunham, Qian, and Sacco, which of the following statements is true of explicit racial bias?
a. It is very difficult to see.
b. It remains stable across ages.
c. It tends to reduce with age.
d. It tends to increase with age.
ANSWER: c
19. According to research by Jacquie Vorauer, which is true of people engaging in intergroup interactions?
a. They do not show any intergroup prejudice to their outgroup members.
b. They often try to establish the superiority of their own racial groups.
c. They often have thoughts about the outgroup’s stereotypes toward them.
d. They focus exclusively on gaining respect from outgroup members.
ANSWER: c
20. A metastereotype refers to a

a. person’s thoughts about the stereotypes outgroup members might hold about their own group.
b. person’s thoughts about the acceptability of a stereotype that applies to a large number of outgroups.
c. stereotype that is positive in nature.
d. stereotype that is widely held.
ANSWER: a

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21. According to research by Vorauer & Sasaki, people engaging in interracial interactions often try to regulate their
behaviors by
a. exploring any signs of racial bias shown by their interaction partners.
b. citing the number of times they have helped people from other races.
c. discussing racially sensitive topics with their interaction partners.
d. being on the lookout for signs of distrust or dislike from their interaction partners.
ANSWER: d
22. Janet is a Vice President of a software company. She is Caucasian. In her day-to-day activities, she interacts with
people belonging to various minority races. According to research by Bergsieker (2010) and Simon et al., (2019),
Janet is most likely to focus on
a. the potential racism of the person she is interacting with.
b. being perceived as likeable and warm.
c. being perceived as competent.
d. the respect shown by the other person towards her.
ANSWER: b
23. Gender stereotypes are prescriptive. This means that gender stereotypes
a. identify what men and women should be like.
b. do not persist in modern societies in any form.
c. are more accurate than other kinds of stereotypes.
d. are less influenced by cultural standards than other stereotypes.
ANSWER: a
24. Ambivalent sexism consists of ____ elements.

a. two
b. three
c. four
d. five
ANSWER: a

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25. Negative and resentful feelings directed at women’s abilities, values, and ability to challenge the power of men are
referred to as ____ sexism.
a. implicit
b. modern
c. benevolent
d. hostile
ANSWER: d
26. Affectionate, chivalrous feelings toward women based on the belief that women need protection are referred to as
____ sexism.
a. implicit
b. aversive
c. benevolent
d. hostile
ANSWER: c
27. In their study of sexism in 19 different countries, Glick et al. (2000) found that countries with the greatest degree of
political and economic inequality exhibited
a. the highest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.
b. the lowest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.
c. high levels of hostile sexism but low levels of benevolent sexism.
d. low levels of hostile sexism but high levels of benevolent sexism.
ANSWER: a
28. Which of the following regions has the highest percentage of men believing that women should have the same rights
as men?
a. Africa
b. The United States
c. Middle East
d. Morocco
ANSWER: b

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29. A 2019 study by Eric Apaydin found that females averaged about ____ less pay than their male counterparts.
a. $4,000
b. $11,000
c. $27,400
d. $24,000
ANSWER: c
30. In a study by Phelan and colleagues (2008), participants read about male and female candidates for a managerial
position. Compared to comparable male candidates, female candidates who emphasized their independence and
leadership ability were rated as
a. lower in competence and in social skills.
b. lower in competence but higher in social skills.
c. higher in competence but lower in social skills.
d. higher in both competence and social skills.
ANSWER: c
31. A study by David Schwegman contacted property owners about renting their property. Through a random
assignment, it picked male and female names and allocated arbitrary spouse names. According to this research,
property owners
a. gave equal preference to heterosexual and same-sex couples.
b. gave more preference to lesbian couples compared to gay or heterosexual couples.
c. were less likely to respond to same-sex couples compared to requests from heterosexual couples.
d. gave preference to same-sex couples if they are wealthy.
ANSWER: c
32. Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular
social group or because of a particular characteristic is the definition of being
a. sublimated.
b. ambivalent.
c. averted.
d. stigmatized.
ANSWER: d

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33. According to research by Crocker and colleagues (1991), black students who received positive interpersonal
feedback from a white student experienced ____ if there was suspicion that the feedback had been received due to
race.
a. an increase in level of motivation
b. no change in self-esteem
c. a reduction in self-esteem
d. an increase in self-esteem
ANSWER: c
34. Stigmatized targets are at increased risk for

a. short-term mental health problems.
b. long-term mental health problems.
c. short-term physical health problems.
d. long-term physical and mental health problems.
ANSWER: d
35. A stereotype exists in many cultures that men are better than women at math. Ramie is about to take a diagnostic
achievement test in math. According to research on stereotype threat, under which condition is Ramie most likely to
perform poorly on the test?
a. Ramie does not believe that the test is an accurate measure of math ability.
b. Ramie is asked to indicate her sex at the beginning of the test.
c. Ramie does not include math as an important part of her identity.
d. Ramie is unaware of the cultural stereotype concerning sex and math
ANSWER: b
36. Research on stereotype threat suggests that underperformance by African Americans in academic settings may be
due to
a. a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of African Americans.
b. an overemphasis on super ordinate goals in instruction.
c. receiving negative feedback based on racist motives.
d. the desegregation that tends to occur even in so-called integrated schools.
ANSWER: a

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37. Which of the following experimental procedures would a researcher investigating stereotype threat be least likely to
use?
a. Having women complete a math test
b. Having non-English-speaking students complete a verbal skills test in English
c. Having African Americans complete an athletic task
d. Having individuals with a history of mental illness complete a logical reasoning task
ANSWER: c
38. Which of the following statements describes an essential requirement for stereotype threat to occur?
a. The individual in question must be a member of a minority group.
b. The individual in question must be aware of negative stereotypes about his or her group.
c. The individual in question must have below-average ability for the task in question.
d. The individual in question must regularly participate in activities that draw racial disapproval from others.
ANSWER: b
39. Social categorization is advantageous because it

a. leads to more accurate social perception.
b. encourages us to take longer to make judgments about others.
c. saves time and effort to make inferences about people.
d. is generally based on realistic assumptions.
ANSWER: c
40. Social categorization leads people to

a. perceive group members more accurately.
b. perceive others as individuals rather than group members.
c. overestimate the differences between groups.
d. overestimate the differences within groups.
ANSWER: c
41. All of the following result from social categorization except an

a. overestimation of differences between groups.
b. underestimation of differences within groups.
c. increased confidence that differences between groups are biologically based.
d. increased tendency to notice behaviors inconsistent with group stereotypes.
ANSWER: d

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42. Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity are called ____, and groups
with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity are called ____.
a. ingroups; outgroups
b. social categories; group biases
c. implicit categories; explicit categories
d. self-groups; social groups
ANSWER: a
43. The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as less variable, or more similar to one another, than members of
the ingroup, is called the
a. minimal group effect.
b. outgroup homogeneity effect.
c. ingroup homogeneity effect.
d. contrast effect.
ANSWER: b
44. The belief that “they’re all the same” best epitomizes the
a. minimal group effect.
b. outgroup homogeneity effect.
c. ingroup homogeneity effect.
d. contrast effect.
ANSWER: b
45. Buffy is a member of a sorority. She considers the stereotypes about her sorority to be gross overgeneralizations but
claims that the stereotypes about other sororities seem to have a kernel of truth. Buffy’s thinking best illustrates
a. the outgroup homogeneity effect.
b. realistic conflict.
c. reverse discrimination.
d. social-role theory.
ANSWER: a
46. Ingroup members are believed to display the outgroup homogeneity effect because
a. they always have to compete for shared resources with other groups.
b. they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup.
c. they lack sufficient information to judge the variability of their own group.
d. they usually encounter the most typical members of the outgroup.
ANSWER: b

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47. Which of the following factors does not contribute to the outgroup homogeneity effect?
a. Ingroup members have little information concerning outgroup members.
b. Ingroup members are unlikely to have frequent contact with outgroup members.
c. Ingroup members accurately perceive the lack of diversity within the outgroup.
d. Ingroup members interact with a nonrepresentative sample of outgroup members.
ANSWER: c
48. Charles is a Red Sox fan who does not think highly of Yankees fans. Which of the following statements that Charles
made in the past week is most consistent with the concept of outgroup homogeneity?
a. “Obnoxious, rude, and prone to throwing batteries… if you’ve seen one Yankees fan, you’ve seen them all.”
b. “I knew one Yankees fan who wasn’t bad, but his wife was a Red Sox fan, so he doesn’t count.”
c. “The thing about Yankees fans is most of them just jump on the bandwagon.”
d. “My two favorite teams are the Red Sox and anyone who’s playing against the Yankees.”
ANSWER: a
49. Arnold is not a cheerleader and doesn’t know any cheerleaders personally, but when he sees them at the football
games, they are always smiling. Arnold is likely to
a. think about specific cheerleaders rather than the group stereotype.
b. notice the ways in which each cheerleader is unique.
c. be able to distinguish cheerleaders from one another only if they are smiling.
d. think that all cheerleaders are happy.
ANSWER: d
50. Which of the following parts of the brain is likely to show greater activation when you see an unfamiliar person who
is described as a member of your ingroup as opposed to being a member of an outgroup?
a. The orbitfrontal cortex
b. The corpus callosum
c. The ventral tegmentum
d. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
ANSWER: a

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51. When Nazi propaganda depicted Jewish individuals as “disease-spreading rats,” it was an attempt to solidify
prejudice and hatred against that group through the use of
a. dehumanizing.
b. stereotype threat.
c. confirmatory biases.
d. the ingroup homogeneity effect.
ANSWER: a
52. When sports fans derive more joy in seeing their rival team losing than their own team winning, it is a result of
a. stereotype threat.
b. ingroup homogeneity effect.
c. reduced empathy for outgroups.
d. stigmatization.
ANSWER: c
53. Research findings regarding dehumanization indicate that

a. people tend to process outgroup faces in a manner similar to their processing of nonhuman objects.
b. dehumanization of outgroups is typically associated with reactions of greater empathy.
c. only members of the racial majority tend to be aware of cultural associations between racial minority group
members and particular animal characteristics.
d. it has occurred in every culture in every time era in recorded history.
ANSWER: a
54. Being asked to think about one’s mortality tends to

a. decrease ingroup bias.
b. increase ingroup bias.
c. have no impact on ingroup bias.
d. promote intergroup harmony.
ANSWER: b
55. Individuals with a strong social dominance orientation are least likely to
a. prefer to live in a racially and socially equal society.
b. strongly identify with their ingroup.
c. want their ingroup to be of higher status than other groups.
d. endorse government policies that oppress outgroups.
ANSWER: a

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56. Which of the following statements is true of system-justifying belief?

a. It eliminates ingroup and outgroup favoritism.
b. It supports disadvantaged groups challenging an economic system.
c. It focuses mostly on protecting the status quo.
d. It focuses on creating a racially and socially equal society.
ANSWER: c
57. The stereotype content model groups stereotypes along the two dimensions of
a. intelligence and morality.
b. competence and warmth.
c. directness and indirectness.
d. dehumanization and impulsivity.
ANSWER: b
58. According to the stereotype content model, migrant farm workers who move to an area with a shortage of farming
jobs would likely be viewed as
a. high in warmth and low in competence.
b. low in warmth and high in competence.
c. low in warmth and low in competence.
d. high in warmth and high in competence.
ANSWER: c
59. A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups is said to be
a. aversive.
b. superordinate.
c. competitive.
d. passive.
ANSWER: b
60. Which of the following goals is an example of a superordinate goal?

a. A girl trying to set a new school record for running the mile who is cheered by competitors
b. Two friends playing tennis against each other
c. A man trying to pick up a woman at a bar
d. Athletes who normally compete against each who are now on the same relay team
ANSWER: d

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61. Michigan and Ohio State are rival universities. Students at the two schools tend to only interact when the athletic
teams they play for compete against each other. Sheriff’s Robbers Cave experiment suggests that the students will
a. limit their competition to the playing field and behave cooperatively off the field.
b. only change their negative stereotypes once they have interacted on the playing field.
c. develop friendships only with members of the same race on the other team.
d. develop negative views of one another and behave in a hostile manner.
ANSWER: d
62. A junior high coach decides to separate his basketball players into Team A and Team B. These two teams regularly
play each other and compete for rewards, such as time at the drinking fountain and use of the new basketballs. The
Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that the coach’s new arrangement is likely to
a. create rifts within both teams.
b. lead to animosity between the teams.
c. encourage the development of leadership skills.
d. lead to less vigorous practices.
ANSWER: b
63. The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that

a. ingroup favoritism is inevitable.
b. social dominance is a natural aspect of the human race.
c. prejudice is a function of social class.
d. prejudice can result from intergroup competition.
ANSWER: d
64. The Jets and the Sharks are two groups of local youths who regularly—and belligerently—compete against each
other. The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that one way of healing the rift between these groups is to
a. allow the youths to date each other.
b. force one group to accept the belief that they are inferior to the other.
c. have them work together on a goal that requires cooperative efforts.
d. have each group note the good qualities of the other group.
ANSWER: c

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65. Which of the following can be inferred from the Robbers Cave study?
a. Intergroup conflict can be easily resolved with a propaganda campaign.
b. Competition between two groups can stir conflict.
c. The best way to reduce intergroup conflict is simply to bring group members together.
d. Young boys exhibit greater aggressive tendencies than young girls.
ANSWER: b
66. The results of the Robbers Cave experiment can be extrapolated to suggest that prejudice and discrimination
between groups are often cast aside when
a. both groups compete more often.
b. both groups say nice things about each other.
c. there is a common goal.
d. there is ingroup favoritism.
ANSWER: c
67. Which of the following best exemplifies realistic conflict theory?

a. The conflict over land ownership between Arabs and Israelis in the Middle East
b. The conflict between Protestants and the Catholics in Ireland due to religious differences
c. The conflict between Democrats and Republicans regarding U.S. political ideology
d. The conflict over whether abortion should be legal or illegal
ANSWER: a
68. Realistic conflict theory proposes that

a. conflict between groups is a function of interpersonal hostility.
b. intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued resources.
c. intergroup conflict is largely a function of how realistically groups view one another.
d. realistic groups do not have to worry about intergroup conflict.
ANSWER: b
69. Some border-town residents dislike illegal immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away
from them. These feelings can best be explained by
a. system justification theory.
b. social identity theory.
c. social categorization theory.
d. realistic conflict theory.
ANSWER: d

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70. James is not satisfied with his $5 million annual salary because he feels that other basketball All-Stars are paid far
more money. James’ dissatisfaction is most likely the result of
a. realistic conflict theory.
b. ingroup favoritism.
c. outgroup homogeneity.
d. relative deprivation.
ANSWER: d
71. Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between competition and prejudice is false?
a. Imagined competition can lead to prejudice just as much as actual competition.
b. The perception that one is not doing as well as outgroup members is sufficient to produce prejudice.
c. Prejudice can result from competitive threat to the ingroup as well as the individual.
d. Superordinate goals help diffuse conflict between children, but not adults.
ANSWER: d
72. Minimal groups are groups

a. consisting of only two people.
b. that occupy low-status positions in society.
c. based on trivial distinctions of minor importance.
d. with a long history of competition and antagonism.
ANSWER: c
73. Research using minimal groups has demonstrated that

a. competition for limited resources is necessary for ingroup favoritism.
b. ingroup favoritism will not occur in trivial laboratory groups.
c. ingroup cohesion is necessary to produce ingroup favoritism.
d. mere categorization is sufficient to produce ingroup favoritism.
ANSWER: d
74. According to social identity theory, people display ingroup favoritism

a. as a way of displacing negative feelings toward the outgroup.
b. as a means of increasing self-esteem.
c. because they expect to be treated unfairly by outgroup members.
d. because intergroup competition demands it.
ANSWER: b

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75. Fein and Spencer (1997) conducted a study in which participants evaluated a job applicant whom they believed to be
either Jewish or non-Jewish. Which of the following statements about this study is false?
a. Participants were more likely to discriminate against the Jewish applicant when they had previously been
given negative feedback about their own abilities.
b. Participants who were able to avoid discriminating against the Jewish applicant demonstrated the biggest
boost to their own self-esteem.
c. The study was conducted on a campus where negative stereotypes about Jewish women were pervasive.
d. Their results provide supporting evidence for one of the basic predictions of social identity theory.
ANSWER: b
76. Which of the following is not predicted by social identity theory?

a. Self-esteem is derived from positive ingroup associations.
b. Threats to self-esteem tend to decrease ingroup favoritism.
c. Expressions of ingroup favoritism tend to increase self-esteem.
d. Self-esteem is increased to the extent that the ingroup is perceived as better than the outgroup.
ANSWER: b
77. Zoe just learned that she did not get into the college of her choice. She comes upon Alec, a resident of a nearby
neighborhood and one that most outsiders find distasteful. It is likely that the news Zoe just received will cause her
to judge Alec more ____, making her feel ____ about herself.
a. positively; worse
b. negatively; worse
c. positively; better
d. negatively; better
ANSWER: d
78. Which of the following statements is true of collectivist cultures in the context of social identity and prejudice?
a. They show no bias favoring their ingroups.
b. They exclusively emphasize the positive aspects of their ingroups.
c. They are more likely than individualist cultures to consider contradictions in their ingroups.
d. They are more likely than individualist cultures to enhance their ingroups to boost their self-esteem.
ANSWER: c

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79. Which of the following statements best epitomizes the role of socialization in explaining stereotypes?
a. Larry tends to sort objects into groups rather than thinking of each item as unique, and he does the same
thing when perceiving other people.
b. Cheryl relies on stereotypes because it saves her cognitive effort and energy.
c. Jeff thinks that all Italians are loud and easily excited because he has heard his father describe them in this
manner.
d. Susie responds to threats to her self-esteem by stereotyping other groups to make herself feel better.
ANSWER: c
80. Socio cultural factors that influence stereotyping include all of the following except
a. the effects of priming.
b. popular images of groups in the media.
c. one’s peers.
d. social roles.
ANSWER: a
81. Which of the following does not demonstrate the influence of gender stereotypes?
a. Parents see their newborn sons as stronger than their newborn daughters.
b. Parents underestimate the crawling ability of their infant girls and overestimate that of their infant boys.
c. When a baby boy cries in response to a toy, he is thought to be angry. When a baby girl exhibits the same
response, she is thought to be afraid.
d. Newborn boys tend to be taller and weigh more than newborn girls.
ANSWER: d
82. Gerianne Alexander’s (2003) research on children’s sex-based preferences for toys indicates that, in addition to
being affected by socialization, such preferences are affected by
a. the availability of engaging toys.
b. neurobiological and evolutionary factors.
c. whether the toys are high tech.
d. media exposure to stereotypes.
ANSWER: b

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83. According to social role theory, gender differences in social behavior are magnified by
a. the unequal gender-based division of labor.
b. influences of media on how men and women should behave.
c. inherent neurobiological and evolutionary factors.
d. the forces of natural selection.
ANSWER: a
84. According to social role theory, gender differences that arise from social roles provide a continuing basis for
a. minimal groups.
b. jigsaw classrooms.
c. old-fashioned racism.
d. gender stereotypes.
ANSWER: d
85. Both Jorge and Jocelyn are applying for two residencies after medical school: orthopedic surgery (a traditionally
male-dominated residency) and pediatrics (a traditionally female-dominated residency). If Jorge and Jocelyn have
similar academic records, it is likely that
a. Jorge will get more interviews for both types of residencies.
b. Jocelyn will get more interviews for both types of residencies.
c. Jorge will get more orthopedic surgery interviews and Jocelyn will get more pediatric interviews.
d. Jocelyn will get more orthopedic surgery interviews and Jorge will get more pediatric interviews.
ANSWER: c
86. Adriana was watching a series of commercials in which women were portrayed as having relatively low self-
confidence, less independence, and fewer career aspirations than men do. As a result, she will probably ____ than
women who watched commercials portraying women in counter-stereotypical fashion.
a. perform better on a math test
b. perform worse on a math test
c. feel more powerful
d. feel less powerful
ANSWER: b

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87. People who read about violent crimes committed by members of a minority group tend to overestimate the
association between violent crimes and the minority group. This is due to
a. illusory correlation.
b. subliminal presentation.
c. subtyping.
d. self-fulfilling prophecy.
ANSWER: b
88. You think all professors are a bit nerdy and have abstract interests. You find out that your social psychology
professor can sing the theme song to any television show that aired in the 1970s or 1980s and is also fluent in the
Star Trek language of Klingon. You believe that your stereotype has been confirmed by this professor. This is an
example of
a. confirmation bias.
b. implicit personality theory.
c. self-fulfilling prophecy.
d. fundamental attribution error.
ANSWER: a
89. Allport and Postman’s (1947) study using a photograph of a subway car demonstrated how racial stereotypes
a. evolve over generations.
b. facilitate memory accuracy and conserve cognitive energy.
c. can be controlled.
d. distort social perception and memory.
ANSWER: d
90. Kashima and others (2013) had Australian students transmit a story about a football player from one person to the
next. Their results indicated that as the story went from person to person,
a. the stereotype-inconsistent information was eventually weeded out.
b. the stereotype-inconsistent information was eventually exaggerated.
c. the stereotype-consistent information was often distorted.
d. its content remained relatively consistent.
ANSWER: a

Name: Class: Date:
91. When a perceiver’s false expectations cause a person to behave in ways confirms those expectations, it results in
a(n)
a. subtype.
b. self-fulfilling prophecy.
d. subliminal presentation.
ANSWER: b
92. The tendency to overestimate the extent to which members of stereotyped groups possess attributes and perform
behaviors consistent with the group stereotype results from
a. subtyping.
b. illusory correlations.
c. stereotype threat.
d. ingroup favoritism.
ANSWER: b
93. The tendency to interpret, seek, and create information that is consistent with pre-existing expectations is called the
____ bias.
a. implicit stereotype
b. representativeness
c. self-serving
d. confirmation
ANSWER: d
94. Gunner thinks that Jews are particularly funny. He overestimates the association between being a stand-up
comedian and being Jewish because both characteristics are very distinctive from the normal population. This
demonstrates
a. a contrast effect.
b. the outgroup homogeneity effect.
c. an illusory correlation.
d. social-role theory.
ANSWER: c

Name: Class: Date:
95. Participants in an experiment learn about eight positive and four negative behaviors performed by members of group
A. They also learn about four positive and two negative behaviors performed by members of group B. Which of the
following patterns of results is most likely?
a. Group B will be liked more because they performed the fewest number of negative behaviors.
b. Group A and B will be liked equally well because the ratio of positive to negative behaviors is the same.
c. Group A will be liked less because of a perceived link between the distinctive events of membership in the
larger group and performing more negative behaviors.
d. Group B will be liked less because of a perceived link between the distinctive events of membership in the
smaller group and performing fewer negative behaviors.
ANSWER: d
96. If people encounter someone that contradicts their stereotypes, they toss the mismatch into a special category. This
is called
a. subtyping.
b. illusory correlations.
c. stereotype threat.
d. ingroup favoritism.
ANSWER: a
97. Subtyping is least likely when confronted with a group member who
a. is dramatically different from the group.
b. causes observers to bring to mind others who confirm the stereotype.
c. is perceived to have violated a stereotype for situational reasons.
d. deviates from the stereotype on only a few dimensions.
ANSWER: d
98. Palma thinks that all gay men have a superior fashion sense. She knows that her chemistry professor is gay, and
notices that he is not a particularly snappy dresser. She rationalizes this by saying, “Well, he’s a gay professor—
they don’t know how to dress that well.” This is an example of how
a. subtyping can lead to stereotype perpetuation.
b. social identity can influence stereotyping.
c. intergroup contact can alter stereotype exceptions.
d. social categorization can color stereotype formation.
ANSWER: a

Name: Class: Date:
99. Forming subtypes for individuals who do not conform to a group stereotype
a. makes it easier to change the content of the stereotype.
b. serves to protect the stereotype from change.
c. prevents the stereotype from being applied to other group members.
d. helps in boosting one’s self-esteem.
ANSWER: b
100. You think all professors are uncoordinated, but then you see your social psychology professor make a diving catch
down the left-field line at an intramural softball game against the Arts Department team. You also notice that your
professor hits lead-off for the team and is able to score from second base on a ground-out. You maintain your
original stereotype of professors as uncoordinated by deciding that this one individual is an exception to the rule
because he is a “young professor.” This is an example of
a. social identity theory.
b. implicit personality theory.
c. subtyping.
d. a self-fulfilling prophecy.
ANSWER: c
101. A method of presenting material so faintly and rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having
been exposed to it is called ____ presentation.
a. subliminal
b. supraliminal
c. superordinate
d. subordinate
ANSWER: a
102. According to Devine’s study of automatic stereotype activation, people become highly aware of many stereotypes
through
a. situational factors during their encounters with outgroups.
b. socialization from their culture.
c. their neurobiological and evolutionary roots.
d. the forces of natural selection.
ANSWER: b

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103. Which of the following has been demonstrated in research on the automatic nature of stereotypes?
a. Exposure to stereotype content influences subsequent judgments for both high and low prejudiced individuals.
b. Exposure to category labels influences subsequent judgments for both high and low prejudiced individuals.
c. Automatic activation effects are less likely to occur if self-esteem is threatened.
d. Stereotypes influence subsequent judgment only when people are aware that the stereotype has been
activated.
ANSWER: a
104. Whose judgments are least likely to be influenced by automatic stereotype activation?
a. A highly sexist person exposed to the label “woman”
b. A nonsexist person exposed to the label “woman”
c. A highly sexist person exposed to information consistent with negative stereotypes regarding women
d. A nonsexist person exposed to information consistent with negative stereotypes regarding women
ANSWER: b
105. Which of the following factors increases the probability of automatic activation of stereotypes?
a. Exposure to neutral information about a group or target
b. A personal motivation to avoid prejudice
c. A low prevalence of the stereotype in the culture
d. Subliminal exposure to prejudicial messages
ANSWER: d
106. Stereotypes appear to bias perceptions

a. even when we do not endorse them.
b. for outgroup members, but not for ingroup members.
c. only when we are aware that the stereotype was activated.
d. only when the stereotype was unconsciously activated.
ANSWER: a
107. In the aftermath of the Amadou Diallo shooting, several psychologists have investigated the influence that a
suspect’s race might play in police decisions to shoot or not shoot. The results of these studies suggest that
a. race does not influence police officers who have been trained to look past a suspect’s skin color.
b. race can influence the thought processes of police officers, but very rarely their actual behavior.
c. police will react differently to an African-American suspect depending on their own level of racial prejudice.
d. mere awareness of racial stereotypes is enough to influence police behavior, even if the officers do not
endorse these stereotypes.
ANSWER: d

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108. Payne (2001) was among the first to conduct research into the “shooter bias” He found that participants were more
likely to mistake a harmless weapon for a gun if the image was preceded by a picture of a black face than it was if
it was preceded by a white face. This shows the influence of ____ on our interpretation of stimuli in our
environments.
a. explicit stereotypes
b. self-fulfilling prophecies
c. priming
d. subtyping
ANSWER: c
109. Hightower is a new recruit in the police academy and is about to begin his very first day of training with a computer
simulation task in which Caucasian and African-American men are portrayed holding ambiguous, weapon-like
objects. Research on race and the perceptions of police officers would predict that Hightower
a. would have little trouble distinguishing between Caucasian and African-American targets in such a
simulation.
b. would respond differently to the simulation depending on his personal endorsement of race-related
stereotypes and prejudicial attitudes.
c. demonstrate more and more bias in his responses the longer his training went on.
d. would have a bias that was consistent with racial stereotypes.
ANSWER: d
110. The idea that, under certain conditions, direct engagement between hostile groups can reduce prejudice is most
consistent with
a. the theory of minimal groups.
b. contrast effects.
d. the contact hypothesis.
ANSWER: d
111. Which of the following conditions is not deemed ideal for contact to serve as a treatment for racism?
a. Equal status
b. Cooperative activities
c. Personal interaction
d. Pleasant environmental conditions
ANSWER: d

Name: Class: Date:
112. Linley is trying to reduce racism by having children of different races work on projects together. Each student is
given information critical to the project and has to collaborate with their different-race group members by sharing
that information to earn a good grade on the project. The classroom norms are supportive of cross-race interaction.
Which of the following conditions essential to the success of the contact hypothesis is missing?
a. Equal status
b. Social norms
c. Cooperative activities
d. Personal interaction
ANSWER: d
113. Two neighboring high schools have been feuding since the annual football game ended in a tie. The principals of the
schools decide that the tension may subside if the two schools participate in joint activities, such as assemblies that
would allow the students to hear a local band. The strategy is likely to be ineffective, however, because the
a. two groups have equal status.
b. trying to resolve intergroup conflicts always results in further conflicts.
c. students at the two schools are unlikely to have personal contact.
d. principals have established the wrong social norm.
ANSWER: c
114. One possible explanation for the failure of school desegregation to promote better racial relations is that it was
a. a simplistic idea with no chance of working.
b. carried out on too large a scale.
c. often carried out without supportive social norms.
d. a strategy that provided too much racial contact.
ANSWER: c
115. Mr. Belding wants to reduce prejudice toward incoming minority students at his elementary school. Before the
minority students arrive, Mr. Belding puts up posters showing children of all nationalities holding hands. Next, he
plans a scavenger hunt in which incoming students are mixed with current students and divided into small groups.
Each student receives a secret clue critical to his or her group’s success in finding the treasure. Mr. Belding’s
actions reflect his understanding of
a. primacy effects.
b. social identity theory.
c. social-role theory.
d. the contact hypothesis.
ANSWER: d

Name: Class: Date:
116. Studies show that cross-group friendships

a. reduce intergroup anxiety and prejudice.
b. result in automatic activation of stereotypes.
c. create subtypes of stereotype mismatches.
d. reduce self-esteem over time.
ANSWER: a
117. Knowing that an ingroup friend has a close relationship with a member of an outgroup can produce positive
intergroup benefits. This is called the ____ effect.
a. confirmation
b. extended contact
c. self-fulfilling prophecy
d. illusory correlation
ANSWER: b
118. A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction ingroup efforts is called the
a. jigsaw classroom.
b. self-affirmation group.
c. indirect contact method.
d. Robbers Cave strategy.
ANSWER: a
119. Research on the jigsaw method has found that jigsaw classrooms saw a(n)
a. improvement in minority group test scores.
b. decline in majority group test scores.
c. decline in minority group test scores.
d. improvement in minority group and maintenance of test scores for the majority group.
ANSWER: d
120. Aronson’s jigsaw classroom work is similar to Sheriff’s Robbers Cave experiment because both illustrate how
a. social roles can influence the use of stereotypes.
b. superordinate goals can reduce prejudice.
c. social identification with a group can increase in group favoritism.
d. overcoming feelings of relative deprivation can decrease prejudice.
ANSWER: b

Name: Class: Date:
121. What process does the common ingroup identity model emphasize?
a. Recategorization
b. Self-affirmation
c. Thought suppression
d. Stigmatization
ANSWER: a
122. Shortly after 9/11/01, even though a bitterly contested election had recently occurred, many Americans put aside
their political differences in reaction to the national tragedy that occurred that day, viewing “American” as their
primary identity rather than Republican or Democrat. This change is consistent with what the ____ proposes is
necessary to reduce prejudice.
a. common ingroup identity model
b. social identity theory
c. social categorization model
d. realistic conflict theory
ANSWER: a
123. Research on stereotype threat indicates that

a. only a handful of minority groups experience such threats.
b. they can be attenuated by expressing positive expectations of the potential targets.
c. stereotypes are just as likely to improve the math scores of women as to harm them.
d. it occurs mainly due to neurobiological and evolutionary factors.
ANSWER: b
124. Research on stereotype threat implies that females at an all-girls school may ____ in mathematics than females at a
mixed-sex school.
a. perform better
b. perform worse
c. perform similarly
d. be less confident, but perform better
ANSWER: a

Name: Class: Date:
125. Lash is an African-American student who believes that intelligence is fixed. Persuading him that intelligence is
malleable may
a. decrease his tendency to experience stereotype threat.
b. make him less prejudiced against outgroup members.
c. reduce his performance on an academic task.
d. increase the probability of him dropping out of school.
ANSWER: a
126. Research on age and stereotype suppression indicates that

a. younger and older individuals are equally successful at suppressing stereotypes.
b. younger individuals have less success with stereotype suppression than older individuals.
c. older individuals have less success with stereotype suppression than younger individuals.
d. older people are more successful at stereotype suppression than younger individuals.
ANSWER: c
127. Research by Bodenhausen (1990) on the cognitive functioning of “morning people” vs. “night people” demonstrates
that the influence of stereotypes depends on the
a. personal information a perceiver has about a target.
b. motivation of the perceiver.
c. age of the perceiver.
d. cognitive resources available to the perceiver.
ANSWER: d
128. People can counter the potentially negative effects of stereotype activation by
a. taking the perspective of a member of the stereotyped group.
b. trying very hard not to think about the stereotype.
c. thinking about the stereotyped group as a whole.
d. thinking about recent instances in which they made fair judgments.
ANSWER: a
129. Not wanting to appear prejudiced to others is a(n) ____ motivation to control prejudiced responses and behaviors.
a. externally driven
b. internally driven
c. relative
d. modern
ANSWER: a

Name: Class: Date:
130. According to the self-regulation of prejudiced responses model, ____ motivated individuals may learn to control their
prejudices ____ effectively over time.
a. internally; more
b. internally; less
c. externally; more
d. externally; evenly
ANSWER: a
131. Pluck’s (2009) field experiment in Rwanda in which civilians listened to a radio soap opera demonstrates the
a. intractability of many intergroup conflicts.
b. cross-cultural differences in how prejudice manifests itself.
c. potential influence of media on shaping norms related to intergroup relations.
d. automaticity of many stereotypical beliefs.
ANSWER: c
132. Describe two ways in which gender stereotypes are strengthened and maintained.
ANSWER: Gender stereotypes are strengthened and maintained through cultural institutions and social roles,
among other mechanisms. Cultural institutions, particularly the media, portray women (as well as
members of other groups) in a stereotypic fashion. These portrayals can have a cumulative effect on
people’s views of women. Although social roles may have begun as a division of labor based in part on
biology and in part on social factors, over time, many people act in ways that are consistent with their
roles. In turn, the behaviors that result from these roles often come to justify the original division of
labor.
133. Describe the Robbers Cave experiment, and explain how it relates to realistic conflict theory.
ANSWER: The Robbers Cave experiment, conducted at several summer camps, investigated the interactions
among adolescent boys who were divided into two groups. Sheriff found that competition between the
two groups led to hostility and intense dislike that even propaganda could not eliminate. Peace was
restored to some extent when the two groups worked together on tasks with super ordinate goals that
could be achieved only through cooperation from both groups. Simply bringing the two groups together
under noncompetitive circumstances or exposing them to positive propaganda concerning the other
group did not alleviate the conflict. The study suggests that group animosity can grow out of competition
—the main tenet of realistic conflict theory.
134. Explain how social identity theory accounts for ingroup favoritism.
ANSWER: Social identity theory proposes that people favor their own group over others in order to maintain a
positive image of their group. The theory further argues that people seek to have a positive image of
their group in order to promote positive self-esteem. When their self-esteem is challenged, people are
more likely to be prejudiced toward others, a tendency that then restores positive self-regard.

Name: Class: Date:
135. Describe three mechanisms that help explain why stereotypes persist even when people are presented with
stereotype-inconsistent information.
ANSWER: Illusory correlation is one mechanism that can lead to the maintenance of stereotypes even in the
presence of disconfirming information. It results from the tendency of people to see a relationship
between infrequent events and negative events. People tend to think that groups that are in the minority
are more likely to engage in infrequent acts. Because stereotypes are often about minority groups and
because negative events are usually infrequent, illusory correlation can lead to the maintenance of
negative evaluations of minority groups. A second mechanism is sub typing, the process whereby
people refine a stereotype to include inconsistent individual members of a group while maintaining the
overall negative evaluation of the group. Throughout this process, although evaluations of an individual
member may not be consistent with the stereotype, evaluations of the group remain the same. A third
mechanism is the confirmation bias, which causes people to seek out and pay more attention to
stereotype-consistent information than to stereotype-inconsistent information. Confirmation biases lead
people to discount information that is inconsistent with the stereotype, to interpret ambiguous
information in an expectation-consistent manner, and even to elicit behavior that confirms their
expectations.
136. Discuss the conditions that are deemed ideal for intergroup contact to treat racism.
ANSWER: There are four conditions that are deemed ideal for intergroup contact to treat racism. (1) Equal status:
The groups should be given equal status during the contact. (2) Personal interaction: Individual
members of the two groups should have one-on-one interactions. (3) Cooperative activities: Members
of the groups should cooperate and take part in activities that involve superordinate goals. (4) Social
norms: Social norms must promote intergroup contact.
137. Discuss some of the research that has been done with police officers related to the “shooter bias.” How has that
research been interpreted?
ANSWER: Fortunately, several researchers have conducted these experiments with police officers as participants
(Corral et al., 2007b; Perches & Plant, 2006). In some of this research, police officers have shown a
similar bias to mistakenly “shoot” a black than white target, and in some they have shown little or no
racial bias in the decision to shoot. Even in the studies in which the officers’ decisions were not as
racially biased, however, racial bias was evident in the officers’ response times, indicating that they
were quicker to decide to shoot armed black than white targets and slower to decide to not shoot
unarmed black than white targets. In addition, several studies have also found that for both civilians and
police officers, training designed specifically to curtail these biases can be effective, at least to some
degree. Reviewing all these studies, Joshua Corral and others (2014) concluded that stereotypes
certainly can alter perceptions about the presence of weapons and the decision to shoot. In addition,
even though police officers are able to avoid these biases under testing conditions, when officers must
make these decisions under conditions of fatigue, high stress, and distraction—the conditions officers
often face when having to make real shoot-or-not decisions—their ability to overcome stereotype-based
biases is compromised, thus increasing the likelihood of the mistakes seen in the tragic incidents that
sparked all this research.

Name: Class: Date:
138. Distinguish between benevolent sexism and hostile sexism, and give at least one example of each. How are these
two concepts related to ambivalent sexism? Finally, what are some of the impacts of these forms of sexism?
ANSWER: These contradictions are reflected in Peter Glick and Susan Fiske’s (2001, 2012) concept of ambivalent
sexism. Ambivalent sexism consists of two elements: hostile sexism, characterized by negative,
resentful feelings about women’s abilities, value, and challenge to men’s power (e.g., “Women seek
special favors under the guise of equality”), and benevolent sexism, characterized by affectionate,
chivalrous feelings founded on the potentially patronizing belief that women need and deserve protection
(e.g., “Women should be cherished and protected by men”). Benevolent sexism, on the surface, does
not strike many women or men as terribly troubling, but the two forms of sexism are positively
correlated. Benevolent sexism is associated in particular with negative reactions toward women who
defy traditional gender roles and stereotypes.
Both types of sexism are associated with supporting gender inequality in a variety of ways, and both
predict many kinds of discriminatory behaviors and negative consequences (Duran et al., 2011; Maser et
al., 2010; Rudman & Fetter of, 2014). For example, Allison Skinner and others (2015) found that,
depending on the context, hostile and benevolent sexism each predicted more negative judgments of the
driver in an accident if the driver was said to be a woman rather than a man. Kristen Salomon and
colleagues (2015) found that being the target of either type of sexism triggered negative cardiovascular
responses in the women in their study.

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

4. Which of the following is not an indicator of discrimination?

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

10. Which of the following is an example of stereotyping?

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

20. A metastereotype refers to a

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

24. Ambivalent sexism consists of ____ elements.

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

34. Stigmatized targets are at increased risk for

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

39. Social categorization is advantageous because it

40. Social categorization leads people to

41. All of the following result from social categorization except an

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

53. Research findings regarding dehumanization indicate that

54. Being asked to think about one’s mortality tends to

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

56. Which of the following statements is true of system-justifying belief?

60. Which of the following goals is an example of a superordinate goal?

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

63. The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

67. Which of the following best exemplifies realistic conflict theory?

68. Realistic conflict theory proposes that

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

72. Minimal groups are groups

73. Research using minimal groups has demonstrated that

74. According to social identity theory, people display ingroup favoritism

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Chapter 05-Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

76. Which of the following is not predicted by social identity theory?

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