Ciara Narciso - Module 9 - Blood Typing

Module 13
Cardiovascular Physiology:
Blood Typing
At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Know the principle behind blood typing
2. Determine own blood type
3. Understand antigen-antibody reactions
Introduction
Due to the presence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells, there are
different types of blood groups. These blood groups should be taken into consideration
when conducting blood transfusions. When the blood types of the donor and recipient
do not match, hemolysis will occur that may lead to death.
Materials
Lancet with needle

Anti-A serum
Anti-B serum
Slides
Methods
1. Thoroughly clean the skin proximal to the base of a thumbnail with a concentrated
alcohol solution.
2. Swing the arm in circles for several seconds (to increase the venous pressure in the
hand). Quickly wrap a handkerchief tightly around the base of the thumb, and pierce the
cleaned skin with sterile stylet provided
3. Place a drop of blood on two areas of a clean slide and label one side A and the
other side B.
4. Place a drop of each of two commercially prepared antisera on your slide; Anti-A
serum on the slide labeled A; Anti-B serum on side B.
5. Mix each sample with a clean toothpick, taking care to avoid cross-contamination.
6. Because “Anti-A” test serum contains A-antibodies it will produce clumping
(agglutination) of blood having A-antigens. Similarly, the “Anti-B” test serum reacts with
blood having B-antigens. You can therefore deduce your blood group.
Results
1. What was your ABO blood type? Which agglutinins are contained in your blood
plasma? Which agglutinogens are contained in your blood cells?
My blood type is B+. My blood plasma will contain anti-A antibodies. These antibodies
are naturally present in the plasma of individuals with blood type B. They are
responsible for recognizing and binding to the A antigen found on the surface of red
blood cells with blood type A. The presence of anti-A antibodies in our blood plasma
helps prevent the agglutination or clumping of red blood cells when they come into
contact with blood of type A. While the agglutinogens present in my blood cells will be B
antigens. These B antigens are specific molecular markers that are present on the
surface of red blood cells. They play a crucial role in determining an individual’s blood
type and compatibility with other blood types. The presence of B antigens in B positive
blood is important information in blood transfusions, as it helps to match blood types
accurately and prevent adverse reactions.
Discussion
1. By knowing the blood types of your parents, can you tell if you are really their
offspring?
Yes, in some instances but it is impossible to determine if an individual is someone’s
biological child solely based on their blood type. There are instances that the child’s
blood type doesn’t match his/her parents blood types. However, there are rare
occurrences like genetic mutations or rare blood type combination that can result in a
child having a different blood type and their parents.
2. What is the principle behind blood type determination?
The basic principle of ABO typing is that the forward grouping reaction, which detects
the antigen present on the surface of the RBCs of the patient, should match the results
of the reverse grouping reaction, which detects the antibodies present in the patient’s
serum. The Anti-A and Anti-B, universally occurring antibodies are expected to be
detected in the serum of all persons who lack those antigens on the surface of red blood
cells. Both the forward and reverse grouping reactions are expected to be strong (3+ or
4+) reactions.
References
https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-types/b-blood-
type.html#:~:text=About%209%25%20of%20the%20population,positive%20and%20O
%20negative%20donors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585061/#:~:text=The%20basic%20principle
%20of%20ABO,present%20in%20the%20patient's%20serum.
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/paternity-testing-blood-types-and-dna-374/
#:~:text=In%20cases%20of%20questioned%20paternity,to%20all%20of%20his
%20offspring.
https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/blood-typing#:~:text=Your%20blood
%20type%20is%20based,the%20ABO%20blood%20typing%20system.

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Module 13

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

Lancet with needle

2. What is the principle behind blood type determination?

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