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RAKSIT NANTHATANTI
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43 views

433 Project

Uploaded by

RAKSIT NANTHATANTI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Project: Matlab simulation of human knee’s patella motion due to roughness of femur

Introduction:
When a knee starts degrading due to any of various causes such as overuse, infection, accident etc., some
vibrations are generated in knee joints, which can be detected by sensors attached on the patella as signals
to indicate how much injured it is. Vibration theory is applied to build a mathematical model for assisting
in fundamental medical diagnosis of knee joint problem. Friction induced vibration and roughness induced
vibration are studied by simulating results of varying the value of parameters: friction coefficient, flexion
of a knee, roughness and others. The results are then analyzed in MATLAB.

Figure 1: Human Knee Joint

Figure 2: Patella Movement on Trochlear Groove while stretching the leg


(from https://b-reddy.org/why-is-it-so-hard-to-straighten-your-knee-after-acl-surgery/)
Figure 3: Patella Movement on Trochlear Groove while flexing the leg
(from https://b-reddy.org/why-is-it-so-hard-to-straighten-your-knee-after-acl-surgery/)

Objectives:
Study the motion of the patella on a rough femur’s cartilage and see the vibration of the patella as some of
the physical parameters vary.
Physical Model:
Observing the knee joint motion in Figures 2 and 3, we can model the system showing the motion of the
patella due to the roughness of the surface of femur’s cartilage shown in Figure 4 below. The motion of the
patella is created from the flexion of the knee joint. Let us assume that when the knee is flexed the tibia is
fixed vertically only the patella and the femur is in motion. The femur pulls the quadriceps and thus the
patella moves on the femur. The quadriceps muscles and the patella ligaments are assumed to act like a
rubber band having both stiffness and damping. The patella bone itself is considered a rigid body. The
cartilage of the femur is quite soft, we can also modeled it with some elasticity and damping in vertical
direction and friction in the horizontal direction. With some roughness of the surface, we can consider it as
a base excitation with known functions.

Figure 4: Dynamic Model of Patella


Fy

Wavelength = λ

Figure 5: Simplified Dynamic Model of Patella

Initially, to make the analysis simpler, the physical model is simplified by eliminating the rotation
of the patella as shown in Figure 5.
Procedures:
1. Write up the equation of motion in the x and y directions using figure 5.
2. Pick one value for each parameter within the given range in Table 1 and make it constant all over your
calculations.
3. You may set

 the motion of femur to be 𝑥𝐹 = 𝑋𝐹sin(𝜔𝐹𝑡) as an input (XF is selected from the table)
1 when 𝑥 > 0
 the friction is Coulomb friction 𝑓 = − 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑥) ∙ 𝜇Ft where 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑥) = { or
−1 when 𝑥 < 0
and Ft is the force transmitted by the spring and the damper.
 the roughness is sinusoidal yR = YR sin(2πf ∙ t) =YR sin(2π 𝑥/λR ∙ t) with varying wavelength λ and
amplitudeYR

4. Vary the values of the following parameters: roughness amplitude YR, roughness wavelength λR, friction
coefficients 𝜇, and external force Fy where their ranges are within the suggested values in the table.

5. Use Matlab to simulate the y(t) using ODE45 or other codes and plot max vibration amplitude (Y) vs
varying parameters. Note that the y motion depends on the roughness which also a function of x.
Grading criteria:

 Correctness of analysis and results


 Detailed explanations/Discussion
 Amount of work done

Number of student per group: 4 or fewer

Report:
Submitted a PDF file consisting of

 Introduction
 Dynamic model
 EOM
 Results (graphs etc.)
 Explanations
 Matlab codes
Deadline: May 26th, 2021 (midnight) in mycourseville

Suggested Parameter Values:

Physical Parameter Symbol Value Unit Condition


0.0070-
Patella Mass 𝑚 0.0075
kg
Damping Coefficient of 𝑐𝑝 0.5-1.5 Ns/mm
Patellar Ligament
Damping Coefficient of Quadriceps 𝑐𝑞 0.5-1.5 Ns/mm
Damping Coefficient on
Cartilage Contact
𝑐𝑐 3-7 Ns/mm
Select one value and
Stiffness of Patellar Ligament 𝑘𝑝 500-1500 N/mm keep it fixed
Stiffness of Quadriceps 𝑘𝑞 500-1500 N/mm
Stiffness on Cartilage Contact 𝑘𝑐 2500-3500 N/mm
Quadriceps Elongation Amplitude 𝑋𝐹 10-70 mm
Angular Velocity of the Knee 𝜔𝐹 0.5-10 rad/s
Friction Coefficient at
Patellofemoral Contact
𝜇 0.01-0.03 -

External Force on Patella Fy 100-7500 N


Varied within range
Roughness Amplitude of Cartilage 𝑌𝑅 1-2 µm

Roughness Wavelength of Cartilage 𝜆𝑅 30-50 µm

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