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The Cambridge Handbook of Sociolinguistics
Published titles
The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology, edited by Paul de Lacy
The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-switching, edited by
Barbara E. Bullock and Almeida Jacqueline Toribio
The Cambridge Handbook of Child Language, edited by Edith L. Bavin
The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages, edited by
Peter K. Austin and Julia Sallabank
The Cambridge Handbook of Sociolinguistics, edited by Rajend Mesthrie
The Cambridge Handbook
of Sociolinguistics
Edited by
Rajend Mesthrie
c a mbr idge u ni v ersi t y pr ess
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,
Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521897075
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Notes 430
References 440
Index 523
Figures
6.1a The ASL sign DEAF, citation form (ear to chin) page 87
6.1b The ASL sign DEAF, non-citation variant 1 (chin to ear) 87
6.1c The ASL sign DEAF, non-citation variant 2, in the
compound DEAF-CULTURE (contact cheek) 88
10.1 Class stratification of (r) in New York City 172
10.2 Australian questioning intonation by class and sex 182
11.1 Columbus and Fort Benning 189
11.2 Levels of agreement about the South 195
11.3 Rates of /l/ vocalization 196
13.1 The cross-generational and cross-sex patterning of
Ocracoke /ay/ 230
Tables
F feminine
FEL Foundation for Endangered Languages
FLA first language acquisition
FTA face-threatening acts
FV finite verb
HABIT habitual
ICE International Corpus of English
ICHEL International Clearing House for Endangered Languages
IMF International Monetary Fund
INDIC indicative
INF infinitive
IS interactional sociolinguistics
JLU Jamaica Language Unit
LCM Linguistic Category Model
LIS Italian Sign Language (Lingua Italiana dei Segni)
LL linguistic landscape
LOC locative
LPLP language planning and language policy
LWC lower working class
M masculine
MC middle class
MDA multi-modal discourse analysis
MEXT Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports and
Technology
MFY Mobilization for Youth
NEC non-Estate Class
NSF National Science Foundation
OBV obviation marker
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
P preposition
PA past
PRES present tense
RECIP reciprocal
RECP recent past
REL relative
S singular
SASL South African Sign Language
SC social scale
SEC socioeconomic class
SEE Signing Exact English
SES socioeconomic status
SIL Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL)
SL sign language
SLA second language acquisition
SSENYC Social Stratification of English in New York City
xiv Abbreviations
Diana Eades’ chapter (21) on language and the law shows that to a con-
siderable extent the law is a semiotic and sociolinguistic edifice. Almost
all the subfields of sociolinguistics surveyed in Chapters 2 to 19 have
considerable relevance to the understanding, practice, and use of lan-
guage in the legal system. Ethnographic issues pertaining to powerful
and powerless styles come into consideration, and court interactions
afford particularly good illustrations of interaction, convergence/ diver-
gence, and politeness in action. Conversational analysis illuminates how
the ability of ordinary citizens to communicate might be affected if their
conversational rights of digression and indirectness are curtailed. These
might contrast with the more strategic and powerful pauses of lawyers.
Issues pertaining to the sociolinguistics of gender, ethnicity, and class
dialects are also relevant. Eades discusses the double marginalization of
the Deaf in court. In relation to societal multilingualism, sociolinguists
and applied linguists have paid attention to the role of interpreters and
translators, who are in a potentially powerful position and may par-
ticipate at much more than the level of a neutral translating machine.
Forensic sociolinguistics is concerned with the expert testimony given
by linguists in courts of law in respect of accent recognition, dialect dif-
ferences, analysis of discourse conventions, and so forth. There has been
recent work on the sociolinguistics of asylum-seekers, who must prove
their bona fides to the satisfaction of the legal system. Here sociolin-
guists and discourse analysts have played a role in stressing the fluidity
of language use and the effects of language contact, shift, and so forth
in making the language repertoire of individuals look less typical than
the bureaucratic enumeration of state languages in official records or in
language textbooks.
Susan McKay’s chapter (22) shows that while media studies have
grown, to the extent that they are an independent discipline in many
universities, there are strong connections to sociolinguistic interests.
Rather than being passive neutral recipients, media audiences are
often required to be active interpreters: connotation is as important as
denotation. Hence, approaches from branches within linguistics and
applied linguistics such as conversation analysis, critical discourse ana-
lysis, genre and register studies are of great relevance to students of the
media. Phone-in programs and talk shows are a great deal more inter-
active than the media of earlier eras, and need to be understood in terms
of not only themes and content but their semiotic packaging. Of current
research interest is the rise of new media and genres like “netspeak”
which appears to bring new dimensions to the traditional speech vs writ-
ing dichotomy. At the same time, new dimensions of personal and social
identity are being formed, especially the emergence of a broader identity
than that dictated by speech community and social network via speech.
The final chapter by Christopher Stroud and Kathleen Heugh (23)
emphasizes the changing nature of communication and knowledge in
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Ma'ān 13, 21, 230.
Mahmūd, Hadj, Zaptieh 223-237, 241, 242, 243, 250, 262, 264, 324.
Mekka 256;
Eisenbahn 13, 165;
Gebräuche 250;
Pilgrime 64, 230;
der schwarze Stein von 91.
Mersina 252.
Meskin 36.
Mezērib 104.
Michaïl, der Koch, 3, 4, 11, 14, 19, 20, 41, 69, 73, 78, 84, 88, 99, 96,
107, 111, 115, 125, 154, 162, 166, 169, 210, 211, 212, 234, 236,
249, 260, 261, 262, 269, 270, 286, 298, 307, 308, 324, 327.
Moab 36.
Moabitische Berge 10, 16.
Mu'āwiyah 130.
Musil 52 Anm.
Muwaggar s. El Muwaggar.
Nadjīb, Hadji, Zaptieh 262, 263, 264, 275, 286, 290, 293, 298, 304,
307, 308.
Namrūd, Abu, Führer 18, 20, 25, 26, 31, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
48, 49, 50, 54, 60, 324.
Nedjēreh 52.
Negersklaven 37.
Ölberg 4;
mohammedanische Prozession A. 5.
Orontes 162, 165, 166, 169, 170, 181, 213, 214, 219, 222, 224, 226,
233, 234, 300, 303, 308, 309, 310, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317.
Pagrae 324.
Petra 13.
Rameh 104.
Rayak 252.
Reisende A. 303.
Rīad 14.
Sachau M. 238.
Safa 32, 90, 98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 112, 118, 119, 121,
122.
Salchad 65, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 88, 95, 96, 298;
Blick von der Burg nach Südosten A. 85;
Burg A. 81.
Samaria 256.
Scheikhly 104.
Schibbekeh 104.
Schuraik 119.
Schwarzes Meer 7.
Selemijjeh 188.
Sermeda 286.
Sēs, Djebel 120.
Smyrna 7, 95.
Sonnenquell 7.
Suchūr, Stamm, 14, 23, 24, 34, 37, 40, 41, 61, 73, 84;
Herden der A. 37.
Tigris 233.
Türkische Regierung 14, 16, 22, 34, 42-46, 81, 82, 83, 88, 98, 134.
Um er Resās 52.
Uthail 59.
Waddington 238.
Wan, See 4.
Wasserträger A. 259.
Wüstenbrunnen A. 64.
Zādeh, Raschid Agha Kakhya 301, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307, 327.
Zebdāny 153.
Das
Moderne Ägypten
von A. B. de Guerville
Autorisierte Übersetzung aus dem Englischen
Japan
das Land der aufgehenden Sonne
einst und jetzt