C6 Quantitative Chemistry

In this chapter we will learn about:

- the relative atomic mass of elements
- the relative formula mass of compounds
- that substances react in fixed proportions
- the mole as the “accounting” unit in Chemistry
- simple calculations involving the mole
- calculations involving the mole and reacting masses
- calculations involving gases
- the concentration

C6.01. Chemical analysis and formulae

In many different situations it is important to know not only what is in a chemical

product but also how much of each substance there is.

A chemical formula or equation not only tells us what happens but puts “numbers” to it. This
is vital to modern chemistry.
We need to be able to predict the amounts of substances involved in chemical reactions. To
do this, we must have a good understanding of the atom. For some time now we have been
able to use the mass spectrometer as a way of “weighing” atoms.

Relative atomic mass

The mass of a single atom is incredibly small when measured in grams (g):

mass of one hydrogen atom = 1.7 x 10-24 g = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 7 g

It is much more useful and convenient to measure the masses of atoms relative to each
other. We use a standard atom to do that, the carbon-12 isotope, the “mass” of which is
given the value of exactly 12. The use of the mass spectrometer first showed the existence
of isotopes. There are atoms of the same element that have different masses because they
have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus, they are called isotopes. The majority of
elements have several isotopes.
The relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element is the average mass of an atom of the element,
taking into account the different natural isotopes of that element. So most relative atomic
masses are not whole numbers. But in this book, except for chlorine (35.5), they are rounded
to the nearest whole number to make our calculations easier.

Atom Mass in grams Whole-number ratio

hydrogen 1.7 x 10-24 1

carbon-12 2.0 x 10-23 12

fluorine 3.2 x 10-23 19

Table C6.01 The relative masses of the atoms
 1 carbon atom mass 12 units 12 hydrogen atoms mass 1 unit each
Ar = 12 Ar = 1

Helium (He) Hydrogen

Figure C6.01 The relative mass of atoms. Twelve hydrogen atoms have the same mass as
one atom of carbon-12. A helium atom has the same mass as four hydrogen atoms.

Key term:
Relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element; is the average mass of naturally occurring
atoms of the element on a scale where the carbon-12 atom has a mass of exactly 12
units.
It is important to note that the mass of an ion will be the same as that of the parent atom.
The mass of the electron or electrons gained or lost in forming the ion can be ignored in
comparison to the total mass of the atom.

Relative formula mass

Atoms combine to form molecules or groups of ions. The total masses of these molecules or
groups of ions provide useful information of the way the elements. The formula of an
element or compound is taken as the basic unit. The mass of atoms or ions in the formula
are added together, the mass of a substance is called the relative formula mass (Mr) or
relative molecular mass for covalent elements or compounds.
For example water is a liquid made up of H2O molecules (H-O-H). Each molecules contains
two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. So its relative molecular mass is twice the
relative atomic mass of hydrogen plus the relative atomic mass of oxygen.

Mr (H2O) = (2 x 1) + 16 = 18

We are now going to practice some examples in class

Key term:
Relative molecular mass: (Mr) of a covalent substance; the sum of the relative atomic
masses of the elements present in a molecule of the substance.
If the substance is an ionic compound, this mass is called the relative formula mass (Mr).

Tip: Pay particular attention to the example of ammonium sulphate. This is an example of a
formula that has brackets. Remember to take into account the number outside the bracket
when counting up all the atoms of a particular type.

Substance Formula Atoms in Relative atomic Relative formula mass,

formula masses Mr

Ammonium (NH4)2SO4 2N N = 14 2 x 14 = 28
sulphate (two NH4+
ions, one 8H H = 1 8x1 = 8
SO42- ion)
1S S = 32 1 x 32 = 32

4O O = 16 4 x 16 = 64

132

Experiment to do in class: Compound formation and chemical formulae

With all this information we can conclude that:

● A particular compound always contains the same elements.
● These elements are always present in the same proportion by mass.
● It does not matter where the compound is found or how it is made.
● These proportions cannot be changed.

Reacting amounts of substances

Relative formula masses can also be used to calculate the amounts of compounds reacted
together or produced in reactions. Here is an example:

Worked example C6. 02

If 0.24 g of magnesium reacts with 0.16 g of oxygen to produce 0.40 g of magnesium oxide
(MgO) How much will be produced by burning 12 g of magnesium?

0.24 g Mg producing 0.40 g MgO

0.40
so 1 g Mg produces 0.24
𝑔 MgO = 1.67 g MgO

so 12 g Mg produces 12 x 1.67 g MgO = 20 g MgO

Calculations of quantities like these are a very important part of chemistry. These
calculations show how there is a great deal of information “stored” in chemical formulae and
equations.
Questions
C6.01. The diagrams represent the structure of 6 different compounds (A-F)
a. What type of bonding is present in compounds A, C, D, E and F?
b. What type of bonding is present in compound B?
c. State the simplest formula for each compound A to F.

A B

C D

E F

C6.02 Calculate the relative formula masses (Mr) of the following substances.
Data: Relative atomic masses: H =1, C = 12, N =14, O = 16, Al = 27, S = 32, Cl = 35.5,
K = 39, Cu = 64, Br = 80)
a. oxygen, O2
b. ammonia, NH3
c. sulphur dioxide, SO2
d. octane, C8H18
e. sulphuric acid, H2SO4
f. potassium bromide, KBr
g. copper nitrate, Cu(NO3)2
h. aluminium chloride, AlCl3
C6.03. A class of students carry out an experiment heating magnesium in a crucible (as
described earlier in this section). The table shows the results of the experiments from the
different groups in the class.

Mass/g
Experiment
Magnesium Magnesium oxide Oxygen

1 0.06 0.10 0.04

2 0.15 0.25 0.10

3 0.22 0.38 0.16

4 0.24 0.40 0.16

5 0.30 0.50

6 0.28 0.46

7 0.10 0.18

8 0.20 0.32

a. Write down the correct mass of oxygen that reacts with magnesium in
the last four experiments.
b. Plot a graph of the mass of oxygen reacted against the mass of
magnesium used. Draw in the best-fit line for these points.
c. Comment on what this graph line shows about the composition of
magnesium oxide

C6.02 The mole and chemical formulae

A particular compound always contains the same elements. They are always present in a
fixed ratio by mass. These two experimental results were of great historical importance in
developing the ideas of chemical formulae and the bonding of atoms. To do this we need to
use the idea of the mole.

The mole - the chemical counting unit

When carrying out an experiment, a chemist cannot weigh out a single atom or molecule and
then react it with another atom. Atoms and molecules are simply too small. A “counting unit”
must be found that is useful in practical chemistry. This idea is not unusual when dealing
with large numbers of small objects. For example, banks weigh coins rather than count
them. The number of sweets in a jar can be estimated from their mass. Assuming that you
know the mass of one sweet.
Chemists count atoms and molecules by weighing them. The standard “unit” of the “amount”
of a substance is taken as the relative formula mass of the substance in grams. This “unit” is
called one mole (1 mol) of the substance (mol is the symbol or shortened form of mole or
moles).
One mole of each of these different substances contains the same number of atoms,
molecules or formula units. That number per mole has been worked out by several different
experimental methods. It is named after the 19th-century Italian chemist, Amedeo Avogadro,
and is 6.022 x 1023 per mole (this is called the Avogadro constant, and it is given the symbol
L or NA)

One mole of a substance;

● has a mass equal to its relative formula mass in grams
● contains 6.022 x 1023 (the Avogadro constant) atoms, molecules or formula units,
depending on the substance considered.

The relative formula mass of carbon (Mr) is 12 and the mass of one mole (molar mass) of
carbon is 12 g. This means that 1 mole of carbon, which contains 6.022 x 1023 atoms of
carbon, has a mass of 12 g. Here we show you some other examples:

Relative formula Mass of one mole

Substance Formula This mass (1 mol) contains
mass, Mr (molar mass)

Iron Fe 56 56 g 6.022 x 1023 iron atoms

Water H2O (2 x 1) + 16 = 18 18 g 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules

Calcium 40 + 12 + (3 x
CaCO3 100 g 3.022 x 1023 ‘formula units’
carbonate 16) = 100

Calculations involving the mole

Worked example C6.03

1. How many moles are there in 60 g of sodium hydroxide?
We have: the relative formula mass of sodium hydroxide is:
Mr (NaOH) = 23+ 16 + 1 =40
molar mass of NaOH = 40 g/mol
 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 60 𝑔
number of moles = = = 1.5 mol
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 40 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

2. What is the mass of 0.5 mol of copper (II) sulphate crystals?

We have: the relative formula mass of hydrated copper (II) sulphate is:

Mr (CuSO4 · 5 H2O) = 64 + 32 + (4 x 16) + (5 x 18= 250

molar mass of CuSO4 · 5 H2O = 250 g/mol

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
number of moles =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Therefore,
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
0.5 mol =
250 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑔
mass = 0.5 mol x 250 = 125 g of CuSO4 · 5 H2O
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Working out chemical formulae
The idea of the mole means that we can now work out chemical formulae from experimental
data on combining masses. In the experiment to make magnesium oxide (section 6.01) a
constant ratio was found between the reacting amounts of magnesium and oxygen. If 0.24 g
of magnesium is burnt, then 0.40 g of magnesium oxide is formed. This means due to the
law of conservation of mass that 0.16 g of oxygen were combined with magnesium. We can
use these results to find the formula of magnesium oxide.
The formula of magnesium oxide tells us that 1 mol of magnesium atoms combine with 1 mol
of oxygen atoms. The atoms react in a 1:1 ratio to form a giant ionic structure, know as
lattice, of Mg2+ and O2- ions. For giant structures, the formula of the compound is the
simplest whole-number formula- in this example, MgO.

Mg O

mass combined 0.24 g 0.16 g

molar mass 24 g/mol 16 g/mol

number of moles 0.01 mol 0.01 mol

simplest ratio 1 1

Formula MgO

Silicon (IV) oxide is a giant molecular structure. A sample of silicon oxide with a mass of 10.0
g is found to contain 4.7 g of silicon. How can we find its formula?
We need to follow the following steps:
1. Find the number of grams of the elements that combine
2. Find the number of moles of atoms of each element that combine
3. Find the simplest whole-number ratio

Follow the previous example and complete the table below

Si O

mass combined

molar mass

number of moles

simplest ratio

Fórmula

C6.03 The mole and chemical equations

We can now see that the chemical equation for a reaction is more than simply a record of
what is produced. In addition to telling us what the reactants and products are, it tells us how
much product we can expect from particular amounts of reactants. When iron reacts with
sulphur, the equation is:
Fe + S → FeS

This indicates that we need equal numbers of atoms of iron and sulphur to react. We know
that 1 mol of iron (56 g) and 1 mol of sulphur (32 g) contain the same numbers of atoms.
Reacting these amounts should give us 1 mol of iron (II) sulphide (86 g). The equation is
showing us that:
 Fe + S → FeS

1 mol 1 mol 1 mol

56 g 32 g 88 g

The mass of the product is equal to the total mass of the reactants. This is the law of
conservation of mass, which we met in Chapter C4. Although the atoms have rearranged
themselves, their total mass remains the same. A chemical equation must be balanced. We
may want to try smaller amounts:

Fe + S → FeS

0,1 mol 0,1 mol 0,1 mol

5.6 g 3.2 g 8.8 g

If we tried to react 5 g of sulphur with 5.6 g of iron, the excess sulphur would remain
unreacted. Only 3.2 g of sulphur could react with 5.6 g of iron: 1.8 g of sulphur (5.0 - 3.2 =
1.8 g) would remain unreacted.

When we write a chemical equation, we are indicating the number of moles of

reactants and products involved in the reaction.

Calculating reacting amounts - a chemical footbridge

Worked example C6.04

What mass of aluminium oxide is produced when 9.2 g of aluminium metal reacts
completely with oxygen gas?
To answer this question, we first work out the balanced equation:

4 Al + 3 O2 → 2 Al2O3

across

↑ up ration = 4 mol : 2 mol ↓down

9.2 g mass = ?

Then we work through the steps of the ‘footbridge?

Step 1 (the up stage) Convert 9.2 g of Al into moles:
9.2 𝑔
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = = 0.34 mol
27 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

Step 2 (the across stage): Use the ratio from the equation to work out how many
moles of Al2O3 are produced:
 4 mol of Al produce 2 mol of Al2O3, so 0.34 mol of Al produce 2 mol of Al2O3

Step 3 (the ‘down’ stage): Work out the mass of this amount of aluminium oxide (the
relative formula mass of Al2O3 is 102)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
0.17 mol =
102 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
so
102 𝑔
mass of Al2O3 produced = 0.17 mol x = 17.3 g
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Tip: Remember to read questions on reacting masses carefully. If you set out the calculation
carefully, using the equation as we have done here, you will be able to see which
substances are relevant to your calculation. Remember to take the balancing numbers into
account in making your calculation (this is called the stoichiometry of the equation)

Tip: In carrying out a reaction, one of the reactants may be present in excess. Some of this
reactant will be left over at the end of the reaction. The limiting reactant is the one that is not
in excess - there will be a smaller number of moles of this reactant present, taking into
account the reacting ratio from the equation.

Questions

C6.04 Copper (II) oxide can be reduced to copper metal by heating it in a stream with
hydrogen gas. Dry copper (II) oxide was placed in a tube which had previously been
weighed empty. The tube was re-weighed containing the copper (II) oxide and then set up as
in the diagram.

Hydrogen was passed through the tube for 15 seconds before the escaping gas was lit. The
tube was heated for a few minutes. The apparatus was then allowed to cool with hydrogen
still passing thorugh. The tube was re-weighed. The process was repeated until there was
no further change in mass.
Part A:
I. Where is the most suitable place to clamp the tube?
II. Why was the hydrogen passed through for 15 seconds before the gas was
lit?
III. Why was it necessary to repeat the process until there was no further
change in mass?
Part B: The results for the experiment are given below.
A. Mass empty tube = 46.12 g
B. Mass of tube + copper (II) oxide = 47.72 g
C. Mass of copper (II) (B-A) = ……………………..g
 D. Mass of tube + copper = 47.40 g
E. Mass of copper produced (D-A) = …………………….g
F. Mass of oxygen in the copper (II) oxide = …………………...g

I. Copy out and complete the results table above

II. How many moles of copper atoms are involved in the reaction? (Relative
atomic mass: Cu = 64)
III. How many moles of oxygen atoms are involved in the reaction? (Relative
atomic mass: O = 16)
IV. From the results of the experiment, how many moles of oxygen atoms
have combined with one mole of copper atoms?
V. From the results of the experiment, what is the formula of copper (II)
oxide?
VI. Write a word equation for the reaction and then, using the calculated
formula for copper (II) oxide, write a full balanced equation for the reaction
with hydrogen.

C6.04. Calculation involving gases

The volume of one mole of a gas

Many reactions, including some of those we have just considered, involve gases. Weighing
solid or liquids is relatively straightforward. In contrast, weighing a gas is quite difficult. It is
much easier to measure the volume of a gas. But how does gas volume relate to the number
of atoms or molecules present?

Equal volumes of gases are found to contain the same number of particles, this is
Avogadro’s law. This leads to a simple rule about the volume of one mole of a gas.

● One mole of any gas occupies a volume of approximately 22.4 litres (22.4 dm3) at
room temperature and pressure (r.t.p), 25ºC and 1 atm
● The molar volume of any gas therefore has the value 22.4 dm3/mol at r.t.p.
● Remember that 1 dm3 (1 litre) = 1000 cm3 = 1000 ml

When an amount of a substance is not found at room temperature and pressure, its volume
is not 22.4 litres, it changes. The relationship between the amount of substance (n) of a gas
and the volume it occupies depends on its pressure and temperature, to calculate it we use
the equation of an ideal gas is:

p·V=n·R·T or pV = nRT

In this formula it is very important to use the correct units, in the following table we explain
the meaning of each letter and the corresponding units for it. Capital letters are only used for
V, T and R and lower case letters are used for p and N, this is important because for
example v as lower case usually means velocity in science and t means time, so it is
essential to give clear information in the formula used.
 Letter Meaning Units

p pressure atm, atmosphere

V volume L, litres

n amount of substance mol, moles

R ideal gases constant 𝑎𝑡𝑚 · 𝐿

0.082 𝑚𝑜𝑙 · 𝐾

T temperature K, kelvin

The value of the ideal constant depends on the units that we use, we are going to use with
the value of R = 0.082 atm · L · K-1 · mol-1

Reactions involving gases

Worked example C6.05
If 8g of sulphur are burnt, what volume of SO2 is produced?
First consider the reaction of sulphur burning in oxygen.

Sulphur + Oxygen → Sulphur dioxide

S (s) O2 (g) → SO2 (g)

1 mol 1 mol 1 mol

32 g 24 L 24 dm3

We have:
8𝑔
number of moles of sulphur burnt = = 0.25 mol
32 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

From the equation:

1 mol of sulphur → 1 mol of SO2
Therefore:
0.25 mol of sulphur → 0.25 mol of SO2

So from the above rule:

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
number of moles =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Some important reactions involve only gases. For such reactions, the calculations of
expected yield are simplified by the fact that the value for molar volume applies to any gas.
For example:

Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen Chloride

H2 (g) Cl2 (g) → 2 HCl (g)

1 mol 1 mol 2 mol

24 dm3 24 dm3 48 dm3

The volumes of the gases involved are in the same ratio as the number of moles given by
the equation:

H2 (g) Cl2 (g) → 2 HCl (g)

1 volume 1 volume 2 volumes

Substance Molar mass (g/mol) Molar volume Number of particles

(dm3/mol)

Hydrogen (H2) 2 24 6.022 x 1023

hydrogen molecules

Oxygen (O2) 32 24 6.022 x 1023 oxygen

molecules

Carbon dioxide 44 24 6.022 x 1023 carbon

(CO2) dioxide molecules

Ethane (C2H6) 30 24 6.022 x 1023 ethane

molecules

C6.05 Moles and solution chemistry

The concentration of solutions
When a chemical substance (the solute) is dissolved in a volume of solvent, we can
measure the ‘quantity’ of solute in two ways. We can measure either the mass (in grams) or
its amount (in moles). The final volume of the solution is normally measured in cubic
decimeters, dm3 (1 dm3 = 1 litre or 1000 cm3 or 1000 ml). When we measure the mass of the
solute in grams, it is the mass concentration that we obtain, in grams per cubic decimetre of
solution (g/dm3).
But it is more useful to measure the amount in moles, in which case we get the molar
concentration in moles per cubic decimetre of solution (mol/dm3)

𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
concentration =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

For example, a 1 mol/dm3 solution of sodium chloride contains 58.5 g of NaCl (1 mol)
dissolved in water and made up to a final volume of 1000 cm3. Figure below shows how the
units are expressed for solutions of differing concentrations. It also shows how solutions of
the same final concentration can be made up in different ways.

Calculations using solution concentrations

When we need to work out the number of moles of a solution the following triangle is useful.
In this case the concentration is expressed in mol/dm3 and the volume in dm3 (litres).

However, we are usually dealing with solution volumes in cm3 (ml). In that case we need to
convert the units of concentration into mol/cm3 dividing it by a 1000.
For example, how many moles of sugar are there in 500 cm3 of a 3.0 mol/dm3.sugar
solution?
We get:
3.0
number of moles = × 500 = 1. 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1000
In practice, a chemist still has to weigh out a substance in grams. So questions and
experiments may also involve converting between moles and grams.

Worked example C6.06

Calculate the concentration of a solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, that contains 10
g of NaOH in a final volume of 250 cm3.

Step 1: Find out how many moles of NaOH are present:

relative formula mass of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40

10
number of moles of NaOH = = 0.25 mol
40
Step 2: Find the concentration: number of moles

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
number of moles = x volume (in cm3)
1000
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0.25 mol = x 250 cm3
1000
0.25 𝑥 1000
concentration = = 1 mol/dm3
250

Tip: Calculation questions are often structured for you, so make sure you work your
way through the questions as far as you can go. Always show your working when
responding to a calculation questions, because you may still get credit even if you
make a mistake in the final stage - it will also help you work out where you went
wrong.

Questions
C6.05. Calculate the number of moles of agas there are in the following:
a. 480 cm3 of argon
b. 48 dm3 of carbon dioxide
c. 1689 cm3 of oxygen

C6.06. Calculate the volume in cm3 of the following at r.t.p.

a. 1.5 moles of nitrogen
b. 0.06 moles of ammonia
c. 0.5 moles of chlorine

C6.07. Calculate the concentration (in mol/dm3.) of the following solutions.

a. 1.0 mol of sodium hydroxide is dissolved in distilled water to make 500 cm3 of
solution
 b. 0.2 mol of sodium chloride is dissolved in distilled water to make 1000 cm3 of solution
c. 0.1 mol of sodium nitriate is dissolved in distilled water to make 100 cm3 of solution.
d. 0.8 g of solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in distilled water to a final volume of 1
dm3.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23, N =14, Cl = 35.5)

Summary: You should know:

● how it has been possible to find the masses of the atoms of the elements,
including isotopes
● that these atomic masses are measured relative to a standard - a carbon-12
atom is fixed as having a mass of 12 exactly
● how the relative atomic mass is the average of mass of an atom of an element
● about calculating the relative formula mass as the sum of all the atomic
masses in a formula
● that the mole is the unit which contains Avogadro’s constant number of
constituent particles of a substance and is used to express the amount of a
substance taking part in a reaction
● how the balanced chemical equation for a reaction can be used to calculate the
reacting masses of substances involved and the amount of product formed
● that one mole of any gas has a volume of 24 dm3 (litres) at room temperature
and pressure (r.t.p.)
● how the concentration of a solution can be expressed in moles per cubic
decimetre (mol/dm3) and that these values are useful in calculating the results
of titration experiments.

End of chapter questions

1. The equation below shows how the fertiliser ammonium sulphate is manufactured.

2NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4

a. Write a word equation for the reaction.

b. How many hydrogen atoms are there in the formula for ammonium sulphate?
c. What is the formula mass of sulphuric acid?
d. In this reaction, 17 g of ammonia produce 33 g of ammonium sulphate. What
mass would 3.4 g of ammonia produce?

2. Answer the following questions:

a. Sulphuric acid is produced industrially by the Contact process. A 1.00 kg
sample of concentrated sulphuric acid contains 98% by mass of sulphuric acid
molecules. Calculate the number of moles of H2SO4 molecules in this 1.00 kg
sample of concentrated sulphuric acid. You should show your working.
b. The balanced chemical equation for the exothermic reaction between calcium
oxide (quicklime) and water is:

CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)

 The equation shows that one mole of calcium oxide reacts with one mole of
water. A design of self-heating can uses this reaction to heat the contents
when necessary.
i. The can is designed to hold 168 g of calcium oxide. Calculate how many
moles of calcium oxide this is.
ii. Calculate the mass of water needed to react with the 168 g of calcium
oxide.
3. 6.0 g of cobalt (II) carbonate was added to 40 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, concentration
2.0 mol/dm3. Calculate the maximum yield of cobalt (II) chloride-6- water and show
that the cobalt (II) carbonate was in excess.

CoCO3 + HCl → CoCl2 + CO2 + H2O

CoCl2 + 6 H2O → CoCl2·6H2O

Maximum yield
Number of moles of HCl used = …………………………………………………………….

Number of moles of CoCl2 formed =...............................................................................

Number of moles of CoCl2·6H2O formed = …………………………………………………

Mass of one mole of CoCl2·6H2O = 238 g

Maximum yield of CoCl2·6H2O (in grams) = ……………………………………………….

To show that cobalt (II) carbonate is in excess

Number of moles of HCl used (use value from above) = …………………………………

Mass of one mole of CoCO3 = 119 g

Number of moles of CoCO3 in 6.0 g of cobalt (II) carbonate = …………………………..

Explain why cobalt (II) carbonate is in excess