Unit 2

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg

 Data Structures in Python
• Data structures
– Structures that hold and organize information
• Sequences
– Also known as arrays in other languages (e.g., C++)
– Store related data types
– 3 types
• Strings
• Lists
• Tuples
• Mappings
– In most languages called hashes or associative arrays
– Dictionaries are the only python mapping container
• Key-value pairs

2
 Sequences
• Sequences
– Series of items that are often related
– Strings are sequences in Python
– A sequence is returned by the range function

3
 Example of Sequences
C[0] -45 C[-12]
C[1] 6 C[-11]
Name sequence C[2] 0 C[-10]
(C)
C[3] 72 C[-9]
C[4] 34 C[-8]
C[5] 39 C[-7]
C[6] 98 C[-6]
C[7] -1345 C[-5]
C[8] 939 C[-4]
Position number of
C[9] 10 C[-3]
the element within
sequence C C[10] 40 C[-2]
C[11] 33 C[-1]
4
 Sequences (cont'd)
• Elements
– The individual items in each sequence
• Referred to by subscripts
• Obtain one by using sequenceName[ subscript ]
– The subscript of the first element is 0
– The subscript of the last element can be -1

5
 Creating Sequences – String
• Strings
– Use quotes
• string1 = "hello"
– Empty string
• string2 = ""

6
 Creating Sequences – List
• Lists
– Use brackets
– Separate multiple items with a comma
• list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]
– Empty list
• list2 = []
– Long List
• S=[0,1,2,3,
4,5,6,7]
– Nested List
• x=[[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]
• Length of the list
– len (list1)
7
• WAP for declaring a list containing alphabets
of “hello world” and find how many vowels
are there
a=['h','e','l','l','o','','w','o','r','l','d’]
c=0
for x in range(0,len(a)):
if (a[x] in [‘a’,’e’,'i','o','u']):
c=c+1
print(c)

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg

a=['h','e','l','l','o','','w','o','r','l','d’] x = ['h','e','l','l','o','w','o','r','l',’d’]
c=0 y = ['a','e','i','o',’u’,’z’]
for x in a: count=0
if (x in ['a','e','i','o','u']): for i in x:
c=c+1 if i in y:
print(c) count=count+1
print(count)

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg

 List Comprehension
• A special expression enclosed in square
brackets that returns a new list. The
expression is of the form: [expression for expr
in sequence if condition] The condition is
optional.
>>>[x*5 for x in range(5)]
[0, 5, 10, 15, 20]
>>>[x for x in range(5) if x%2 == 0]
[0, 2, 4]
Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg
 Lists
• Not restricted to values of the same type
– Programmers use lists to hold data that is of the
same type
• The length is usually not predetermined and
can vary throughout the program
• Accessing elements out of range
– Python exits and an out of range error is displayed

11
 Comparing lists
• L1=[1,2,3]
• L2=[1,2,3]
• L3=[2,3,4]
• Print(l1==l2)
• Print(l2==l3)

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg

 List operations
L1=[1,2,3]
L2=[3,4,5]
Print(l1+l2)
Print(l1+10)
Print(l1+’a’)
Print(l1*3)

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg

 Slicing list
L=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
Print(l[0:3])
Print(l[3:])
Print(l[:5)
Print(l[0:10:2])
Print(l[::3])

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg

 List modification
L=[1,2,3,4,5]
L.append(6)
L[2]=8
Del L[3]
L.pop()

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg

 List methods
• Index:
returns the index of first matched item
L=[1,2,3,1,2,3]
Print(L.index(2))

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg

 Extend method
• Used for adding multiple elements in list.
Appends can only add single element whereas
extend can add multiple elements

• T1=[1,2,3]
• T2=[4,5]
• T1.extend(T2)
• T1.extend(6,7)
Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg
 Insert Method
• T1=[1,4,5]
• T2=[2,3]
• T1.insert(1,T2)

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg

 Remove method
• L1=[1,2,3,1,2,3]
• L1.remove(1)
• Del used index for deletion whereas remove
uses element value

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg

 Clear
• For deleting entire list

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg

 Count
Returns count of the item passed
fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

x = fruits.count("cherry")
print(x)

Rewrite the program of finding vowels in “hello

world” using count function

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg

 Converting String to list:
• str1 = “Hello World"
• list1 = list(str1)
• print(list1)

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg

• str1 = "Hello World"
• list1 = list(str1)
• print(list1)
• x = list1.count("o")
• print(x)

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg
 Python Tuples
A tuple consists of a number of values separated
by commas. They are useful for ordered pairs and
returning several values from a function.
creation:
emptyTuple = ()
singleItemTuple = (“spam”,)
thistuple = 12, 89, ‘a’
thistuple = (12, 89, ‘a’)
accessing:
print(thistuple[0]) prints 12
Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg
 Tuples are like lists

• Tuples are another kind of sequence that

function much like a list - they have elements
which are indexed starting at 0
>>> x = ('Glenn', 'Sally', 'Joseph')
>>> for iter in y:
>>> print x[2]Joseph
... print iter
>>> y = ( 1, 9, 2 )
...
>>> print y
1
(1, 9, 2)
9
>>> print max(y)
2
9
>>>
 ..but.. Tuples are "immutable"

• Unlike a list, once you create a tuple, you

cannot alter its contents - similar to a string

>>> y = 'ABC’ >>> z = (5, 4,

>>> x = [9, 8, 7] >>> y[2] = 'D’ 3)>>> z[2] = 0
>>> x[2] = 6 Traceback:'str' Traceback:'tuple'
>>> print x[9, 8, 6] object does object does
>>> not support item not support item
Assignment Assignment
>>> >>>
 Things not to do with tuples

>>> x = (3, 2, 1)
>>> x.sort()
Traceback:AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no
attribute 'sort’
>>> x.append(5)
Traceback:AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no
attribute 'append’
>>> x.reverse()
Traceback:AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no
attribute 'reverse’
>>>
 A Tale of Two Sequences

>>> l = list()
>>> dir(l)[
'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert',
'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']

>>> t = tuple()
>>> dir(t)
['count', 'index']
 Tuples are more efficient
• Since Python does not have to build tuple
structures to be modifiable, they are simpler
and more efficient in terms of memory use
and performance than lists
• So in our program when we are making
"temporary variables" we prefer tuples over
lists.
 Tuples and Assignment

• We can also put a tuple on the left hand

side of an assignment statement
• We can even omit the parenthesis
>>> (x, y) = (4, 'fred')
>>> print y
Fred
>>> (a, b) = (99, 98)
>>> print a
99
 Tuples are Comparable

• The comparison operators work with tuples and

other sequences If the first item is equal, Python
goes on to the next element, and so on, until it
finds elements that differ.
>>> (0, 1, 2) < (5, 1, 2)
True
>>> (0, 1, 2000000) < (0, 3, 4)
True
>>> ( 'Jones', 'Sally' ) < ('Jones', 'Sam')
True
>>> ( 'Jones', 'Sally') > ('Adams', 'Sam')
True
 Class and objects
• Class is a collection of similar kind of objects
• Object is a blueprint of class

• D={}
• I am declaring a object of class dictionary
• L=list(D)
• I created an object of class list
• L=[]
• S=‘’

Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg

 Python Dictionaries
• A dictionary is a set of key:value pairs. All keys in a dictionary must
be unique.
creation:
emptyDict = {}
thisdict = {‘a’:1, ‘b’:23, ‘c’:”eggs”}
accessing:
thisdict[‘a’] returns 1
deleting:
del thisdict[‘b’]
finding:
thisdict.has_key(‘e’) returns False
thisdict.keys() returns [‘a’, ‘c’]
thisdict.items() returns [(‘a’, 1), (‘c’, ‘eggs’)]
‘c’ in thisdict returns True
Chaitali Choudhary, BIT Durg
 What is a Collection?
• A collection is nice because we can put more
than one value in them and carry them all
around in one convenient package.
• We have a bunch of values in a single
“variable”
• We do this by having more than one place
“in” the variable.
• We have ways of finding the different places
in the variable
 What is not a “Collection”

• Most of our variables have one value in them -

when we put a new value in the variable - the old
value is over written
 A Story of Two Collections..
• List
– A linear collection of values that stay in order

• Dictionary
– A “bag” of values, each with its own label
Dictionaries
tissue
calculator

perfume
money
candy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_array
 Dictionaries
• Dictionaries are Python’s most powerful data
collection
• Dictionaries allow us to do fast database-like
operations in Python
• Dictionaries have different names in different
languages
– Associative Arrays - Perl / Php
– Properties or Map or HashMap - Java
– Property Bag - C# / .Net

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_array
 Dictionaries

• Lists index their >>> purse = dict()

entries based on the >>> purse['money'] = 12
position in the list >>> purse['candy'] = 3
>>> purse['tissues'] = 75
• Dictionaries are like
>>> print purse
bags - no order
{'money': 12, 'tissues': 75, 'candy': 3}
• So we index the >>> print purse['candy']
things we put in the 3
dictionary with a >>> purse['candy'] = purse['candy'] + 2’
“lookup tag” >>> print purse
{'money': 12, 'tissues': 75, 'candy': 5}
Comparing Lists and Dictionaries

• Dictionaries are like Lists except that they use

keys instead of numbers to look up values
>>> ddd = dict()
>>> lst = list() >>> ddd['age'] = 21
>>> lst.append(21) >>> ddd['course'] = 182
>>> lst.append(183) >>> print ddd
>>> print lst[21, 183] {'course': 182, 'age': 21}
>>> lst[0] = 23 >>> ddd['age'] = 23
>>> print lst[23, 183] >>> print ddd
{'course': 182, 'age': 23}