PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
NAME : R.V.MANIESSH RAM

CLASS :XII

SECTION : C
 Index
s.no Content Pg.no

1. Aim 1

2. Introduction 2

3. Principle 6

4. Theory 7

5. In a Step-Down Transformer 9

6. In a Step-Up Transformer 11

7. Efficiency 13

8. Energy Loss 14

9. Apparatus 15

10. Circuit diagram 16

11. Procedure 17

12. Uses of transformer 18

13. Observation 19

14. Conclusion 20

15. Precaution 20

16 Source of Error 21

17. Bibliography 21
 Aim
To investigate the relation between the ratio of :

• Input and output voltage.

• Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-

made transformer.
 Introduction

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating

voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low

alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive

coupling between its winding circuits. Transformers range in size from a

thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge

units weighing hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect

portions of the power grid. All operate on the same basic principles, although the

range of designs is wide.

While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers

in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in many electronic devices.

Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which

makes long-distance transmission economically practical. A transformer is most

widely used device in both low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the

electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the

use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up

transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-

down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low

current circuits

“They are so important in our lives that without them even the electric bells fitted

in our homes won’t work “

 About Transformer
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of

laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2

are wound on the same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note that the

both the coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is

connected to p1p2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to s1 s2, the

secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there can be no current through the

sec. coil so long as the switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we assume that the

resistance of the primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy

loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible. For operation at low

frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin

iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losse

by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is

called secondary
An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the

action of the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance.

The ideal transformer as a circuit element

 Principle
It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a varying current is set-up

in a circuit, then induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighbouring circuit. The

varying current in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in

the neighbouring circuit.

 Theory

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an

alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary

produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the

primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the

magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then

the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced

in each turn of the primary. Thus, if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of

the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no.

of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer ,

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)and

Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so

the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the

instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o,

p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = Ip Rp

Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E

=output e.m.f / input e.m.f

=Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

 In a Step-Down Transformer
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant And

Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant = Ep Ip And

Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power Or

Ep Ip = Es Is

Or

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
ILLUSTRATION
 In a Step-Up Transformer
Es > E so K > 1,

hence Ns > Np As, k > 1,

so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same

ratio.

Similarly, it can be shown, that in a step-down transformer, whatever we

lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.

Thus, a step-up transformer in reality steps down the current &a step

down transformer steps up the current

Illustration
 Efficiency

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input

power i.e.

η = output power / input power

= Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses , η = 1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore, the efficiency

of transformer is less than one.

 Energy losses

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

• Copper loss:

Coper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils

of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.

• Iron loss

Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of

the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron

core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.

• Leakage of magnetic flux:

Leakage of magnetic flux occurs insite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of

S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each

turn of P1P2.

• Hysteresis loss:

Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization

and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.

• Magneto striation:

i.e. humming noise of a transformer

 Apparatus Required
• Iron rod

• Cooper wire

• Voltmeter

• Ammeter
Circuit Diagram
 Procedure

• Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large

number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 300). This

constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

• Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively

smaller number of turns (say 100) of thick copper wire on it. This

constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step-down transformer.

• Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current

using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

• Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.

• Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and

current through primary and secondary coil of step-up transformer.

• Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing number

of turns in primary and secondary coil.

 Uses of transformer

• In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

conditioner, etc.

• A step-down transformer is used for welding purposes.

• A step-down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

• A step-up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON

advertisement.

• Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power

supplies.

• Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long

distances.

• Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud

speakers and electric bells etc

Observation
 Conclusion

• The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage

• The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage

• There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a

transformer.

Precaution

• Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

• While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should

remain constant
 Source of Error

• Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

• Eddy current can change the readings

Bibliography

• NCERT textbook class 12

• NCERT physics lab Manuel

• www.yahoo.com

• www.scribd.com

• www.google.com