Work

The definition of work done may vary in real life and scientifically. For Example, We may consider
studying, talking, singing, reading as work but it is not so in the case of science.
Examples of Scientific Work Done are:
•Moving a chair from one location to another
•Lifting a book from the shelf and placing it on a table
•Pushing a pebble lying on the ground.
In all these situations we are applying a force on an object which is then changing the state of rest or
motion of the object.
So, we can conclude that work is done if and only if:
•A force is applied to an object.
•If the object is displaced from one point to another point.
These are also called ‘Conditions of Work Done’.

When you play a certain force ‘F Newton’ on an object

and the object moves a distance of ‘ d meters’ in the
direction where you applied the force then, the amount
of work done can be calculated as:

Work done = Force * Displacement

W=F*d
 Definition of Work Done: Work is defined as the product of the force applied on an object and
displacement caused due to the applied force in the direction of the force. Work is a scalar quantity. It
has no direction of its own but a magnitude.
SI unit of Work: N-m
or J (Joule)

What is 1 Joule Work?

A situation where 1 Newton force is applied on an object that can move the object by a distance of 1m in
the direction of the applied force, then 1 joule of work is said to be done.

Depending upon the direction of displacement and force applied the nature of work done may vary.
Consider the table given below:

Angle between Force

The direction of
Work Done Nature of Work Done applied and Displacement
Displacement
occurred
Same as the direction of 0o (Force and Displacement
W=F*d Positive
Force are Parallel to each other)
Opposite as direction of
W = -F * d Negative 180o
Force
No change in position W=F*0=0 Zero 90o
 Q1: A force of 7 N acts on an object. The displacement is, say 8 m, in the direction of the force. Let us
take it that the force acts on the object through the displacement. What is the work done in this case?

Q2. A pair of bullocks exerts a force of 140 N on a plough. The field being ploughed is 15 m long. How
much work is done in ploughing the length of the field?
Energy
Any object that is capable of doing work processes some energy. The object can gain or lose energy
depending upon the work done. If an object does some work it loses its energy and if some work is done
on an object it gains energy.
Different forms of energies
Kinetic Energy
Every moving object possesses some energy called Kinetic Energy. As the speed of the object increases
so is its kinetic energy.

Formula for Kinetic Energy

Q3. The kinetic energy of an object of mass, m moving with a velocity of 5 ms-1 is 25 J. What will be its kinetic
energy when its velocity is doubled? What will be its kinetic energy when its velocity is increased three times?

Q4. Certain force acting on a 20 kg mass changes its velocity from 5 m s-1 to 2 m s-1. Calculate the work done
by the force.

Q5. Calculate the work required to be done to stop a car of 1500 kg moving at a velocity of 60 km/h.
Potential Energy
Every object possesses some energy called Potential Energy. An object when gains energy may store it in
itself as potential energy.

We know that when an object rises above the ground

some work is done against gravity. Since work is done
on the object, the object would gain some energy. The
energy that the object gains at a height is
called Gravitational Potential Energy. It is defined as
the amount of work done required in raising an object
above the ground up to a certain point against the
gravity.
Consider the example given below,
 An object ‘A’ having mass ‘m’ is raised by height ‘h’ above the ground. Let us calculate the potential energy
of object A at height ‘h’:
We know that,

W = F * d = F * h (height)
And F = m * g (because the force is applied against
gravity)
So, W = m * g * h
Hence potential energy of object A, P.E = m * g * h

Gravitational potential energy does not get affected due to the path taken by the object to reach a
certain height.
Other forms of Energies:
•Mechanical Energy – It is the sum of kinetic and potential energy of an object. Therefore, it is the energy
obtained by an object due to motion or by the virtue of its location. Example, a bicycle climbing a hill
possesses kinetic energy as well as potential energy.
•Heat Energy – It is the energy obtained by an object due to its temperature. It is also called Thermal
Energy. Example, energy possessed by a hot cup.
•Chemical Energy – It is the energy accumulated in the bonds of chemical compounds. Chemical energy is
released at the time of chemical reactions. Example, energy possessed by natural gas and biomass.
•Electrical Energy – It is kind of kinetic energy caused due to the motion of electrons. It depends upon the
speed of electrons. As the speed increases so does the electrical energy. Example, electricity produced by a
battery, lightning at thunderstorms
•Light Energy – It is the energy due to light or electromagnetic waves. It is also called as Radiant
Energy or Electromagnetic Energy. Example, energy from the sun
•Nuclear Energy – It is the energy present in the nucleus of an atom. Nuclear energy releases when the
nucleus combines or separate. Therefore, we can say that every atom in this universe comprises of nucleus
energy. Example, uranium is a radioactive metal capable of producing nuclear energy in nuclear power
plants
•Sonic Energy – It is the energy produced by a substance as it vibrates. This energy flows through the
substance in the form of sound waves. Example, music instruments produce sound energy
•Ionization Energy – It is the energy that binds electrons with its nucleus. It is thus the amount of energy
required to remove one electron completely from its atom (called First Ionization Energy). Subsequently,
the ionization energy increases as we remove the second electron from the atom ( called Second Ionization
Energy).
 One form of energy can be transformed into other forms of energy.

Law of Conservation of Energy

According to the law of conservation of energy, the total amount of energy before and after transformation
remains the same.
Consider the following example where an object of mass ‘m’ is made to fall freely from a height ‘h’.
 Height at an Kinetic Potential Sum of KE +
Instant
instant Energy Energy PE = ME
0 (velocity is
1 Height = h mgh 0 + mgh
0)
(1/2)
(1/2) mv12 +
2 Height = k mv12 (velocity mgk
mgk
= v1)
(1/2)
3 Height = 0 mv22 (velocity 0 (1/2) mv22 + 0
= v2)

We can see that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy at every instant is constant.
Hence, we can say the energy is conserved during transformation.
Law of Conservation of Energy:
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to another. The total
energy before and after transformation remains the same.

Potential energy + Kinetic energy = Constant (Mechanical energy)

A body of mass ‘m’ is raised to height ‘h’ at A its potential energy is maximum and kinetic energy is 0 as it is
stationary.
When body falls at B, h is decreasing hence potential energy decreases and V is increasing hence kinetic energy is
increasing.
When the body is about to reach the ground level, h = 0, v will be maximum hence kinetic energy –> potential energy
Decrease in potential energy = Increase in kinetic energy
This shows the continual transformation of gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy.
The rate of doing work is defined as Power.
Q1. A lamp consumes 1000 J of electrical energy in 10 s. What is its power?
Q2. A certain household has consumed 250 units of energy during a month. How much energy is this in joules?

Q3. An electric heater is rated 1500 W. How much energy does it use in 10 hours?
Q4. Find the energy in kWh consumed in 10 hours by four devices of power 500 W each.

Question 5.
A ball of mass 2kg is thrown up with a speed of 10m/s. find the kinetic energy of the ball at the time of
throwing. Also find the potential energy of the ball at the highest point?
Q6 Calculate the kinetic energy of a car of mass 500kg moving with a velocity of 36km/h. Find the
kinetic energy if the velocity of car doubles?

Q7 Calculate the power of an electric motor that can lift 800 kg of water to store in a tank at a height of
1500cm in 20s. (g=10m/s2).

Q8 Calculate the electrical energy consumed in Joules if a toaster of 60 W is used for 30 minutes?

Q9 An electric heater of 1000 W is used for two hours in a day? What is the cost of using it for a month of
28 days, if one unit costs 3.00 rupees?
1. Calculate the electricity bill amount for a month of 30 days, if the following devices are used as
specified:
a.two bulbs of 40W for six hours.
b.two tubelights of 50W for eight hours
c.A TV of 120W for six hours.
d.Give the rate of electricity is 2.50 rupees per unit?

2. In a factory four bulbs of 100 W each and five fans of 110 W each operate for 12 hours daily. Calculate
the units of electricity consumed? Also find the total expenditure if one unit costs 2.50 rupees?

3. A geyser of 2.5kW is used for eight hours daily? Calculate the monthly consumption of electrical energy
units. Also calculate the cost of electrical units consumption in a month if rate per unit is 3.50 rupees?

4. A boy stands on the edge of a cliff and throws a stone vertically downward with an initial speed of 10
m/s. The instant before the stone hits the ground below, it has 1000 J of kinetic energy. If he were to throw
the stone horizontally outward from the cliff with the same initial speed of 10 m/s, how much kinetic
energy would it have just before it hits the ground?
1. A man is carrying the heavy luggage from one platform to the other of a Railway station but still according to
the logics of science his work done is said to be zero. Can you opt out the correct reason?
a) The force is acting along the direction of displacement of luggage
(b) The force is acting perpendicular to the direction of displacement of luggage
(c) The force is acting opposite to the direction of displacement of luggage
(d) None of these

2. When a body falls freely towards the earth, then its total energy
(a) Decreases
(b) Increases
(c) First increases and then decreases
(d) Remains constant
3. When a body like earth is moving in a circular path the work done in that case is zero because:
(a) Centripetal force acts in the direction of motion of the body
(b) Centripetal force acts along the radius of circular path
(c) Gravitational force acts along the radius of circular path
(d) Centrifugal force acts perpendicular to the radius of circular path
4. A car is accelerated on a leveled road and attains a velocity 4 times of its initial velocity. In this process, the
kinetic energy of the car
(a) Becomes twice to that of the initial
(b) Becomes four times to that of the initial
(c) Remains the same
(d) Becomes 16 times to that of the initial
5. The momentum of a bullet of mass 20 g fired from a gun is 10 kg m/s. The kinetic energy of this bullet in kJ
will be:
(a) 25
(b) 2.5
(c) 0.25
(d) 5
6. Which one of the following is not the unit of energy?
(a) Kilowatt
(b) Kilowatt hour
(c) Joule
(d) Newton meter
7. The form of energy possessed by a flying bird is:
(a) Kinetic energy
(b) Potential energy
(c) Both kinetic and potential energy
(d) Can’t say
8. In the dams water is stored in the high reservoirs and then made to fall down. This falling water then rotates the
turbines to generate electricity. In this energy conversion process can you tell the initial and final energies
respectively?
(a) Kinetic energy and electrical energy
(b) Potential energy and kinetic energy
(c) Potential energy and electrical energy
(d) Kinetic energy and potential energy
9. A man of mass 50 kg jumps to a height of 1 m. His potential energy at the highest point is(g = 10 m/s2):
(a) 50 J
(b) 500 J
(c) 5 J
(d) 5000 J
10. The type of energy possessed by a simple pendulum, when it is at the mean position is:
(a) Kinetic energy
(b) Potential energy
(c) Kinetic + Potential energy
(d) Sound energy

11. A body is falling from a height h. After it has fallen to a height of h/2, it will possess:
(a) Only kinetic energy
(b) Half kinetic and half potential energy
(c) Only potential energy
(d) More kinetic and less potential energy
12. Two objects of masses 1 × 10-3kg and 4 × 10-3 kg have equal momentum. What is the ratio of their
kinetic energies?
(a) 2:1
(b) 4:1
(c) 1:4
(d) 1:2
13. The work done on an object does not depend upon the:
(a) Angle between force and displacement
(b) Force applied
(c) Initial velocity of the object
(d) Displacement
14. An iron sphere of mass 10 kg has the same diameter as an aluminium sphere of mass 3.5 kg. Both spheres
are dropped simultaneously from a tower. When they are 10 m above the ground, they have the same:
(a) Potential energy
(b) Momenta
(c) Acceleration
(d) Kinetic energy
15. A microphone converts:
(a) Sound energy into mechanical energy in stereo system
(b) Sound energy into electrical energy in public address system
(c) Electrical energy into sound energy in ordinary telephone
(d) Microwave energy into sound energy in a mobile phone
16. Which of the following energy change involves frictional force?
i. Potential energy to sound energy
ii. Chemical energy to heat energy
iii. Kinetic energy to heat energy
iv. Chemical energy to heat energy
Choose the correct option among the following:
(a) Both (i) and (ii)
(b) Only (iv)
(c)Both (ii) and (iii)
(d) Only (iii)

1. A body of mass 10 kg falls from the height 10 m towards the earth. Given g=10m/s2
Height from
10m ? ? 2m
earth(m)

Potential energy(J) ? ? 500J ?

Kinetic energy(J) ? 1000J ? ?

Mechanical energy
? ? ?
(J) ?
Question 1.
An electric bulb of 100 W is used for 8 h per day. Calculate the 'units' of energy consumed in one day by
the bulb
Question 2.
Find the energy possessed by an object of mass 10 kg when it is at a height of 2 m above the ground. Given,
g = 10 m/s2.
Question 3.
An engineer is asked to design a playground slide such that the speed a child reaches at the bottom does
not exceed 4.0 m/s. Determine the maximum height that the slide can be.? Given, g = 9.8 m/s2.

Question 4.
A rocket is moving up with a velocity v. If the velocity of this rocket is suddenly tripled, what will be
the ratio of two kinetic energies?
Question 5
A force of 10 N displaces a body by a distance of 3 m. Find the amount of work done.

Question 6
Identify the state the type of energy transformation in the following cases:
a. Riding a bicycle
b. Burning of cracker