Tribal Freedom Fighters

TRIBAL LEADERS OF THE
FREEDOM STRUGGLE
FREEDOM STRUGGLE
Editor
Reena Ittyerah Puri
Published by
Amar Chitra Katha Pvt. Ltd.
Printed by
Indigo Press (I) Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 1C/ 716, Off. Dadoji Konddeo Cross Road,
Between Sussex & Retiwala Ind. Est., Byculla (E), Mumbai - 400027.
D : 61959111, T : 61959191
Edition I
ISBN - 978-93-94610-24-8
© Amar Chitra Katha Pvt. Ltd., August 2022,

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FREEDOM STRUGGLE
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CONTENTS
I TILKA MANJHI 5
Tripti Nainwal
Script:
Art: Durgesh Velhal
Colour: Anvita Tekriwal
2 THALAKKAL CHANTHU 13
Krithika Nair
Script:
Art: Durgesh Velhal
Colour: Periasamy Samikannu
3 BUDHU BHAGAT 21
Surekha S.
Script:
Art: Durgesh Velhal
4 TIROT SING 28
Script:Komal Narwani
Art: Subir Dey
Colour: Venkatesan Muniyan
5 RAGHOJIRAO BHANGRE 34
Script:Kayva Gokhale
Art: Vineet Nair
Colour: Akshay Khadilkar
6 SIDHU AND KANHU MURMU 40

Surekha S.
Script:
Art: Durgesh Velhal
Colour: Arul Kumar
7 RENDO MAJHI 46
Surekha S.
Script:
Art: Harsho Mohan Chattoraj
Colour: Prakash S.
8 CHAKRA BISOI 52
Reena Puri
Script:
Art: Arijit
Dutta Chowdhury
9 NILAMBAR AND PITAMBAR 58

Surekha S.
Script:
Art and Colour: Sanjhiya Mayekar
10 RAMJI GOND 64
Aparna Kapur
Script:
Art: Durgesh Velhal
Colour: Ritoparna Hazra
11 TELANGA KHARIA 70
Script:Tripti Nainwal
Art: Abhijeet Kini
Colour: Tithee Dixit
12 TANTYA BHIL 75
Script:Tripti Nainwal
Art: Subir Dey
13 BIRSA MUNDA 80
Krithika Nair
Script:
14 MATMUR JAMOH 86
Art: Subir Dey
Colour: Sachin Adhare
15 TANA BHAGAT 92
Krithika Nair
Script:
16 MALATI MEM 97
Aparna Kapur
Script:
Art: Durgesh Velhal
Colour: Sanjhiya Mayekar
17 LAXMAN NAIK 103

Art: Abhijeet Kini
18 HELEN LEPCHA 109

Script:Komal Narwani
Art: Abhijeet Kini
Colour: Kavya Mittal
19 PUTALIMAYA DEVI PODDAR 115

Script:Sanjana Kapur
Art: Arijit Dutta Chowdhury
Colour: Ritoparna Hazra
TILKA MANJHI
The Rajmahal Hills lie on the edge of the Chota NAGPUR* plateau. These hills are
densely forested areas, rich in biodiversity and minerals. For centuries, the
people of these hills were untroubled, living a tranquil life; the forest and
nature providing them with everything they needed. Invaders came to India,
ruled, and left, but the Pahadia tribes of these mountains were never disturbed.
This changed when the East India Who are these

Company won the Battle of Buxar people? Why are
IN 1764 and became the virtual we giving them
rulers of Bengal, Bihar, Odisha money?
and Jharkhand. The Company began
levying heavy taxes on the adivasis^,
which were impossible to pay. They are the
zamindars**
working for the
British. THEY WILL
TAKE AWAY OUR
LAND IF WE DON’T
PAY THE TAXES.
A law that they

But this is have made for
our land! their own profit.
Why should we
have to pay them
anything?
Yes, but
that is the
law.
The boy seething at this injustice

was 15-year-old Jabra Pahadia.
*A PLATEAU THAT SPREADS OVER JHARKHAND, ^The term adivasi translates to ‘first settler’.
BIHAR, W. BENGAL, ODISHA AND CHATTISGARH **LAND OWNERs
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
AS HE GREW UP, JABRA started addressing small groups of his tribe.

Forget your
petty differences.
We must rise above
them and come
together to
fight. There is no
food anymore. The
Company* knows this.
They should exempt
us from taxes this
year.
It was the year 1770. Bengal and all People were starving to death and yet were
the surrounding areas were in the getting flogged for not paying their TAXES.
midst of a great famine. But - Where’s the
money?
The Company
has increased the
taxes. Wake up, all
of you. They are
going to ruin
us!
s-h !
- h - r-a-
T
s -h!
a -
-r-
T-h
Aaaaah!
By now, Jabra had become the leader OF his village. His title was ‘manjhi’ or ‘headman’.
If they take
money from us, I
am going to take it
BACK from them!
*East India Company

6
Tilka Manjhi
In a daring first-of-its-kind attack, Jabra and his men raided

the treasury of the East India Company in Jabalpur.
Stop!
Who are
you?
Eh! What
angry red
eyes!
This became Jabra’s description

and from then on, he came to
be known as Tilka* Manjhi.
In the Adivasi villages though,

he was becoming a favouritE.
May mother
nature bless
you, son.
Everything that he stole from the Company, Tilka distributed among the villagers.
*MEANING angry red eyes
7
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
The BRITISH, of course, were furious. Warren Hastings, the Governor

of BENGAL, sent a special force to capture tILKA AND HIS MEN.
I want 800 of
your best men on
the job. Crush
these people!
But EVEN 800 men were no match for Tilka and his men avoided capture but
the tribals in their own terrain. This the ordinary tribals were tortured.
was guerrilla WARFARE* at its best.
We can’t play
hide and seek
while our people
suffer. We
must make our
presence felt.
sh !
ooo
It was 1778. In a daring move, Tilka and
W a few of his men attacked the Punjab
regiment in RAMGARH^ Cantonment.
Aaah
RUN,
THERE ARE TAKE
TOO MANY OF THIS!
THEM!
AAH!
*When small groups of militants use hit-and-run În present-day Jharkhand

tactics against a larger force
Tilka Manjhi
Caught completely unawares, the Company men fled. IT was the first
time INDIANS HAD launched an offensive against the British…and HAD
won. This was 97 years before the celebrated uprising of 1857.
THEN the British resorted to their favourite ‘divide and rule’ TACTICS. They sent
Augustus Cleveland, a young, charming but wily officer as Collector of thE area.
Hmmm, these
people are hardy
warriors. Force is
not going to work
with them.
Oh!
What a
great man!
Some of you
could even become
sepoys. You will get a
I have come to regular salary. Tell
make peace. Your Tilka Manjhi he could
taxes for the year become a good
have been waived. SEPOY, TOO.
9
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
But - Salary? What will you

do with money? We are
adivasis, we live off the
forest and the hills.
Can’t you see he’s
trying to trick
you?
We can end
this fight, Tilka.
BECOME A SEOPY
AND LIVE A
PEACEFUL LIFE.
...many more stood by Tilka. In 1784 -
NO! Yaaah!
The British are
trying to divide
us. We will end Aah!
up as their
slaves!
Many tribesmen were tempted Tilka and his men attacked the Company
and planned to join Cleveland... Troops stationed in Bhagalpur*.
Fire!
Don’t
let them
escape!
*IN PRESENT-DAY BIHAR

10
Tilka Manjhi
Where is
Tilka Manjhi? I
must capture
him first!
But before he could do that -

We have no
choice. We have
to fight our way
out now. It’s
either do or
die.
Wo
Aaah!
Do or
oo
die!
sh
!
Tilka shot a poisoned arrow that pierced

Cleveland. He died a few months later.
In retaliation, the British sent a strong force
to squash the rebellion. They laid siege to the
jungle where Tilka was hiding. All supplies
were cut.
The men resisted but were

soon starving and weak. They fought valiantly for a few weeks…
11
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
...But on 12 January, 1785, Tilka was captured.
This small
man created so
much terror!
Tie him to the
horses and we’ll
take him to the
Collector’s
house.
Tilka was tied TO four horses and From 1771 to 1784, Tilka mobilised his
dragged all the way to Bhagalpur. people and fought fearlessly. History
may not have given him his due but he
was the first to revolt against the
British. In 1991, Bhagalpur University
was renamed AS Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur
University. He remains alive in the works
of Mahasweta Devi and Rakesh Singh, and
in the hearts of his fellow adivasis who
have devoted numerous songs to him.
‘They rained whipcords on you

They dragged you by horse
Still you could not be killed
They, amidst the Bhagalpur public
Hanged you on the rope
Yet the landlords and the British were afraid
Of your angry eyes
You didn’t die even after being killed
Tilka Manjhi
Not Mangal Pandey,
You were the first rebel of modern India.’
Such was his perseverance and courage,

that Tilka was still alive after that
ordeal. He was hanged the next day.
12
THALAKKAL CHANTHU
The Kurichiyar are a tribe from the hilly areas of Wayanad and Kannur in Kerala.
Their name is derived from the phrase ‘kuri-vechavan’, meaning ‘he who took aim’.
They were given this name by the king of Kottayam,

as they were a community of skilled archers.
In the late 18th century, when the kingdom of Mysore tried to expand into Kerala, the ruler of
Kottayam fled his kingdom. Pazhassi Raja, one of the heirs, stayed back to fight for his people.
13
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Pazhassi Raja joined hands with the British However, after their
East India Company to defend the territory. victory in the third
Anglo-Mysore War*, the
British took control of
Kottayam. This angered
Run! It is Pazhassi Raja.
Pazhassi
Raja’s men!
Kottayam will never

be ruled by foreigners! The
In 1790, he was recognised as the English have betrayed us.
king of Kottayam by the British. Now they have a
new enemy.
Pazhassi Raja stopped paying taxes. The British The oppressed people approached
then installed his uncle, Veera Varma, as the king. Pazhassi Raja. Rajan, we do not
earn enough to
Our families pay such LARGE
We trust that you are starving, and amounts.
will not disobey us the king will not
like your nephew. listen.
You have
my complete
allegiance.
My uncle is a puppet
in British hands. I will
Veera Varma imposed heavy taxes on the people not let them control
to meet the revenue targets set by the British. our lands.
Pazhassi Raja’s rebellion was supported Suddenly -

by eighty brave chieftains and many
warriors of Kerala. One of these was a
Kurichiya archer named Thalakkal Chanthu.
Why are we
working so hard? We
are left with nothing for You are right, Hey, you! Hand
ourselves, after paying Chanthu, but what over that paddy
the taxes. can we do? to me.
What?
Why?
How dare you

question me? Just
Although the Kurichiyar were skilled archers, do as I say!
their main profession was agriculture.
*Wars BETWEEN THE East India Company
and the rulers of Mysore 14
Thalakkal Chanthu
I am Edachena
Kunkan. This is my
land and these are
YOU WILL NOT my people. We don’t
TAKE ANYTHING answer to you.
FROM THEM.
Edachena
Kunkan was
a Nair*
NOBLEMAN of
Wayanad and
a commander
Who are in Pazhassi
you? Raja’s army.
Ha! You will However -

regret crossing
me, you upstart!
Aaaah!
They lord over us

because we have been
silent for too long. We You have
must fight back. our support. I am
Thalakkal Chanthu.
I will convince the
Kurichiyar to fight
for you.
*A community from Kerala who

were traditionally warriors 15
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Under Edachena Kunkan’s leadership, Chanthu became the

commander of 150 Kurichiya archers.
Chanthu, your
archers are extremely
skilled. I am impressed
with your training.
Chanthu and his people were also skilled at guerrilla warfare.
To curb the British power in north Kerala, the two

devised an attack. Remember,
they have a bigger army
a few miles away. If
they are alerted….
Merely defending
ourselves is not enough, we
must attack and drive
them out. Minnal akramanam!*
We will be quick, they
will not know what
hit them!
We should
target the British fort
at Panamaram. My men tell
me the fort is guarded by
just 70 soldiers.
The Panamaram fort

was a symbol of
oppression for the
farmers of Wayanad,
as it was being
used as a granary
by the British.
*lightning Attack, a term used
to describe guerrilla warfare 16
Thalakkal Chanthu
On 11 October, 1802, Chanthu and Kunkan led the army of Kurichiya bowmen to the fort.
My brothers,
today we will Remember, quick
take back what is and merciless! If their
rightfully ours. reinforcements arrive,
we will be no match
for their numbers and
weapons.
The soldiers of the 4th Bombay Infantry

Battalion, who were guarding the fort,
were caught unawares. Aaaah!
What was
that?
We are
being
attacked!
The British rushed out but the KurichiyaR had

hidden themselves in trees and on the cliff.
17
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
As the battle raged on…
Aah!
…five of Chanthu’s archers lost their lives.
However, the losses were Captain Dickinson,

much higher for the British. we are losing Lt Maxwell,
men fast. send for
reinforcements,
quick!
We cannot
see them clearly,
so our guns are
useless.
We have made
However, it was a losing battle for the British. Pazhassi Raja
Brothers, we proud.
Chanthu, all have captured
their men have the fort!
fallen.
18
Thalakkal Chanthu
Chanthu’s leadership was noticed by Even if all Nairs

Pazhassi Raja and soon he became one were to desert me,
of the raja’s most trusted allies. I would still be able to
fight the Company if
I have this Kurichiya
with me!
After hearing of the Kurichiyar’s success, more than 3,000 people

joined the Raja’s army to rebel against British oppression.
In the following years, the British made many failed attempts
at retaliation but Chanthu was a master strategist.
We will combat
their strength
with our wits.
They are more in
number but we know
every hill and valley
in Wayanad.
We must
move like shadows.
Where will they
point their guns
if they cannot
see us?
Tired of losing their men to Chanthu’s guerrilla tactics, the British devised a new plan.
You will Think for
never have to work They are
YOURSELF. WILL right. This will
another day if YOU EVER GET
you tell us where change my
SO MUCH LAND life.
Chanthu is. AND MONEY?
Sir, the rebels never

stay in one place, what
can we tell you? Tempted by the offer, a few of the local people defected
and informed the British about Chanthu’s whereabouts.
19
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Their betrayal proved fatal to Chanthu.

There
he is!
Chanthu!
Run!
On 15 November, 1805, Thalakkal Chanthu was caught

and hanged from a Koly tree at Panamaram.
Shortly after, with

the death of Kunkan
and Pazhassi Raja
too, the rebellion
came to an end.
Pazhassi Raja’s On the banks of the Kabini river, near the ruins of
rebellion was the the Panamaram fort, stands a memorial museum for
longest insurgency Chanthu.
against the British
in India. His tactics
caused a death toll The memorial honours
in the thousands Chanthu and his Kurichiya
for the Company’s army with displays of their
soldiers. weaponry and traditional
agricultural equipment.
Although short-lived, Chanthu’s

His cause united people from all walks story finds a significant place
of life to fight for their homeland. in the tribal history of India.
20
BUDHU BHAGAT
In the 1700s, the idyllic Chota Nagpur region was largely occupied
by tribes known as Kols, Oraons, Hos AND MUNDAS. THEY WERE
PEACE-LOVING PEOPLE DEPENDENT ON FORESTS AND CULTIVATION.
Meanwhile, in a small village called

Silagain in Ranchi, on 13 February,
1792, a little ray of sunshine was
born into an Oraon family. His name
was Budhu Bhagat.
In 1765, the British East India Company

was granted the right to collect land
revenue in the region. Within a decade -
These SAHIBS
now have a I think they
governor-General are going to
to rule us. take over
our land!
21
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
As he grew up -
Go on, Budhu.
You will get it.
How come your There is

arrows never miss no one who can
their target? match Budhu’s
skill in fencing
or archery!
22
Budhu Bhagat
In 1819, the British introduced a new Political Agent* Why are

in the region and also, new land laws. Soon - there so many
outsiders on
our land?
I have even
seen new
darogas^
supervising
the fields.
One day - HEY! stop your

work here! This land
no longer belongs
to YOU. IT belongs
to another
person.
Beat him WITH THEIR LANDS seized,

and throw the tribals took loans
No! This has him out. from moneylenders which
always been they could not pay back.
his land!
Take away all

their harvest.
They cannot
pay us!
Many tribals became

bonded labourers to
pay back their debts.
*An official appointed by the British government to ^POLICE InspectorS
act as adviser to the ruler of the protected state
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
This is not
acceptable! Most of
us don’t have enough
food to eat, while
these zamindars and
darogas are our
looting us. chiefs have no
power now. What
can we do
about it?
The next day - Soon after -
O Dharmes
Deo*! Give me
strength. Till I
defeat the evil
forces, I will
carry this axe
with me!
Our lands have been

taken. Our brothers
have been tortured and
our sisters kidnapped
by foreigners. We
cannot be quiet any
longer!
You have Deo’s lead and we

blessings with will follow!
you!
*The supreme god of the Oraon

24
Budhu Bhagat
Budhu took the tribals to the For days, they trained in the
dense forests atop a hill. thick jungles, till -
Hide and aim!
You should not
We are be seen at all.
going to train Only your arrow
should kill. I think we
in guerilla are now ready
warfare! to attack!
The tribals, led by Budhu, pillaged the

homes of the landlords and the British. You took away
our livelihood!
You don’t deserve
any luxuries!
This is our land.

Go back to where
you cAme from.
25
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
When the British soldiers The uprising, called the Kol rebellion, was
came to arrest them… simultaneously led by Budhu Bhagat, Joa Bhagat,
Madara Mahato and a few others in different
regions of Chota Nagpur and Singhbhum.
Retreat to
the forest!
I’ve heard that the

movement has spread
from Ranchi to Singhbhum,
Manbhum, Hazaribagh That’s great news. I
and Palamau. hope we drive out the
British and their agents
…the tribals would most for good!
often MANAGE to escape.
Shortly after - Order the troops to move

to Churia and launch a surprise
attack on Siligaon. announce
a reward of Rs 1,000 for the
capture of Budhu Bhagat,
dead or alive.
HOWEVER, the surprise attack also failed to capture Budhu.

Captain H.R. Impey of the 50th Regiment Native The next morning -
Infantry was called in and given command of four
companies and 40 troopers. On 13 February, 1832 -
Run! We are
Move without a sound. being attacked!
We will reach Siligaon
by morning and Budhu
Bhagat will die!
26
Budhu Bhagat
The tribals fought bravely…
No!
Don’t run!
Fight!
…and wounded three horses and many SOLDIERS.
But the British troops had guns and they mowed the One of the first freedom fighters
Oraons down. Of India, Budhu Bhagat inspired many
others with his bravery and sacrifice.
As the Calcutta Journal wrote,
‘Freedom Shrieked when Budhu
Bhagat Fell’.
Ah!
Budhu Bhagat, his brother, his seven sons

and 150 tribals were killed in the battle.
27
Tirot Sing
In 1826, the Anglo-Burmese war came to an end FOR THAT I FIRST need to build strong
with the signing of the Treaty of Yandabo. connectivity across THE region to
THE TREATY OF YANDABO HAS have easy transport and better
EASED OUR ENTRY INTO THE control.
NORTH EAST. IT WILL HELP
US GET A STRONG FOOTHOLD
IN ASSAM AND OTHER
REGIONS.
May the green of

these hills make our
pockets greener with
money, SIR SCOTT*.
Accordingly, SCOTT laid down a plan

to build a road from Guwahati to
SYLHET^, which would pass through
Meghalaya. However, that needed
approval from the Khasi chiefs.
The Nongkhlaw region of Khasi hills was ruled by a kind and wise chief, U** Tirot Sing.
Are the new market
hours helpful for Yes Syiem^^,
our people? TRADE IS BETTER
BECAUSE OF THE
NEW TIMINGS.
The British arranged a meeting with Tirot Sing.
I understand
your vision,
Officer. But Your tribe will get full
what is in it for access to this road and you
my people? will have control over the
passes. Trade will flourish.
This is not a road to Assam,
it is the road to a better
life for your people.
*David Scott was the Agent to the Governor-General of **U is the masculine article
the North East Frontier and Commissioner of Assam. in the Khasi language.
În present-day Bangladesh ^^chief
Tirot Sing
The meeting went on for two days. After …THEY GOT SOME TERRIFYING NEWS.
discussions with the other Khasi chiefs
and the people, Tirot Sing accepted the The British
proposal and construction work began. officers plan to
impose heavy taxes on
us and also conquer
our region as soon as
What the ROAD IS MADE.
are you
saying?
We should
report it to
our Syiem
immediately.
For the next 18 months, things
progressed smoothly until one day…
That was not all. Tirot Sing had to face A day later, when Tirot went to
another threat from the rival chief of a seek help from scott with a
neighbouring region called Ranee. few of his armed men -
I have had
enough, Balaram Listen here, Tirot,
Singh Raja. You I’m here to claim
have no right in my right over
this region. these passes. You Stop! You
had better not cannot
cross me. enter.
I am here
to meet
Sir Scott.
These are his
orders. You are
not allowed to
meet him.
I will talk to
the British and
put an end to
this nonsense.
29
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
The British paid no heed to Tirot’s warning and instead,

I can see what Scott is sent reinforcements from Guwahati and Sylhet.
up to. Ask him to stop
the road construction
with immediate effect! I
will soon be sending an
official letter too.
It is time
to teach
that Scott a
lesson!
On 4 April, 1829, at the British Unfortunately for the Khasi men, David
garrison in Nongkhlaw - Scott narrowly escaped the attack.
Syiem,
Scott left for That fortunate
Cherrapunjee a fox! I won’t let
while ago. his luck let our
efforts
go in vain.
Face them with

Attack all your might
strategically and get hold of
as planned. Scott.
30
Tirot Sing
They quickly revised their plan and attacked two other British officers.
Lt Bedingfield was tricked into a meeting and killed.
Lt Burlton tried to escape and head to Guwahati

but was overtaken and attacked by the Khasi.
the British retaliated immediately. THEY ALSO ATTACKED THE KHASI VILLAGES, MERCILESSLY.
Find Tirot
and kill
him!
31
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
it was a four-year-long fight. Each time the Though fearless, the Khasi
British attacked, the Khasi put up a strong were outnumbered.
resistance and resorted to guerrilla
warfare under Tirot’s leadership.
We will
fight till our
last breath.
One after the other, many

Khasi chiefs surrendered.
During one of the battles, TIROT WAS INJURED.
32
Tirot Sing
he wandered alone around the hills to find shelter.
My body hurts.
This cave should
be a good hiding
place.
unfortunately, Tirot was betrayed

by a man from his tribe.
The British arrested Tirot

and sent him to Dhaka
where he was held captive.
Tirot Sing breathed his last on 17 July, 1835. In memory of their beloved warrior chief, the state
of Meghalaya celebrates this day as Tirot Sing Day by encouraging talent in the field of art and
literature. The ‘Tirot Sing Award for Arts and Literature’ is a very prestigious state award.
33
Raghojirao Bhangre
Raghoji Bhangre was born on 8 November, 1805, to a family
which belonged to the Mahadeo Koli tribe in Maharashtra.
Congratulations
on the birth of
your son, Ramji!
Thank you,
Kaka*, we
are sure he
will make us
proud!
Raghoji’s grandfather and father had opposed oppressive powers

such as the Peshwas^, the Savkars** as well as the British.
Come on, Will you I’ll tell you
eat your food, tell me a of the time your
Bala^^. story? father quit his
job as Subedar in
the British army
because of the
injustice towards
our people.
In 1818, the Maratha Empire was defeated RAGHOJI WAS AFFECTED BY THE
by the British in the Battle of Koregaon INJUSTICE HE SAW AROUND HIM.
and the traditional land rights of the
Mahadeo Koli tribe, taken away.
THE SAVKARS CHARGE I WANT TO
SKY-HIGH INTEREST FIGHT FOR
RATES. HOW CAN WE PAY OUR PEOPLE,
THEM BACK? AAI***!
I am
proud
of your
courage,
THIS WAS OUR Ragho.
LAND. WE ARE
REDUCED TO
BEGGING FOR
OUR RIGHTS.
*Uncle ^^Child
Âdministrators of the Maratha Empire ***Mother
**Moneylenders 34
Raghojirao Bhangre
WHEN HE GREW UP, RAGHOJI JOINED

THE BRITISH ARMY BUT SOON QUIT. By 1828, Raghoji was leading rebel GROUPS
against the Savkars and the British in
I WANT TO GIVE YOU Ahmednagar, Pune, Thane and Nashik.
THE FIGHTING SKILLS I
LEARNT DURING MY TIME
IN THE ARMY. TOGETHER THE POLICE WILL
WE WILL FIGHT THE BE HERE SOON. GET
OPPRESSOR. TO THE JUNGLE AND
HIDE.
We are
with you,
Ragho!
I CAN’T WAIT TO
USE THE SAVKARS’
ILL-GOTTEN GOLD TO
BUY WEAPONS FOR
OUR REVOLT.
AS A RESULT, THE REBELS WERE BETRAYED AND

The groups, however, THE POLICE ARRESTED MORE THAN 50 OF THEM.
did not receive much
support from within
the community.
Seems like your
people have turned
against you. it’s no
THE SAVKARS use running now!
WILL STOP GIVING
US LOANS IF
RAGHOJI AND
HIS MEN KEEP
TRUE, WE LOOTING THEM.
NEED THE LOANS TO
LOOK AFTER OUR
FAMILIES. BESIDES,
OUR YOUNG MEN ARE
GETTING KILLED.
35
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
The officer-in-charge, RAGHOJI AND HIS MEN WENT INTO HIDING.

Commissioner Macintosh, IN 1838, NEAR RATANGAD FORT* -
used this division in the
tribe to the fullest.
THE BRITISH
NO LONGER SEARCH
HAVE YOU GOT FOR US. IT IS TIME
INFORMATION TO CARRY OUT A
ABOUT THEIR RAID.
HIDING PLACE?
NO, BUT WE
KNOW THE
SECRET CAVES
AND TUNNELS
THEY USE.
ONCE YOU YES, BHAU^,

ARREST THEM, WE NEED TO
YOU MUST RESTART OUR
SHOW THEM REVOLUTION.
MERCY.
HOWEVER, THE BRITISH DID NOT KEEP

THEIR WORD. MORE THAN A 100 KOLI MEN
WERE ARRESTED AND MANY EXECUTED.
On the day of the plan -
Stay right
there! Don’t
move and you Quick, let’s
won’t get leave by the
hurt. back before
more guards
arrive.
*A fort near present-day Bhandardara

^Brother
36
Raghojirao Bhangre
However, the reinforcements arrived sooner than expected.
Surround them!
Block their
escape from all
sides! Quick!
Yes, sir. I’ll
take a few
men and go
around.
THEY’VE BLOCKED
THE ROUTES THROUGH
THE WOODS. WE
MUST SPLIT UP AND
GO THROUGH THE
VILLAGES.
Yes, we’ll do that, THE British, in retaliation,
but let us teach that ARRESTED INNOCENT KOLI PEOPLE,
Macintosh a lesson INCLUDING RAGHOJI’S MOTHER.
he’ll never forget!
If you want
to get out of
this rotting
jail, tell us
where your
son is!
Never! You will

answer for your
crimes against
the innocent.
THE REBELS SPLIT UP AND ESCAPED THROUGH THREE

VILLAGES, LOOTING THE SAVKARS IN ALL THREE.
37
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
RAGHOJI’S MOTHER’S ARREST TURNED

THE COMMUNITY AGAINST THE BRITISH.
To curb Raghoji’s growing supporters,
the British came up with a new plan.
Sir, I propose
we start recruiting
Koli men into the
British army. Let us
form a special platoon
Arresting called the Mahadeo
Raghoji’s Koli Platoon.
mother was
a step too
far!
We shouldn’t
help that
cruel officer
anymore.
Excellent plan,
Officer. WE WILL
OFFER THEM A STABLE
INCOME AND A
COMFORTABLE
LIFE.
WITH EFFORTS TO CAPTURE HIM IN FULL SWING, RAGHOJI

WAS FORCED TO FLEE TO KONKAN, IN DISGUISE.
38
Raghojirao Bhangre
Raghoji spent the next few years travelling in disguise. On 2 January, 1848, in Thane -
Raghoji Bhangre, stop right
there. YOU ARE UNDER ARREST
FOR CRIMES COMMITTED AGAINST
THE GOVERNMENT.
On 2 May, 1848, Raghoji Bhangre was hanged in

Raghoji was arrested, tried Thane Central Jail. His death inspired the men
and sentenced to death by of the Mahadeo Koli tribe to rise and revolt in
hanging. At the trial - even larger numbers. Dhawla Bhangre, a family
member, took up the mantle of leadership and
continued the fight against the British.
YOUR HONOUR,
AS A WARRIOR, I
REQUEST TO BE PUT
TO DEATH BY THE
SWORD.
Our laws
do not allow
for that. Your
appeal is
rejected.
39
Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu
In a tiny village called
Bhognadih in Sahibganj
district of present-day
Jharkhand, two brave BOYS,
SIDHU AND KANHU, were born
to a Santhal* couple, Chunni
Mazhi Murmu and Saloma, in
1815 and 1820 respectively.
The Santhal were a peace-loving, farming Time passed.

community who lived in the Damin-i-Koh region -
a thickly-forested area surrounded by the
Rajmahal hills. The East India
Did you Company has given us
gather the wood land and is asking us
for cooking? to farm on it.
Just got
it, Ma. Kanhu is
helping too! It is good.
We will all live together
Chunni and Saloma had two and be comfortable.
more sons and two daughters.
HOWEVER, under the Permanent Settlement System, the
British gave control of the Santhal land to zamindars.
We have to pay
huge amounts of tax to
the British, Kanhu.
If we don’t,
our land will be taken
over by the zamindars
and mahajans^.
*the Santhal are one of the largest tribes of India residing in the east ^Money lenders
Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand and Assam.
Before long - Take half

their harvest and
their cattle. They
have no money
to pay tax.
Mahajan,
don’t
do that.
Please!
When Sidhu tried selling the remaining harvest Before long -

for some money - Our land has
been taken over by
the zamindars. We
have nothing
to eat.
We have
no choice but to
Here, take borrow money from
these two coins the Mahajans.
for your paddy
and don’t come THOSE WHO FAILED TO REPAY THE LOAN
back again. WERE FORCED INTO BONDED LABOUR.
Sidhu and the other Santhal were also On 30 June, 1855, over 10,000 Santhal gathered
forced to work as labourers. one day - in a field in Bhognadih, led by Sidhu, Kanhu and
We are being their two younger brothers.
exploited. we
can’t be quiet We are going
any longer. to revolt against
We have no the atrocities of
rulers. It’s our the British.
land, our rule.
Yes, Let’s call

all our Santhal
brothers.
41
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
On 7 July, 1855 - OUR LETTERS TO THE Before they could reach -

ADMINISTRATION ARE
UNANSWERED. WE WILL
NOW WALK TO CALCUTTA*
TO PRESENT OUR DEMANDS
TO THE GOVERNOR Stop!
GENERAL. Arrest Sidhu and
Kanhu Murmu.
The rebellion spread. Over

50,000 Santhal moved from town
Hul! Hul!^ to town attacking administrative
offices and killing zamindars and
other British agents.
Hul! Hul!
The Santhal retaliated and killed five Mahajans

and the police inspector, Mahesh Lal Datta.
On 16 July, 1855, Major F. W. Burroughs led 400 troops to crush the rebellion at Peerpaiti.
Let your
arrows spare
no one!
*now kolkata Â movement for liberation in the Santhali language

next, Brigadier General Lloyd Attacked by a large army with firearms,

was asked to suppress the the Santhal could not hold out.
rebellion.
Mobilise
the troops.
Trample these
barbarians into
the ground!
Thousands were killed that day.
Though Sidhu and Kanhu were injured in the attacks, they did not lose heart.
We are going
to continue our
fight. remember, till
our last breath.
To further crush the Santhal, in 1856, British officer Sir Martin built a 30-foot tower in
Pakur village, called the Mortella Tower. When the Santhal warriors reached Pakur -
Fire!
WE ARE
EASY
TARGETS!
AAH! uhH!
43
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
In the many attacks that followed, over 15,000 Soon after, in Uparbanda, West Bengal -
Santhal were killed but Sidhu and Kanhu
continued their fight. Then, one day in Barhait -
Kanhu will
You have be coming here
terrorised us tomorrow for a
for too long. Your secret meeting.
days of freedom
are over, sidhu!
Good. Here’s
your reward.
Betrayed by one of his own, Condemned to death, Sidhu

Kanhu too was captured. Murmu was hanged from a
banyan tree in Panchkhatia…
…and Kanhu was hanged in Bhognadih.
44
However, the sacrifice of the Santhal brothers did not go in vain. In 1876 -
The Santhal
Parganas* Tenancy Act
has been passed, which prohibits
the sale of Adivasi land to non-Adivasis
in this region. The police force is also
abolished. peace and order
will be maintained by the
village headman.
The Santhal Hul of 1855-56, as it came to be called,

was a momentous event as it marked one of the
first freedom movements of India. The sacrifice
of the Murmu brothers is still remembered by the
tribals who have immortalised it in A song:
Sido why are you bathed in blood?
Kanhu why do you cry Hul, Hul?
For our people we have bathed in blood,
For the trader thieves have robbed us of our land.
In honour of Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu,

the Sidhu Kanhu University was founded
on 10 January, 1992. The Indian post also
issued a rs 4 stamp, in commemoration
of the Murmu brothers, in 2002.
*Santhal Pargana was created as a separate district in 1855, as a result of the rebellion, by merging
portions of Bhagalpur (presently in Bihar) and Birbhum (presently in West Bengal) districts.
Rendo Majhi
Deep in the hilly forests of KALAHANDI*, lived
a nature-loving tribe called the KHONDS.
The sun and
the soil are our
gods. Remember,
we all live at
their mercy.
In the home of one such KHOND couple, The KHONDS were mainly
Dabisa Majhi and Jageri, in the Urladani hunter-gatherers but
village of Kalahandi, a little boy was born. many had started clearing
forests for agriculture.
I’ll call How
him Rendo. radiant he
looks!
Rendo, pray
to the earth
goddess to give
us a good harvest.
SHE MUST NOT BE
DISPLEASED.
IN 1853, THE KALAHANDI REGION CAME UNDER THE DIRECT

CONTROL OF THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY. YOUR
You have to LAND!
pay taxes or This is UNJUST! PAH!
your land will This is our forest, our
be taken. land! Why should we pay
someone else?
*in present-day Odisha

46
Rendo Majhi
Don’t A few weeks later -

disrespect
our Mother
Earth! Take away
their crops, cattle
and all their
belongings.
Stop! you
cannot do
this!
Before the situation got out
of control, the zamindar
took the British agent away. But Rendo’s protests went unheard.
In Urladani, the Meriah festival* was approaching

and the KHONDS got busy with preparations. But -
Stop all this.
Don’t you know
that the Company
has banned your
festival?
Your
superstitions
are absurd.
But this
is our
tradition!
The officer was the British Agent,

Lt A.C. MacNeil, specially appointed
to stop the Meriah practice.
*The Meriah festival was a bi-annual festival of the Khonds dedicated to Mother Earth to ensure
a good harvest. IN THOSE TIMES, IT INVOLVED HUMAN SACRIFICE, A PRACTICE WHICH WAS LATER BANNED.
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Rendo could take it no longer. One late evening -

Let us Khonds
unite to wipe out You are our
these outside chief. Lead us in
forces. No one the revolt and
can tell us how we will spare
to live. no one!
The next day -

Charge!
Before the soldiers could Whenever the British soldiers

pick up their guns - tried to enter the forest areas,
they were attacked by the Khonds.
Attack and
retreat to Our next attack
the forests. will be on the
British camp set up
in the neighbouring
village.
Most OF RENDO’S
men managed to The repeated attacks severely
escape unscathed. DAMAGED the British forces.
48
Rendo Majhi
Soon, the day of the Meriah festival dawned bright and clear.
Beat the
drums. Let the Hail Mother
celebrations Earth!
begin.
Don’t
you dare
interfere
But before the ritual could begin - in our
customs.
Stop this
nonsense!
Arrest
him!
I have an
Rendo and HIS SON, PALASSO MAJHI, were Over the next two years, IDEA ON HOW to
arrested and taken to Russelkonda jail. attacks by other KHOND quell the attacks
leaders continued. and wound
their pride!
Rot
here till
you die!
49
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Tie him in Lt Macneil took Rendo

chains and from village to village.
bring him
out!
Follow our
orders and you
will remain free!
If not, you too
shall suffer
the same fate as
your chief.
All they
can do is
kill us! They Be quiet,
can’t make us you fool!
surrender. But MacNeil’s tactic misfired.
Chakra Bisoi, another Khond
leader, gathered the tribes. This
humiliation
should not go
unpunished.
Let us, Kutia

Khonds and
Borikiya Khonds,
fight together to
avenge the insult
to our leader.
50
Rendo Majhi
The next day -
Attack!
Surround
the officer. Quick, get
me out of
here!
Lt MacNeil escaped with the help of the

Khond Mahal Tahsildar*, Dinabandhu Patnaik.
RENDO MAJHI PAID THE PRICE FOR RENDO MAJHI

THE ATTACK ON LT MACNEIL’S CAMP. IS REMEBERED
FOR HIS BRAVE
RESISTANCE TO
Rendo THE BRITISH.
definitely needs HIS COURAGE
to die. That will INSPIRED
teach a lesson MANY FREEDOM
to all these FIGHTERS IN THE
rebellious COMING YEARS.
tribes.
On 10 December, 1855,
Rendo Majhi was
hanged to death.
*revenue officer
51
CHAKRA BISOI
Chakra Bisoi became the leader of the Khond tribe after the death of his uncle,
Dora Bisoi. Dora had been put in prison by the British and had died there.
I will avenge my
uncle’s death. I will
continue his struggle
and not let the British
rest in peace.
The Khonds belong to Ghumusar in Odisha.

Dora Bisoi had been imprisoned because Dora Bisoi had been a good wrestler and
he had led a rebellion against the British. swordfighter. The ruler of Ghumusar had
They tax us made him Commander-in-Chief of his army.
mercilessly. They try
to stop our religious
custom of Meriah. Retreat!
They have destroyed They are attacking Run! Don’t
the Bhanja rulers of from all sides. dare to show
Ghumusar. your faces
here again.
After many such conflicts, the British, who

had the stronger force, finally resorted to
announcing a cash prize for information about
Dora. At that time, Dora had sought protection
from Raja Somnath Singh of Angul but -
Your majesty,
if you go against
the Crown*, you
will suffer the
consequences.
I don’t
have a choice. I
will have to give
Dora up.
Dora was imprisoned and many of his companions WERE KILLED. He died in Ooty prison in 1846.
*Refers to the British monarch
52
Chakra Bisoi
Dora’s nephew, Chakra Bisoi, was determined to continue

the struggle against the British. In February 1846 -
the Meriah AGENT, MACPHERSON, Yes, let us!
has made a great mistake by taking away
our Meriah. He has also arrested Bira,
our brother Nabaghana Khamro’s* son.
Let us go and get back BOTH.
Meriah were people bought, or kidnapped, to be sacrificed. The

Meriah agent had been appointed by the British to rescue THEM.
Chakra Bisoi and his men attacked S.C. Macpherson’s camp.
Tell your men to

release Bira Khamro
and the Meriah to us
or you will all be
killed. Do as
they say.
Enraged by the act, Macpherson waited for the monsoons to be over

and then marched to the Khond AREAS, SETTING FIRE TO VILLAGES.
Run!
After the attack, more Khonds joined Chakra Bisoi. This alarmed
the British and they sent Major General Dyce to quell the uprising.
*Nabaghana Khamro was an ally.
53
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Atung TOOK CHAKRA BISOI’S OFFER TO THE RAJA.

WE NEED MORE ARMS,
ATUNG*. YOU MUST GO TO THAT IS A
THE RAJA OF ANGUL AND GOOD MOVE,
ASK FOR HELP. UNCLE.
My uncle
promises to
support you in any
battle with the
British, if you give
us arms.
I will
help you.
DESPITE THE KHONDS RECEIVING THE RAJA’S HELP, DYCE MANAGED TO SUPRESS
THEM. He also sent a report regarding MacPherson to the government.
MacPherson’s methods are

violent. Burning villages
and killing people will not
persuade the Khonds to
give up human sacrifice.
Macpherson was replaced in April 1847, by

Colonel Campbell as the new Meriah Agent.
I do not want to
fight the Khonds. I
would like to talk to
them and convince
them to release the
Meriah.
Tough job.
I wish you the
very best.
*CHAKRA BISOI’S NEPHEW

54
Chakra Bisoi
As a result of the talks,

many of the Khonds
agreed to give up the
practice of human
sacrifice. Nabaghana
Khamro was pardoned
but Chakra Bisoi refused
to compromise and
continued to resist. I cannot bow
down in front of
the foreigners. I
will fight them.
I have
information that
Raja Somnath Singh of
Angul is supporting
Chakra Bisoi.
Then we
take Angul and
remove that
support.
The British army was sent to Angul. The king was

deposed and Angul came directly under British rule.
Chakra Bisoi became a fugitive in his own land…
The BRITISH
hunt me. I will
bring trouble to We will give
your village if you shelter
you hide me. till we can. The
Khonds will never
betray you.
…but HE STILL HAD the support of the people.
55
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Lord Dalhousie*, the Governor In Sonepur -

General of India, vowed that
Chakra would be apprehended,
but it was like chasing a shadow. Please give
yourself up,
Chakra. You will
be pardoned and
you can lead a
The queen of Sonepur peaceful life.
and the king of Baud are
both aiding that rebel. Send
them letters warning them
to hand him over or face How can I live
the consequences. in peace while
we are ruled by
foreigners? No, my
queen, I will not
surrender.
Chakra Bisoi’s life thereafter was spent on the run from the British. The fire of rebellion
never died in his heart even though he was forced to change multiple locations.
*Lord Dalhousie banned female infanticide in the whole of India and

Human Sacrifice IN THE Central Provinces, Odisha and Maharashtra.
Chakra Bisoi
At one point, he gave his support to a young boy called Pitambar

Bhanj, who the Khonds believed to be the Raja of Ghumusar. But -
Pitambar Bhanj
has agreed to take a
pension from the British
government. He says he
is tired of living in
the forest.
Traitor! There
is no hope for
Ghumusar now.
The last anyone heard of Chakra Bisoi was when he crossed over to Patna State.
It is believed that hounded from there, he disappeared into the forests of
Central India and died before the First war of Independence in 1857.
To honour his memory, and celebrate Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav,

the Indian Postal Services released a special cover in 2021.
57
NILAMBAR AND PITAMBAR
In the 1820s, there lived a man called Chemu Singh, who belonged to
the Bhogta clan of the Kharwar tribe. The farming tribe lived in the
beautiful Chemo-Senya village of Palamau* district of Chota Nagpur.
THE RAINS HAVE

BEEN GOOD. The
harvest will be
PLENTIFUL this
season.
Chemu was a Life went on. Meanwhile, a

jagirdar^, who beautiful boy, Nilambar, was
had to report born to Chemu and his wife.
to officers of The revenue You are my
the British East collected is hope for the
India Company. not enough. future of
You have to our tribe!
get more.
This is all
the farmers
can afford. I
can’t force
them to part
with more.
Growing up, Nilambar Why are those

was a constant witness men so mean? Why
to British atrocities. YOU HAVE NO can’t we fight
OPTION. GET THE back?
MONEY OWED BY
YOUR PEOPLE OR
LOSE THE TWO
JAGIRS** WE HAVE
GRANTED YOU.
One day
we will!
*now Palamu district â person who owns land or estate
58 **an estate or land
In a few years, another son, Pitambar, was With his father gone, Nilambar
born to the couple. when he was still a took the responsibility of
toddler, Chemu took seriously ill. One day - looking after his brother.
Have you
come with your
brother to
learn harvesting,
Baba, wake PITAMBAR?
up! Ma, come
fast!
Chemu had passed away.
He also taught him Your eye He will

to shoot with a should only soon be big
bow and ARROW... focus on the enough to
target. help me,
Chachi*!
...AND TO FIGHT
WITH THE SWORD.
In 1857, Pitambar was visiting Ranchi when -

What’s The rebellion
happening? against the British
Why is there East India Company
shooting? is growing. The
sepoys^ of the
Ramgarh Battalion
are revolting.
The Indian Uprising that had started in Meerut

had spread to other parts of the country.
In Chatra, another town of
Jharkhand, Pitambar saw the
sepoy revolt being led by two Brother, the
local leaders, Thakur Vishwanath entire country is
Shahdeo and Pandey Ganpat Rai. rising in revolt against
Inspired, he rushed home. the British forces. I
think it’s time to join
them in the fight.
You are
absolutely
right!
*Aunt
Îndian soldiers serving under the British 59
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
So -
Inform all
our tribal brothers.
From today, we Let the BHOGTA,
are no longer under KHARWAR AND Chero
anyone’s rule. We are tribes unite to
independent and will fight against the
rule ourselves! foreigners.
On 21 October, They then proceeded

1857, Nilambar What are to Lesliganj where -
and Pitambar you doing? You don’t
led 500 tribals Stop it! belong here!
and attacked a Go away!
local zamindar,
Raghubar Dayal,
in CHAINPUR. HE
was loyal to
the British.
This is
what you get
for siding with
the British!
In November - The British were shaken by the attacks. The

Acting Commissioner, Lieutenant Graham, led
over 50 soldiers to capture the tribals But -
RUN, YOU
COWARDS!
60
Lt Graham and his small army hid The hold-up continued till two companies of the
in the house of Raghubar Dayal. 13th light infantry under major cotter arrived.
We have
surrounded the Spare
house. How long no one!
do you think
you can hide
in there?
The rebels were outnumbered and had to flee.
Lt Graham, you
are now free!
Come out and join
the fight with
your men!
A massive hunt for the rebels was launched.
Devi Baksh*, The rebels retreated but

there’s no escaping. continued to plunder villages.
Tell us where Nilambar
and Pitambar are Destroy the
hiding. home of every
zamindar who
supported the
British.
NEVER!
*Devi Baksh Rai was a rebel leader who was

fighting along with Nilambar and Pitambar. 61
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Lt Graham now got a further reinforcement of 600 men

and began a serious manhunt for the two brothers but -
The jungles
offer me protection.
No soldier can
catch me.
On 16 January, 1858, On 21 January, Captain Palamau

Captain Dalton, the Dalton reached Manika Fort is being
Commissioner of village near Palamau held by the
Chota Nagpur, himself Fort, and was joined rebels. Let’s
left for Palamau. by Lt Graham. launch an
immediate
attack on it.
We have 140 ...soldiers of

men from Madras Parganait Jagat Pal
Infantry, Ramgarh Singh*. They can’t
Cavalry and... escape anymore.
So -
W
HI
Z
IZ
WH
ba
ng
g n g
an b a
b
*A local chief loyal to the government

62
THE REBEL FORCES WERE OUTNUMBERED. With a force of over 2,000 men,
Captain Dalton made his way through
villages and ghats to finally reach
Chemo, the village of the two
Retreat to brothers, on 13 February, 1858.
the forests Attack!
from the Destroy
rear gate. everything
in sight.
A few leaders were captured but Nilambar and Pitambar once again managed to escape.
Take all their

grains, goods and
cattle. Seize the lands.
They shouldn’t be able
to survive here!
For over a year, the British targeted the Nilambar and Pitambar are
supporters of the two brothers but they revered not just in Jharkhand
themselves could not be caught. Till one day - but all over the country. The
Nilambar-Pitambar University
was established in 2009 in
Palamu, Jharkhand as a tribute
to these brave sons of India.
Finally! The
rats have been
smoked out!
On 28 March, 1859, Nilambar and Pitambar

were hanged to death in Lesliganj.
Ramji Gond
In 1798, Hyderabad was a territory that now occupies
parts of Karnataka, Maharashtra and Telangana. It was
ruled by Mir Nizam Ali Khan, the second Nizam of Hyderabad.
We agree
to pay you in
exchange for your
protection.
Among the occupants of the state The Gond tribe had several kingdoms,
were the members of the Gond tribe. ruled by the Gond Rajas. One of them,
in the late 1800s, was Ramji Gond.
Our lives, in
service of this
land.
64
Ramji Gond
The Gond tribe first existed as successful The Gond community continued to function in an
independent kingdoms. During the Mughal Independent and self-sustaining way. This made
Empire, they came under Mughal dominance. the British mistrustful.
In the 1740s, the Marathas began to attack We know where
the tribe with an intent to occupy the land. we stand with the
state rulers, BUT
WE KNOW NOTHING
ABOUT THE FOREST-
DWELLERS.
The Gonds retreated towards

the hills and forests.
At the same time, the British WERE They cordoned off huge areas of the forested land
plundering India’s natural resources for the use of the Empire. This led to the further
to strengthen their army. One of the displacement of forest-dwelling communities.
most coveted resources was -
They have been
allowed to live
independently for
too long. They
don’t understand
the government’s
ownership.
Teak! There
is an endless
supply of teak
trees in the
forests here.
These careless forest management practices Wealthy landowners were chosen as

were further strengthened by the narrative Collectors, or Taluqdars, for this purpose.
that the British were promoting.
Living in these
fores ts, is a wild and
uncivilised populatio n.
The true
use of land is
cultivation and
agriculture.
In exchange
for a tribute to
the State, we will
allow these people
to continue living in
the forests.
65
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Tribal communities were troubled by this severe intrusion.
Another raid
at the border
of the territory
towards Chanda!
This is getting out
of control.
They began to band together and launch small rebellions against these feudal systems.
Nirmal, a town in the Adilabad district, was With a small army, 1,000 people strong,
significant because it was an erstwhile HE created havoc in Adilabad district.
place of power for the Gond community.
We know this
land. That is our
advantage. We will
attack by night.
Here, Ramji Gond formed an alliance

with other tribal communities.
THE NIZAM’S PEOPLE WERE

BEGINNING TO GET WORRIED.
There is no
reasoning with
them.
Another We must
rebellion broke retaliate. I will
out yesterday. get my troops
We have to move ready.
in big groups
when we’re
headed towards
the forest.
The Nizam at the time was

Mir Farqunda Ali Khan.
66
Ramji Gond
A battle broke out between the two sides.
ONE SIDE THE OTHER SIDE

PROTECTING PROTECTING
their land and their alliance
their rights. with the Empire.
And the British lending troops and weapons to

the State of Hyderabad, witnessing the bloodshed.
Ramji Gond’s force was fierce but -
They have
guns! Take
cover!
The freedom fighters who survived went

on the run. Amongst them was Ramji Gond.
We have to
keep low until
it’s safe.
67
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Ramji is a
dangerous man. As
long as he is out …that
there, it will be Ramji Gond…
hard to govern the
state and assert
our power.
It is of
utmost
importance…
Any information
about his
whereabouts will
…is be rewarded.
found and
captured.
We have news. I
know where Ramji
Gond is hiding.
68
Ramji Gond
Ramji Gond and the remaining freedom In 1860, they were all punished
fighters were found and arrested. with death by hanging.
We need to
make an example
of Ramji and his
people. Prepare
the nooses.
the actions of these brave people stirred defiance into the atmosphere of the country.
WE WILL FREE
THIS LAND OF
THE INTRUDER.
LET THIS BE OUR
VOW!
Today, Ramji Gond is remembered as the leader of one of the earliest battles
for independence, and as a symbol of courage and unyielding resistance.
69
TELANGA KHARIA
By 1850, the British had established dominance over the tribal
region of Chota Nagpur But not everyone accepted this.
Why do we pay
taxes to use our
own land? We have
lived here for Ours!
hundreds of years.
Our ancestors are Ours!
buried here. This
land is ours!
The speaker was Telanga Kharia of the Kharia tribe.

Born on the 9 February, 1806, Telanga had been
aware of social injustice from a young age.
We have our
own systems of They are
GOVERNANCE*. Why stronger
do we follow than us.
outsiders? Our elders
feel obliged to
follow what the
British say. We
know our own Don’t be
land better than silly. They will
anyone else…if we find other ways
fight them here, to harm us.
we can easily
win!
However, as soon as Telanga was old enough...
We are
strong. We have
our own weapons.
We should stand up
for ourselves!
...He started inspiring other youngsters.

*The Parha system of self-governance 70
Telanga Kharia
By 1850, he had quite a few followers.
We will not
accept British Raj.
We will ELECT our
own Panchayat!
Soon, 13 ‘Jury Panchayats’ had been He also established AKHARAS*

formed. These were alternate forms of and trained tribals to use arms.
government that followed the traditional
tribal administration. They refused to
recognise the British tax system.
More villages
must follow our
system. When we
return to our roots,
we will be able to
oust the British.
Soon he had a small but hardy army ready.
The zamindars, who were losing money because the

tribals stopped paying taxes, complained to the British.
You must do
something, Sahib.
They are going to
cause trouble.
Ha! Their own

panchayats? What
do those savages
know about
administration and
organiSations?
*WRESTLING GROUNDS
71
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Telanga’s army was soon so well trained that They started looting the British treasuries.
Psst...
Catch!
Gah! I
underestimated
those pesky tribals.
Capture their
leader at once.
THAT PROVED DIFFICULT. TELANGA SUCCESSFULLY

REVOLTED AGAINST THE BRITISH AND INSPIRED I’m not
HIS PEOPLE TO DO THE SAME. afraid.
Telanga will
protect me.
We follow
our own
system. We will
not pay you.
I’ll take
you to Sahib.
See what he
will do.
72
Telanga Kharia
But, One Day, in 1860-
Surrender!
The police,
here? How did
they find us?
Someone
must have given
us away.
Telanga and his friends conducted their activities from deep inside
the jungle. The British could not have found them without inside help.
They put up a brave fight… He was sent to prison in Calcutta for

18 long years but as soon as he was
released, Telanga resumed his revolt.
I am stronger
than ever. Are
you with me?
Yes!
He actually Because of his

looks very undefeatable
strong. He is spirit, Telanga
like a budha came to be known
…but Telanga was captured. sher*! as ‘Budha Sher’.
For the next two years,

Telanga wreaked havoc
by looting the British
coffers. Finally, in 1880 -
Enough! They
have to be stopped.
I want that tribal
dead!
*old lion
73
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
On 23 April, 1880, Telanga was offering prayers with his fellowmen,

when a British agent called Bodhan Singh crept up from the back…
…and -
Quick, we
must not let
the British
take his body.
BA
NG
Aaah!
He’s been In a flash, they gathered their

shot! beloved leader and disappeared
into the forest with him.
The spot where he was buried is called Telanga Topa Tand and is deeply revered to
this day. A week-long Shahid Telanga Mela is celebrated every year in his memory.
A statue has also

been erected to
honour this brave
and intelligent
man, who not only
challenged the
physical prowess of
the British but also
defiantly established
an alternate
administrative system.
74
TANTYA BHIL
The Indian Uprising of 1857, or India’s first war of Independence, shook the
British to the core. In retaliation, they came down heavily on ordinary peasants.
You say you

have no money
to pay the Raj?
You liar!
aahh!
Born in 1842, Tantya Bhil from the Nimar tribal area of Madhya Pradesh, was about 15 years
old at that time. He witnessed first-hand the atrocities heaped upon the Bhil tribals.
Throw
out all his
belongings.
Look! He is What will

hiding coins in we eat,
a pot! Sahib?
Please…that’s all I
have. I need it for The British have
my children. so much and yet
they took away the
little that the poor
Bhil had!
Arrest him
for lying to
the Raj.
75
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
TANTYA KNEW HOW TO FIGHT WITH STICKS AND THE BOW AND ARROW.
He decided that it was time to put his skills TO THE TEST.
If they loot us,

we will loot them!
Who is with me?
I am!
Me
too!
The young men trained themselves and then -
YAAAH!
Hurry,
Tantya!
76
Tantya bhil
Back in the village -
Your
roof needs Here, you
repairs. can buy
seeds now.
Over the years, their skills and organisation got better. Tantya and
his friends successfully relieved the British of money, jewels and
ammunition. WHATEVER WEALTH he got, he distributed to his people.
Long LIVE,
Tantya Mama*!
The British, of course, thought differently. Are you telling me that the
Raj cannot apprehend a
This has to simple tribal crook?
stop! What is
the local police
doing? Sir, he is
very skilled
and disappears
into the jungles
where it’s very
difficult to
catch him.
*Uncle
77
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
That was indeed a fact. In an official communication, they

confessed that they were unable to catch him because -
of
r e so u r ce o n the part
nt of io n
he utter wa and acquisit
Fir s tly – t f d e t e ct io n
the matter o
the police in ple –
of informatio
n;
a t l a r g e m asses of peo
The fact th g for Tanty
a
Seco ndly – v e a f e e l in r
u r k u s a n d Bh ils – h a
h il e p e r so n s of a bette
K , w nn ot
o veneratio n that they ca
a mounting t b y t e r r o r
so paralysed
positio n are
e a f in g e r to help us.
mo v
For more than twenty years, Tantya made a Things changed on 11 August, 1896. It was
dent in the British coffers. He was chased the festival of Raksha Bandhan* and Tantya
and harassed but always evaded capture. went to his sister’s house for the ritual.
Welcome,
welcome!
Where is my
sister? It’s not
safe for me
to be here too
long. I’ll leave
as soon as she
ties the rakhi.
But -
Hands up!
Unknown to them, his brother-in-law had

betrayed Tantya for a huge sum of money.
*A festival on which a sister ties a decorative thread (or Rakhi) on her brother’s
wrist as a symbol of his protection of her and her love for him.
Tantya bhil
Tantya was arrested and tortured for more

than two years. He was hanged to death on
4 December, 1889. The Bhils were inconsolable.
No!
It’s a
trap! He was our
saviour! Who
will look after
us now?
To show their superiority, the British dumped

his body onto what is now the Patalpani railway
station in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. A memorial
marks this spot. The railway station itself is to
be renamed Tantya Bhil station.
To the British, Tantya was a criminal to be vanquished but to Indians, he was a hero; an
ordinary man who revolted against the mighty empire. Such was his influence that when he
was arrested, even the New York Times wrote about it, calling him ‘The Indian Robin Hood’.
New York Times,

November 10, 1889,
“Tantia Bheel, the

bold Robin Hood of
the Central Provinces
in India, who was
recently captured,
has just made a full
confession…”
79
BIRSA MUNDA
Birsa Munda was born
on 15 November, 1875, to OUR SON HAS
Sugana Munda and Karmi THE BRIGHTEST
HATU, OF THE MUNDA TRIBE, EYES.
IN THE PRESENT-DAY KHUNTI
DISTRICT OF JHARKHAND.
Birsa received his early education at Salga Taking his teacher’s advice, Birsa converted
under the guidance of his teacher Jaipal Nag. to Christianity and changed his name to Birsa
David to join the German Lutheran Mission
School at Chaibasa.
Birsa, you are
a bright student.
You should join the
German Mission
School.
Who is
But don’t that new
they only boy? Haha! Look at
admit Christian his crumpled
students? uniform!
Birsa enjoyed learning. However,

he left school after a few years.
It was at the German

You can convert school that Birsa realised
to Christianity, how the British and other
they’ll admit you foreigners converted
right away. tribal folk to Christianity.
These Dikus*
promise us
help, offer us
education, food
and work, so that
we convert to
their religion, only
to treat us like
the savages they
believe we are!
*Foreigners or outsiders
80
Birsa Munda
Between 1886 and 1890, Birsa spent a lot of time with

the leaders of the Tribal Sardars’ agitation in Chaibasa.
This is our
land! How dare
they drive us The zamindars
out? have the law on
their side and we
have nothing.
What law is
that, Sardar,
if it does not
recognise
our rights?
You are Young Birsa was greatly

right, that This has influenced by the sardars
is no law gone on for and their call for rebellion.
to us! So much has
too long. We been stolen from
must take our our people! I
land back! must join their
struggle.
Our people
must unite and
fight. NOBODY
ELSE IS GOING
TO HELP US.
By the time Birsa left Chaibasa in 1890, he was deeply

involved in the tribal movement against the British.
You all have We need
taught me a lot. I more young
must leave but I blood like you,
will continue the Birsa. Only then
struggle. can we win.
In support of the Sardars’ Rebellion, Birsa’s family

gave up their membership in the German mission.
81
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Birsa put his learning to good use to educate Birsa slowly began stepping into active
people of the oppression by the British. politics. When unjust laws were enforced
upon the Mundas in the protected
forest of the Porhat region, he actively
campaigned against them.
What had the Wake up,
company come to brothers and
India for? Trade. sisters! The
Look at what they forest is our
are doing now! home, do not
let the British
rule us.
What will
we do if the
Dikus rule our
country?
Birsa is right,
we must all
fight against
them.
All his life’s beliefs and experiences Around 1895, at a village named Chalkad*,
led him to RENOUNCE Christianity and Birsa established his religion and called
start his own religion called Birsait. for 12 disciples to propagate Birsait.
I must become You, Soma Munda,
a good leader, not are my chief disciple.
just in the fight Take this book of
for my people’s Dharma and spread
rights but also to the word of God’s will
show them a good among our people.
way of life.
*In present-day Jharkhand

82
Birsa Munda
Birsait preached a simple lifestyle. As his followers increased, Birsa began to plan and
prepare for a decisive war against the British.
Worship god and nature. Give
up praying to idols and spirits. Let’s target the places they call
Wear white and abstain from theirs - offices, army camps,
alcohol and meat. police stations, markets. They
should fear us!
He was known as Dharti Aba, father

of the land. many Mundas and
Oraons began to follow Birsait.
THE MUNDAS DID, AS PLANNED, FOR A PERIOD OF ABOUT TWO YEARS.
My fellow warriors,
The British felt the heat of the Munda rage. Wisely, Birsa let us continue to meet
decided to lie at Sail Rakab village on
Birsa Munda and low for a while. the Dumbari Hill. The
his people must be British cannot follow
stopped, Officer. us there.
Are we
running away,
Birsa?
We have
arranged for more No, just
security around our avoiding arrest.
spaces. One wrong We will not rest
move and he will be until we achieve
caught. Abua Disun*!
*self-rule
83
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Using stealthy guerrilla warfare tactics,

Birsa and his warriors unleashed terror on
the British in the Ranchi and Khunti area.
He’s been
HIT!
Run!
those
Mundas
will get
us too!
In these attacks, nearly 100 buildings were set on The Commissioner of Police and
fire and several people, mostly policemen, were his deputy rushed to Khunti.
killed. This was the tipping point for the British.
For years, this man
has been a menace. it’s
Long live outrageous that you
the Ulgulan*! can’t catch him!
Dharti Aba
ki Jai!
SIR....
Announce a reward
of 500 rupees and
get his own people
to betray him.
We have been given The soldiers soon discovered

two companies of the Dumbari Hill hideout.
the army to crush
the tribal uprising.
FIR
Run! The
Let’s catch them! army is
E!
here!
Go to the
village and
alert the
people!
*revolt
84
Birsa Munda
The British continued the search and BIRSA was

finally arrested in Jamkopai forest in Chakradharpur.
The infamous
Birsa Munda,
caught at last.
You can
arrest me but
our ulgulan
will live on!
Birsa Munda was imprisoned in Ranchi Birsa’s achievement was no small feat.
Jail where he passed away on 9 June, He united tribal communities and their
1900. He was 25 years old. The British protests forced the British government
records state that he died of Cholera. to introduce laws protecting tribal land.
The Chota nagpur

Tenancy Act, passed
in 1908, forbade the
transfer of tribal
land to non-tribals.
To honour his life, many important institutions such as The day is also celebrated
Birsa Institute of Technology, Birsa Agricultural as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas to
University, Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium and Birsa honour the contributions of
Munda Airport have been named after him. The state of tribal freedom fighters.
Jharkhand was created on his birth anniversary in 2000.
Birsa Munda is the only tribal

freedom fighter who has a portrait
in the Indian Parliament Museum.
85
MATMUR JAMOH
In the hills of Arunachal Pradesh, there live the people of the Adi Tribe. The Adis are proud
and patriotic, and the tribe has produced many warriors who have fought for their land.
During the freedom struggle, the tribe had

multiple conflicts with the British administration.
This will
teach them
NOT TO
RESIST US.
In 1905, Noel Williamson, the Assistant Political Officer in Sadiya,

ordered villages and livestock to be burnt in the higher areas.
We have to
quash all
rebellion from
the tribes. Show
no mercy!
86
Matmur Jamoh
In 1909, Williamson visited Kebang village with a

few other officers. On their way back to Sadiya -
I think we
should halt at
Yagrung tonight.
Yes Colonel, I’LL It’s been a
SEND A MESSAGE TO rough ride over
THE VILLAGE CHIEF this terrain.
AT YAGRUNG TO MAKE
ARRANGEMENTS FOR
OUR STAY.
At the time, Matmur Jamoh, a young and able When the officers arrived -
Adi warrior, was the chief of Yagrung village.
When he received Williamson’s message -
Why is
The officers there no
will arrive this one to
evening. You welcome
are expected us?
to provide Looks like these
accommodation villagers are giving
WE ARE NOT us a message.
and food. HERE TO SERVE
YOUR OFFICERS.
Oh this is
going to cost
them! Where
is the chief?
I’ll teach
him a lesson
right now.
87
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Matmur came and stood before Williamson.

So, you’re No matter what
the chief of this you say, we are not
village, eh? Think your slaves. We will not
you’re above provide food and shelter
the law? to tyrants like you.
matmur’s people wanted

How to retaliate but -
dare
you!
DON’T DO ANYTHING
TH NOW OR THEY’LL
W BURN DOWN OUR
AC
K
VILLAGE.
WE WILL
WAIT AND
TAKE OUR
REVENGE!
Two years later, on 20 March, 1911, Williamson visited Komsing, with

Dr Gregorson and a large number of porters. En route, at Sissan -
Sir, MORE THAN
HALF OF OUR PORTERS Doctor,
HAVE SUDDENLY FALLEN I can’t
ILL. I don’t think it will waste any
be possible for us to time.
keep going.
You can
stay here with
the sick but
I must carry
on and reach
Komsing.
88
Matmur Jamoh
FOR MATMUR, IT WAS THE Soon, a plan was made.

CHANCE HE WAS LOOKING FOR.
We need to split
into two groups. One
group can attack
IT IS TIME TO SHOW THE Williamson and the
BRITISH THAT WE WILL NO other, his people
Yes, we can at Sissan.
LONGER BE SILENT IN THE also call upon
FACE OF INJUSTICE. our warriors from
other villages.
Yes
Chief, we
are with
you!
We will
avenge
Williamson’s
insult!
ON 31 MARCH, A GROUP OF ADI WARRIORS ATTACKED

DR GREGORSON AND THE PORTERS AT SISSAN...
…While Matmur Jamoh and his best men

attacked Williamson, at Komsing.
89
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
When the news of the deaths of Williamson and his party reached the British administration -
We have Yes,
to find General!
Williamson’s
attackers and
show these
tribals the
true might of
the British
Empire!
Soon, Adi habitations all over the area were targeted by the British in a bid to find Matmur.
Matmur’s family
Meanwhile, in was constantly
a hideout near harassed.
Yagrung -
Chief, the
British have they will never
burnt down leave our people in
two more peace until they find
villages! us. We cannot let our
families suffer anymore.
We must surrender.
90
Matmur Jamoh
Matmur Jamoh and six other Adi the warriors were sentenced to
warriors surrendered to the British. life imprisonment and sent to the
Cellular Jail in the Andaman Islands,
where they breathed their last.
We surrender
ourselves.
Now, leave our
people alone!
Matmur Jamoh and his men staked their lives on

what they believed in. The story of these brave
Adi warriors is not well known. Yet, it serves as
an inspiration to all those who hear it.
91
Tana Bhagat
In August 1914, when World War I had just begun, the Oraon tribals
of the Chota Nagpur region were under great oppression by the
local zamindars, the police and the British.
Faster!
this needs
to reach
the market We have a
today! war to fight,
we cannot
waste money.
We have to
export this grain
at a cheaper
rate. Cut the
workers’ pay if
you have to.
Sahib, I
didn’t do
anything!
Quiet,
you
thief!
During these trying times, a young Oraon

by the name Jatra Bhagat, had a vision.
Jatra, adore your Spread this

gods with bhakti* only. message and unite
Give up meaningless rituals, the people. Fight for
focus your energies on what is rightfully
bringing the Oraon Raj yours.
back. Drive the foreigners
out of your land and
your lives.
Jatra was moved by this vision of Dharmes, the Oraon sun god.
*devotion
92
Tana Bhagat
Jatra took HIS MISSION TO HEART and began preaching to his people.
Dharmadev only
wants our bhakti. Do not work for THE
Let us not practice ALIEN LORDS, do not give
meaningless rituals. them your hard-earned
Let us not sacrifice money. We must pay heed
animals in the name of to Dharmadev’s will
god. Give up the vices or we will perish!
of liquor, tobacco
and meat.
His words are
spellbinding!
He is truly
Tana Bhagat!
Such was the power of Jatra’s message that his people called
him Tana Bhagat or the one who pulls people together.
THE PEOPLE What started as a simple vision for the Oraon

BEGAN ACTING community, began to develop political undertones.
ON HIS What do you
TEACHINGS. mean you won’t
work? Come
back right now
or I will call
the police!
Do what
you want.
Sahib, the
Oraons are They are
refusing to not even
work in our Do something,
paying rent! Sahib. Our work
fields.
has come to a
standstill.
Tana Bhagat? Maybe

All because Who is he? someone should
of that wretched pay this man a
Tana Bhagat! visit.
We will
not work for
a thankless
master like He is their
you. leader. He has
been instructing
them to refuse
work and to
cultivate their
own crops.
93
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
One day -
Jatra Bhagat, I
am from the public
works department. What
I need a favour is it?
from you.
We are building Jatra did not Jatra Bhagat,

a school in Dokotoli budge. Soon - you and your
village. We would like followers are
you to allow your under arrest.
followers to work as
coolies. They will be No, none of us
paid handsomely. want to work
for you or your
government.
Jatra,
cooperate
with the sahib!
Or else….
Jatra Bhagat, ...to not work for the

you are sentenced to landlords, For not cooperating
one and a half years with the government and
of imprisonment for spreading seditious* ideas
encouraging your against British rule.
followers...
*ideas that encourage rebellion against

the government or its authority 94
Tana Bhagat
The Oraons were crestfallen. They went to meet Devamania, Jatra’s wife.
DAI*, now He wouldn’t
that Tana is want you to lose
gone, what who will hope. We shall
shall we guide us continue on
do? now? the path he has
shown us.
In Jatra’s absence, the leadership of the movement passed into Devamania’s hands.
Jatra’s absence did not deter the In 1915, Jatra was released from
Oraons. Over time, his TEACHINGS had prison but he was a changed man.
transformed into a socio-religious
movement which advocated a simple and
self-reliant lifestyle to the Oraons.
Tana Bhagat!
Tana Bhagat!
Do you also
want to go to jail like
that leader of yours? Gasp! Is He looks
Come work in my field that our so frail!
and earn your keep. Tana?
We are not
afraid of you,
nor do we want
your money.
The torture in jail had greatly
affected Jatra’s health.
I cannot be It’s all
the leader right.
they want me They will
to be. I am understand.
too weak.
We can
take care of
ourselves.
You can find
somebody
else.
The movement came to be known

as the Tana Bhagat movement.
*SISTER
95
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
A year later, in 1916, Jatra passed away due to cholera.

Tana has We will
left us forever. continue what
Who will guide We must not he started.
us? let his life have
gone in vain.
Even after his death, Tana Bhagat continued to live in their hearts and actions.
Soon, the Tana Bhagat movement became a part of the Yes, as Tana
larger national movement towards independence. taught us, we are
This is not just nothing by ourselves.
our fight, it is every Together, we can
Indian’s fight. Let’s join move mountains!
hands with the others
and throw out the
foreigners!
Around 1921, the

followers of
Tana Bhagat took
part in the
non-cooperation
movement.
They actively
participated in the
Congress sessions
and persuaded
the Congress
Government of
Bihar to pass
‘The Bhagat
Agricultural Lands
Restoration Act’,
which aimed to
return the lands
that were lost
by the tribals
on their refusal Jatra Bhagat may have passed away at the young age
to pay rent of 22 but his philosophy and movement continued
to the British to live through his people AND HIS TEACHINGS.
Government.
96
Malati Mem
In the 1900s, after a brutal battle with Assam was also home to the tea-tribe, or
the Burmese, the state of Assam became the tea-garden community. THIS GROUP
a part of British territory. The Ahom CONSISTED OF PEOPLE FROM ALL OVER THE
kingdom which, among other groups, had COUNTRY, WHO HAD BEEN BROUGHT THERE YEARS
EXISTED in the area for over 600 years, EARLIER, TO WORK ON THE TEA PLANTATIONS.
came under the rule of the British.
Mangri Orang, also called Malati Mem, worked

at the Lalmati tea garden of Tezpur.
Remind me
to fix that
basket later It’s
tonight. nearly
sunset.
The main occupation of the community continued to

be farming. In addition to tea, they also grew poppy.
What a
long day
it’s been!
The summer
harvest is always
tougher.
97
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
OPIUM*, which was a product of the poppy The value of the opium trade was very high AND
plant, had been economically significant THE BRITISH WANTED TO CONTROL IT COMPLETELY.
to Assamese people. As a community
cultivating opium, several members of the We should
tribe began to consume opium habitually. increase
production
of opium.
THEY ALSO SET UP OPIUM TRADING CENTRES. This is so unfair.

We won’t be able to
All produce earn enough from
must come through what is handed to
here. The deals will us by them.
be made in the trading
centres only.
Meanwhile, across the country, a new form of protest was taking root.
There is strength
in satyagraha!
*THE DRIED LATEX FROM THE POPPY SEED POD. IT IS AN ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCE.
Malati Mem
The non-cooperation movement …and involved an outright rejection

worked on the principals of of foreign goods and products.
non-violence and civil disobedience…
We will spin our

own cloth.
The British
take our cotton,
spin it into cloth
in their mills in
England and then
sell the cloth back
to us at double the
price. We will spin
our own cloth.
Soon, Congress leaders

came to Assam, bringing
the non-cooperation NO
movement with them. COTTON! NO
LIQUOR!
NO TO
BRITISH COTTON!
NO TO BRITISH
LIQUOR!
Help us
spread the
word!
The people of Assam were only

too happy to support the cause.
99
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
A wave of local activism took over Assam and the surrounding

states. Malati took it upon herself to campaign for the cause. We will
not grow
opium!
There were protests and picketing.
We have to MALATI SPOKE ABOUT THE BAD EFFECTS

stop using opium. OF OPIUM IN MANY VILLAGES.
Only then can we
stop growing it. I know it is
difficult to give it
up but the future
of our country
depends on it.
GIVING UP THE USE OF OPIUM WAS DIFFICULT

but they supported each other.
100
Malati Mem
Nervous about the increased intensity of the protests, the

Britishers outlawed picketing outside the opium trading centres.
You are
all under
arrest.
As the men in the villages got arrested, Malati and

the rest of the women began to lead the movement.
You cannot
silence us!
This movement
will leave you
with no jobs and You are trying to
no income. shake our confidence
and mislead us. We
will not allow it!
101
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
The protests continued, Malati’s determination

and fervour growing with each day.
I’m going to
the opium
trading centre.
It’s
dangerous
and against
the law. Protests are
not meant to
be convenient
for them.
In 1921, during an encounter with the

police and government supporters…
The police! I
must stand my
ground.
…Malati Mem was killed.
Malati Mem is considered the first

martyr from Assam in India’s war
for independence. In 2019, a statue
was erected in a tea estate in
Assam to honour her sacrifice.
102
LAXMAN NAIK
Born on 22 November, 1899, to a family belonging to the Bhuyan tribe,
Laxman Naik grew up in Tentuligumma, Malkangiri district of Odisha.
Look how surefooted he is!
Mark my words, he will walk
through life with the same
determination.
His father, Padlam Naik, was the Mustadar* of four villages

under the Jeypore Samsthanam of Madras Presidency.
Young Laxman grew up witnessing

Sardar, yesterday the injustices against tribal people.
two men from our
tribe were picked up Bapa^, we need to
and tortured by the fight the British.
police under false It’s time to take
pretenses. back our land!
This local
administration
is a sham!
ALL THE
GOVERNMENT
OFFICIALS For that,
UNDER THE Son, we must
BRITISH are unite our
out to exploit people first.
our people.
At the age of 31, Laxman succeeded his father as the Mustadar and
soon became one of the most influential tribal leaders in the area.
The fire of
rebellion is burning
all over the country.
Take inspiration from
martyrs like Alluri
Seetharama Raju** of
Rampa! It’s time we
too rise against this
exploitation!
We are
with you,
Sardar!
Yes, we will
no longer
stay silent!
*Village head **A tribal leader who led an armed revolution
^Father
103
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
In 1936, Laxman Naik attended a meeting organised

by the Indian National Congress in Malkangiri. I MUST JOIN AND
Gandhi ji’s MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN
philosophy needs OUR FREEDOM STRUGGLE.
to reach every corner I CAN ALSO ENSURE THE
of our country. The well-being OF
Congress wants you to be MY PEOPLE.
a part of the freedom
movement.
Laxman Naik was a believer in Gandhi’s ideals

and BECAME a Char-anna* member of the
Indian National Congress. THERE, he received
training in physical HEALTH AND NATIONALISM.
National
integration and
unity is one of
the cornerstones
of the freedom
struggle.
As a member of the Congress, Laxman Naik campaigned extensively to

get more tribal communities involved. He spread Gandhi’s ideas and
tactics of resistance in areas like Koraput, Malkangiri and Tentulipada.
We will no longer
adhere to these unjust
forest laws. I encourage
you all to start Podu^
cultivation and take
back your rights!
He spoke against illegal tax collection,

the dangers of alcohol consumption Literacy is
and inhumane practices such as bonded the greatest
labour. He also encouraged education and weapon against
adult literacy in the tribal communities. imperialist
forces.
*Membership by paying four annas (1/4th Rupee) ^Traditional tribal agricultural practice where
jungle area is burnt to obtain land for crops.
Laxman Naik
In 1940, Gandhi launched the Individual In 1942, he took charge as the President of
Satyagraha to protest India’s involvement the Congress Primary Committee at Mathili. He
in World War II. In 1941, Laxman, along with immediately started implementing change.
seven others, undertook the satyagraha at
Mathili Police Station, Koraput. This bridge will
make crossing the
river so easy for
the people.
Not a pie,
not a man
to the war
effort.*
Since he believed in non-violence and

They were arrested and sentenced to worked for his community, he came to
nine months of rigorous imprisonment. be known as the ‘Gandhi of Malkangiri’.
As the Quit India movement gained momentum, Laxman Naik

led the tribal people to participate wholeheartedly.
Gandhi ji has
launched the Quit If you lead
India movement to them, our people
achieve complete will also pour their
independence heart into this Yes, it is
from the British, effort. time to
peacefully. implement
the mantra
of Do or
Die.
*Slogan of the civil disobedience movement, protesting India’s involvement in World War II
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
On 21 August, 1942, Laxman Naik led a

peaceful rally. He intended to hoist the
Indian flag at the Mathili Police Station. Remember,
our fight is a
NON-VIOLENT one.
We will answer
violence with
only peace.
At the Maithili Police Station -
These people
don’t look like
they’ll back down
easily. We must
be prepared for
trouble.
Yes sir, I’ll

issue instructions
to the constables
immediately.
One of the people who WAS KILLED

was G. Rammaya, a Forest Guard.
Stop right This is the perfect

there. If you chance to get rid of
come closer, Laxman Naik. We must
we will shoot. hold him responsible
WE HAVE for the death of
COME IN PEACE. Rammaya.
We will hoist
our flag.
Yes Sir, I will
issue instructions
for his arrest
at once!
THE POLICE BEAT THE PROTESTORS

WITH LATHIS AND FIRED AT THEm. The British officials publicly held
FIVE PEOPLE LOST THEIR LIVES AND Laxman Naik responsible for Rammaya’s
MANY MORE, INCLUDING LAXMAN death, as he was the leader of the
NAIK, SUSTAINED INJURIES. procession that had caused the death.
106
Laxman Naik
Hearing about the intent to arrest him, Laxman That was not to be. As they
Naik decided to leave Mathili. His son and a few were crossing the jungle -
other Congress workers accompanied him.
Laxman Naik, you are
under arrest for the
death of Forest Guard
We will be G. Rammaya and for
safer back home in inciting rioting and arson
Tentuligumma. We can and endangering lives.
return once the British
are no longer looking
for you.
ON 18 september, 1942, Laxman Naik and others accused in the same case
were sent to Koraput Jail. There, they were subjected to a criminal trial.
Laxman Naik, under

Section 302 of the I.P. C. I
sentence you to death for
sedition, causing rioting and
arson, as well as having
caused the death of
G. Rammaya.
Apart from Laxman Naik, 49 others were deemed guilty of violating the Defence of
India Rules*. They were sentenced to life imprisonment for organising the rally.
*An act enacted to curtail nationalist activity
107
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Although Laxman Naik appealed AGAINST On the night before his execution, Laxman NAIK
his sentence, it was rejected by the REQUESTED THAT HE BE ALLOWED TO HAVE HIS LAST
Patna High Court and he was sent to MEAL WITH HIS COMPANIONS WHO WERE IN PRISON.
Berhampur Jail to be hanged. I am so grateful that my last
meal is with men like you. I can
Father, go peacefully, knowing that you
how will will continue working for
I go on our nation and our
without Son, The country people.
you? needs youth like you.
Sacrificing my life
for the country is
an honour. my only
regret is not seeing
my country free.
We will
never let you
down, Sardar.
We will not rest
until we have
our freedom!
On 29 March, 1943, at 5:30 am, Laxman Laxman Naik’s leadership, courage and
Naik was hanged to death by the British sacrifice left a significant mark on the
government. His last words were - freedom movement of Odisha and inspired
thousands more to get involved.
If the sun is real,

and so is the moon, it
is then equally real
that Mother India
shall be free.
108
HELEN LEPCHA
In the small village of Sangmu in South Sikkim, on 14 January, 1902,
Achung Lepcha and his wife were blessed with their third child.
Look how tightly

Helen clenches her
fists, Amo*. Ready Ha Ha… All
to fight! Dishoom! my children
Dishoom! are brave
fighters.
A few weeks later, Helen’s family moved to Helen was admitted to the Scott
Kurseong, which was a more developed town. Mission Girls High School in Kurseong.
Helen spent most of her childhood here.
Why do you
love this tree
so much, my Aabo^, it stands
child? strong, just like you.
it also gives me sweet,
yummy pears.
However, she dropped out of school in 1916.
IN 1917, MAHATMA GANDHI STARTED THE SWADESHI When she was 16, Helen moved to her elder
MOVEMENT. IN HELEN’S HOMETOWN - sister’s house in Calcutta. There, she
joined a charkha training centre run by
IF WE SPIN Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s** granddaughter.
AND WEAVE OUR OWN
THREAD AND CLOTH, Making this
WE WILL NOT NEED cloth is
TO BUY CLOTH FROM empowering.
ENGLAND.
What he says
is right. Why should
we make clothes out
of cloth that comes
from England?
*Mother **An educator and social reformer
^Father 109
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Helen mastered the art of In 1920, when Bihar faced heavy

spinning so well that she was floods, Helen found her true calling.
sent to represent Calcutta at She volunteered for relief work.
the Khadi and Charkha Exhibition
in Muzaffarpur, Bihar.
My children
are starving.
Please help me.
We have
medicines and
Everything that food in that
you see here has shelter. Let’s take
been woven out of your children
thread spun by us there.
on the charkha.
Helen’s relief work did not Helen accepted Bapu’s invitation.

go unnoticed. At the house of One day, at the ashram -
a Congress leader - Namaste,
Bapu. Helen, when people
hear your name they imagine
I have heard you as an Englishwoman. Let’s
praises about you, call you Sabitri Devi, a name
Helen. I am deeply that will immediately connect
touched by your with the people.
service and dedication.
You should visit
Sabarmati Ashram.
As you
say, Bapu.
Helen became an ardent follower of Her growing influence on the

Gandhi. She actively participated in the masses made the British restless.
activities of the Congress Labour Union During one of her rallies, the
in parts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. British opened fire on Helen.
The charkha Each one of
and khadi are us should be
our greatest skilled enough
weapons. to use these
weapons
wisely.
Sabitri Devi
ki jai!
Fortunately, she escaped unhurt.
110
Helen Lepcha
During this time, she attended the All India Congress meeting and
participated in various discussions where she met a lot of prominent
Congress leaders. She soon built a good rapport with most of them.
Since Jawaharlal Nehru’s house was a crucial place

for decision-making, she frequented Anand Bhawan*.
How are you,
little soldier
Indira?
I am fine,
Saili Didi^.
In 1921, non-cooperation became the motto of every The British issued a search
Indian. At Mohammad Ali Park, Calcutta, Helen led a warrant for Helen. That’s
massive procession of over 10,000 mineworkers of when help came from
the Jharia coalfield, ALONG WITH EMINENT LEADERS. Jawaharlal Nehru.
Thank you for

providing me with
a place to hide,
Nehru ji.
Consider
Anand Bhawan
your home,
Sabitri Devi.
*Jawharlal Nehru’s house in Allahabad ^Saili means The third of many siblings.
111
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
A few months later, Helen’s mother fell The outpouring of patriotic fervour under
ill and Helen had to return to Kurseong. Helen’s leadership, worried the British.
There, Helen started a door-to-door
campaign to intensify the movement. The government
has imposed a curfew
in this region. We are
not allowed outside.
Learn to spin Say no to
the charkha and foreign
wear only khadi products. Join Nothing
clothes. the Swadeshi must stop
movement. us.
When curfew did not work, the British used

force and lathi-charged demonstrators.
To stop Helen’s growing influence, the police forcefully took her into custody.
atrika , 192
2
rP
ary
hJanu
aza
B ess
30t
rita
Am nd Consgterd
a e
i D evi y arr
i t r ta r
Sab Secre
After her release, she was put under house arrest in Kurseong for three years.
In 1925, when Mahatma Gandhi came to Darjeeling, Helen went to meet him.
Sabitri Devi, you need
to give up on all luxuries,
including ornaments. Live a
simple life. Dedicate yourself
truly to the freedom of
the nation.
Helen donated all her jewels to the Swaraj Fund and from then on, lived a Gandhian life.
112
Helen Lepcha
In 1932, Helen was elected the One day, in 1939 -

first woman commissioner of
Kurseong Municipality. A few years
later, she married Ishan Ahmed,
who ran a bakery in Kurseong. Did you hear?
They have moved
Netaji* to his elder
helen, I will brother’s house.
close the bakery He is under house
early tomorrow arrest.
and we can then
go to the rally
together.
I know. We
have to help him
escape. I have
a plan.
Yes, I will
attend my
meeting and
come home
soon.
According to the plan, Ishan …but within the loaves were

would go to Bose’s house, messages outlining an escape plan.
seemingly to deliver bread…
Over time -
This pathan
dress will help Netaji
blend with the crowds.
The moustache and the
beard will make him
unrecognisable.
*Subhas Chandra Bose

113
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
at midnight, on 16 January, 1941, a bearded man hopped on the rear seat of a black
Sedan and travelled from Kurseong to Calcutta and then to Germany via Kabul.
A perfect
plan indeed,
Sabitri Devi.
The man was none other than Subhas Chandra Bose.
Over the next few years, Helen continued On 15 August, 1972, Helen Lepcha was conferred
to participate in the freedom struggle and with the Tamra Patra* and a pension for
also immersed herself in social activities. freedom fighters by the then Prime Minister
Later, she became the chairperson of various Indira Gandhi. It was a moment filled
associations in Kurseong including the Sherpa with nostalgia.
Association and the Lepcha association.
You deserve
this honour,
Saili Didi.
Helen Lepcha breathed her last on 18 August, 1980.
Though she spent most of her

life away from her birthplace,
the Sikkimese community lovingly
calls her ‘Daughter of the soil’
and takes pride in celebrating
her life and sacrifices.
*AN AWARD INSTITUTED IN 1972 TO HONOUR FREEDOM FIGHTERS

Putalimaya Devi Poddar
PUTLIMAYA DEVI BELONGED to the Tamang tribe of West Bengal. Her thirst for
independence began in Kurseong, near Darjeeling, when she was all of 14.
Gandhi ji says
that if we give up
foreign goods and
adopt Swadeshi goods;
we will cripple the Sarayu Prasad*
British. Join the speaks so well.
revolution today! He is right. We will
only get freedom if
everyone takes up
the cause.
Putalimaya was so taken in by Sarayu Prasad’s words that

she expressed her desire to join the freedom struggle.
You are only 14.

It is more important
for you to be in school.
STUDY HARD, and then use
that knowledge to fight
for freedom.
*Sarayu Prasad Poddar was a Congress freedom fighter.

AMAR CHITRA KATHA
While in school, Putalimaya kept in touch It was around this time that the Congress
with freedom fighters and attended the Branch office in Kurseong was opened.
Congress meetings in her town. Again, Putalimaya expressed her desire to
join the freedom movement, but -
You are at
the age when you
It is time for should be getting
me to join the married. You can’t
movement and help be out on the But Baba,
spread MAHATMA street fighting I know I
Gandhi‘S message. More the British. can make a
people need to know difference.
how to fight the Why do you
British. stop me?
You are I am being

making it difficult threatened every day
for me to keep because you attend the
my job. Congress meetings. Can you
imagine what will happen if
you join them?
Baba, this
is something I
have to do.
Despite opposition from her family, Putalimaya kept going.
Our people
need to be educated.
Knowledge is the only
way we can change
minds and get people
to join the freedom
movement IN LARGE
NUMBERS.
116
Putalimaya set up the Harijan Samaj in Kurseong Putalimaya, along with other
with a school to educate her people. Congress members, set up a Mahila
Samiti with the sole purpose of
getting more women involved.
We need more
women to join.
They will, in turn, Khadi is the key to
inspire their children shunning foreign goods.
to rise up against We can make our own
the British. cloth with the charkha. If
all of us join in, we can
cut foreign cloth out.
In Kurseong, the Congress leaders of the

In the beginning of August, in 1942, there area joined hands to march in solidarity
was a call for Swaraj in Bombay*. Several with the people who were arrested in
prominent leaders were arrested. Bombay. At the forefront were Harish
Chettri^, Putalimaya and Sarayu Prasad.
Poorna
Swaraj!
Inquilab
Zindabad!
*Now Mumbai ^Congress worker and freedom

117 fighter working in the area
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Putalimaya, Sarayu Prasad Poddar, Harish Chettri and

People are others were arrested, but this did not stop the people.
marching
towards the
police station,
sir.
Have the
leaders
arrested!
Let them Free our

go now! leaders!
Take them out

from the back gate,
before anyone finds
out. We can’t take on Right
the entire crowd. away, sir.
The British were so afraid of the effect the leaders had on the masses that -
We need to
transport the prisoners
and take them to
Darjeeling Jail. It is more
dangerous to have them Yes,
locked up here. Sir.
118
While in jail, Putalimaya protested against Putalimaya went on a hunger strike

the way the prisoners were being treated. until her demands were met. The
British were forced to relent.
We are political
prisoners. We Putalimaya, you
demand better food did this. You made
and basic amenities. it possible for
We will not abide by us to be treated
your rules until we with dignity
get what we want.
Putalimaya spent her time in prison In January 1944, Putalimaya was released from
reading and spinning the charkha. jail. When she went back to Kurseong -
The freedom You cannot
struggle is raging on. enter the house if Then I will
I hope that someday you keep fighting leave. The love I
we will all be able the British. This has have for my country
to breathe the air of to stop now. is something I am
freedom. proud of. I will not
let it go.
When the members of the Kurseong Congress heard about her family -
Putalimaya, you I will marry
and Sarayu should get Putalimaya, if
married. What do you she agrees,
think, Sarayu? It is the Mrs Pradhan.
right thing to do.
The woman who had spoken was Mrs T.B. Pradhan, a

freedom fighter working IN Kurseong with the Congress.
119
AMAR CHITRA KATHA
Putalimaya agreed but on the day of the marriage -

How dare they think
that they can get married. We are
I will not let my daughter with you. We
marry someone who doesn’t won’t let
belong to our tribe. this happen.
WHEN THEY REACHED THE PLACE WHERE THE MARRIAGE WAS TAKING PLACE -
You have already
shunned her. How dare
you stand in the way of
her happiness? I will
not let a single person
pass. This marriage
will take place!
The marriage took place with the Putalimaya did just that. She dedicated her
support of other Congress members. life to her people. She worked tirelessly even
after independence. The government of India
I will be awarded her with the name ‘Swatantrata Senanini’.
indebted to Putalimaya Devi Poddar’s legacy lives on in the
you forever, You must do minds of her people and her country.
Mrs Pradhan. good now. I believe
You stood with the people need
us when we YOU. GO, be a voice
had no one. that is heard.
120
BRAVEHEARTS

FREEDOM STRUGGLE
During India’s freedom struggle, many brave men and women rose up
in defence of their country and were immortalised in the hearts of their
countrymen. There were also those who fought back against oppression
for the sake of their beloved land, forests and nature – their very source
of livelihood. These were the adivasis, or first settlers, who had a crucial
role to play in freeing India from the British.
Amar Chitra Katha presents Tribal Leaders of the Freedom Struggle, a

collection of untold stories of 20 brave tribal leaders. These were the
freedom fighters who united their tribes to revolt against their oppressors
and inspired millions to fight and do the same. From Helen Lepcha of
Sikkim to Thalakkal Chanthu of Kerala, from Chakra Bisoi of Odisha to
Raghojirao Bhangre of Maharashtra, these forgotten warriors fought
using guerilla warfare and grassroots strategies. Their tales of sacrifice,
honour, integrity and above all, tremendous courage, have made our
understanding of the word ‘freedom’ more meaningful.
www.amarchitrakatha.com
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Epics and Mythology

Cover Art: Arijit Dutta Chowdhury, Durgesh Velhal

AMAR CHITRA KATHA PVT LTD

6 SIDHU AND KANHU MURMU 40

9 NILAMBAR AND PITAMBAR 58

17 LAXMAN NAIK 103

18 HELEN LEPCHA 109

19 PUTALIMAYA DEVI PODDAR 115

This changed when the East India Who are these

A law that they

The boy seething at this injustice

AS HE GREW UP, JABRA started addressing small groups of his tribe.

*East India Company

In a daring first-of-its-kind attack, Jabra and his men raided

This became Jabra’s description

In the Adivasi villages though,

The BRITISH, of course, were furious. Warren Hastings, the Governor

*When small groups of militants use hit-and-run ^In present-day Jharkhand

But - Salary? What will you

...many more stood by Tilka. In 1784 -

*IN PRESENT-DAY BIHAR

But before he could do that -

Tilka shot a poisoned arrow that pierced

The men resisted but were

...But on 12 January, 1785, Tilka was captured.

‘They rained whipcords on you

Such was his perseverance and courage,

They were given this name by the king of Kottayam,

Kottayam will never

Pazhassi Raja’s rebellion was supported Suddenly -

How dare you

Ha! You will However -

They lord over us

*A community from Kerala who

Under Edachena Kunkan’s leadership, Chanthu became the

Chanthu and his people were also skilled at guerrilla warfare.

To curb the British power in north Kerala, the two

The Panamaram fort

The soldiers of the 4th Bombay Infantry

The British rushed out but the KurichiyaR had

As the battle raged on…

…five of Chanthu’s archers lost their lives.

However, the losses were Captain Dickinson,

Chanthu’s leadership was noticed by Even if all Nairs

After hearing of the Kurichiyar’s success, more than 3,000 people

Sir, the rebels never

Their betrayal proved fatal to Chanthu.

On 15 November, 1805, Thalakkal Chanthu was caught

Shortly after, with

Although short-lived, Chanthu’s

Meanwhile, in a small village called

In 1765, the British East India Company

How come your There is

In 1819, the British introduced a new Political Agent* Why are

One day - HEY! stop your

Beat him WITH THEIR LANDS seized,

Take away all

Many tribals became