The Global Energy Transition
The Global Energy Transition
The Global Energy Transition
Energy Transition
How to Read This Presentation
This is the first of two presentations covering the global energy transition.
This presentation provides an overview of the global climate challenge and potential
solutions to reach net-zero emissions.
Each section of this presentation builds on the prior and assumes no prior knowledge
about the discussed topic. At the end of each section, there will be a slide with links to
further short readings and YouTube videos to reinforce your learning.
By the end of this presentation, you should have a good understanding of the global
climate challenge, potential solutions, and some of the tradeoffs associated with each.
2
Table of Contents
Chapter Page
01 An overview of climate change 04
02 Sources of U.S. emissions 28
03 Decarbonizing transportation 33
04 Decarbonizing power generation 49
05 Decarbonizing industry 103
06 Decarbonizing commercial & residential 116
07 Decarbonizing agriculture 123
08 Offsetting other emissions 139
09 Wrapping up 145
3
CHAPTER 01
An overview of
climate change
4
The environment 101
5
The Earth’s Atmosphere Is Composed of Various Gases Including ‘Greenhouse Gases’
Oxygen, 21%
Nitrogen, 78%
Source: NOAA 6
Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Are Necessary to Keep the Earth Warm
Greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere
Solar
Radiation
CO2 Concentration in
Atmosphere (parts per million) Venus has a surface
temperature of 464°C, which is
hot enough to melt lead
30,000
400
Earth Venus
430
15.0
410
Global Average Temperature (°C)
390
350
14.0
330
310
13.5 290
Reading:
The Atmosphere: Getting a Handle on Carbon Dioxide – NASA
Scientists Assess Potential For Super Greenhouse Effect in Earth’s Tropics – NASA
Watching:
The Carbon Cycle – Ted Ed
11
Why do global temperatures matter?
12
A warmer climate changes weather patterns
to make wet areas wetter, and dry areas drier.
This could lead to extensive flooding in some
regions, and water shortages in others
Source: NRDC 13
Leading economies have committed to reaching
net-zero emissions by 2050 to keep warming to
1.5°C above pre-industrial temperatures
Source: NRDC 14
While even 1.5°C of warming could
lead to harmful global consequences…
16
More Than a Third of the Global Population
Could Experience Severe Heatwaves at Least Every 5 Years
% of the global population experiencing severe heatwaves
2.6x
37%
14%
1.5°C 2.0°C
Source: NASA 17
Widespread Food Shortages Could Arise in Southern Africa,
The Mediterranean, Central Europe and The Amazon
% decrease in crop yields in tropical regions
1.8x 2.0x
-9% -3%
-16% -6%
1.5°C 2.0°C 1.5°C 2.0°C
+25%
50cm
40cm
1.5°C 2.0°C
% of permafrost remaining at
59% 2.0°C of warming
% of additional permafrost
12% lost at 2.0°C of warming
% of permafrost lost at
29% 1.5°C of warming
1.6x
-8%
-13%
1.5°C 2.0°C
Reading:
The Effects of Climate Change – NASA
How Thawing Permafrost Is Beginning to Transform the Arctic – Yale Environment 360
Watching:
Why a Half Degree Rise in Global Temperature Would Be Catastrophic – Seeker
Climate Change: How Half a Degree Could Change the World Forever – BBC Ideas
23
There are two methods
to prevent further warming
24
Reflecting More Sunlight Back into Space
………………………………….
Increasing the amount of
…………………………………. stratospheric aerosol (SAI) by
…………………………………. spraying tiny particles into the
atmosphere that can reflect sunlight
………………………………….
Increasing the
reflectivity of marine clouds by spraying tiny
seawater droplets into the air to make
clouds whiter and more reflective
Source: NOAA 25
Or Restricting the Concentration of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere
Greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere
Solar
Radiation
Source: EEA 26
Reflecting sunlight back into space
poses harmful potential implications for
global weather, so the world is focused
on reducing greenhouse gas emissions
27
CHAPTER 02
28
The world emitted 55 billion
tons of greenhouse gases in 2022
14,000
12,000
GHG Emissions (Mt CO2e)
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
-
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Source: ClimateWatch 30
Where do these emissions come from?
31
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Are Present Across Every Major U.S. Sector
Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector, 2021
28%
25%
23%
13%
10%
Source: EPA 32
CHAPTER 03
Decarbonizing transportation
33
Transportation is Responsible for 28% of U.S. Emissions
U.S. GHG Emissions by Source
28%
25%
23%
13%
10%
Source: EPA 34
Vehicle Emissions Dominate U.S. Transportation Sector Emissions
U.S. Transportation Sector GHG Emissions by Source, 2021
Aircraft, 8%
Light-Duty
Medium- and Vehicles, 58%
Heavy Duty
Trucks, 23%
Source: EPA 35
How do we decarbonize vehicles?
36
Battery and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engines
Emit Fewer Emissions Than Internal Combustion Engines
Gasoline – the most common Combining an internal combustion All electric vehicle running entirely
engine found in passenger vehicles engine (ICE) with an electric motor on electricity
and battery
Diesel – higher torque and fuel Powered by a large battery pack
efficiency. Found in trucks and Can operate as electric-only, (typically lithium-ion)
some passenger vehicles gasoline-only, or both to improve
fuel efficiency and reduce No internal combustion engine so
emissions no tailpipe emissions
37
EVs Can Replace Internal Combustion Engines For Transportation
U.S. EV Sales & Sales Share Forecast (2021-2030E)
U.S. Annual Battery EV & Plug-in Hybrid EV Sales U.S. BEV & PHEV Sales Share of Total Vehicles
4.5 4.2
30% 30%
Annual BEV & PHEV Sales (mm)
4.0 3.7
26%
Source: EVAdoption.com 38
But EV Batteries Have a Complex Supply Chain
EV Battery Supply Chain
Mining of raw materials Refining and processing Assembly of battery cells Reuse and recycling
such as lithium, cobalt, to create active battery into modules and sale to
manganese, nickel, and materials for cathode and automakers for use in EVs
graphite anode
Use of child and China dominates China, South Korea and Technically difficult to
forced labor in mining processing of lithium, Japan dominate global separate complex
and extraction cobalt, graphite, and battery manufacturing battery chemistry
rare-earths
Dangerous ore Significant energy Safety concerns (fires)
(tailings) disposal Significant energy usage
usage
Water pollution and
depletion
Source: RMI 39
How do we decarbonize aviation?
40
Decarbonizing Aviation Using Lithium Batteries Faces Several Structural Challenges
Charging
Energy Density Range Safety
Infrastructure
For the same amount of Planes need to travel Charging planes would Hosting large quantities
energy, lithium batteries thousands of miles in a lead to significant of lithium batteries can
are heavier and bulkier single journey downtime and lost lead to fires and
than diesel and revenue explosions
kerosene It is often not feasible to
carry enough batteries It would be costly and “Thermal runaway”
Carrying enough to cover these distances logistically challenging occurs when a hot
batteries is often without requiring to build charging battery breaks down,
impractical due to space frequent recharging infrastructure at airports which accelerates the
and weight constraints underlying reaction
leading to
uncontrollable heating
Wood Mill Waste Wet Waste Streams Solid Waste Streams Dedicated Energy Crops
Source: Energy.gov 42
Sustainable Aviation Fuel Can Significantly Reduce Aircraft Emissions
Feedstock Feedstocks like biomass, used cooking oils and Compared with conventional jet fuel, 100%
municipal waste are collected and prepared for sustainable aviation has the potential to reduce
Collection processing greenhouse gas emissions by up to 94%
Processing
Biomass is converted to synthetic gas, which is a
mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide -94%
Used cooking oils and fats are hyper-processed to
produce hydrocarbons
44
Decarbonizing Shipping Using Lithium Batteries Faces Several Structural Challenges
Charging
Energy Density Range Safety
Infrastructure
For the same amount of Ships need to travel Charging ships would Hosting large quantities
energy, lithium batteries thousands of miles on a lead to significant of lithium batteries can
are heavier and bulkier single journey downtime and lost lead to fires and
than diesel and revenue explosions
kerosene It is often not feasible to
carry enough batteries It would be costly and “Thermal runaway”
Carrying enough to cover these distances logistically challenging occurs when a hot
batteries is often without requiring to build charging battery breaks down,
impractical due to space frequent recharging infrastructure at key which accelerates the
and weight constraints ports underlying reaction
leading to
uncontrollable heating
Source: EVAdoption.com 45
Hydrogen Fuel Cells Can Replace Fossil Fuels to Decarbonize Shipping
Hydrogen and oxygen react to produce electricity, water, heat, and no other emissions
Fuel Cell
Hydrogen
Tank Oxygen in
Hydrogen in
Electrolyte
Oxygen from the air
The hydrogen 5. combines with the returning
2. molecules are electrons and protons to
split into Anode Cathode form water
electrons and
hydrogen ions
at the anode
Protons move through the Water out
3. electrolyte to the cathode
74.0%
15.0%
4.0% 7.6% 5.3%
1.4%
Hydrogen Gasoline Vapor Natural Gas
Reading:
EV Sales Forecasts – EV Adoption
Watching:
Electric Vehicles' Battery Problem – Wendover Productions
48
CHAPTER 04
Decarbonizing
power generation
49
Electric Power Generation is Responsible For 25% of U.S. Emissions
28%
25%
23%
13%
10%
Source: EPA 50
The U.S. Generates ~60% of its Electric Power From Coal and Natural Gas
U.S. Utility-Scale Electricity Generation by Source
Solar, 3% Other, 2%
Wind, 10%
Nuclear, 18%
Source: IEA 51
Which Are Responsible For ~98% of U.S. Power Sector Emissions
U.S. Power Sector GHG Emissions by Source, 2022
Coal, 55%
Source: IEA 52
How does burning coal and
natural gas generate power?
53
Coal and Natural Gas Are Burned to Boil Steam, Which Drives a Generator
Combustion of fossil
1. fuels releases heat
and CO2
Coal
Steam Steam Generator
Boiler Turbine
Gas
Combustion High pressure steam As the turbine spins, it causes the
Chamber 3. is used to drive a 5. coils to move through the magnetic
turbine which rotates field, inducing an electric current
Electric Circuit
N S
As the coil rotates, the direction in which
3.
it cuts the magnetic field lines changes,
meaning that the direction of the induced
current changes periodically. This is
“alternating current”
Rotating Coil
Source: EIA 55
Coal and natural gas can be replaced with
renewable sources of power generation
56
Solar Panels Can Convert Energy From the Sun into Electricity
Reading:
Watching:
How Do Coal Fired Power Stations Work? – LiacosEM
59
Nuclear power is another emissions-
free source of power generation
60
How does nuclear power work?
61
The Nucleus of an Atom Contains Protons and Neutrons
Model of an Atom
n p n p
p n n p n n
p n p n
Lighter
Element
Neutron Neutron
Energy
Uranium-
235
Lighter
Element
Turbine &
Reactor Generator 4. Steam moves through a
turbine which drives a
generator, inducing an
electric current
Steam
Condenser
Source: EPA, Department of Energy 65
But Traditional Nuclear Power Plants Can Take Many Years to Construct
Median Construction Time For Reactors (Years)
10.0 9.8
8.6
7.7
7.0 6.8
6.3 6.2
5.5
4.8 4.8
1981- 1986- 1991- 1996- 2001- 2006- 2011- 2016 2017 2018 2019
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Located near a body of water, Envisioned for remote areas Suited for microgrids and
suitable for powering cities with limited grid capacity industrial applications
Source: IAEA 67
Nuclear fusion is an evolving technology which
replicates how stars produce energy, and could
produce limitless clean energy if successful
68
How does nuclear fusion work?
69
Under Appropriate Conditions, the Energy of an Atom is Interchangable With its Mass
Einstein Mass-Energy Equivalence
2
E = 𝑚𝑚𝑐𝑐
Speed of
Energy Mass light squared
Source: Britannica 70
Nuclear Fusion Involves Merging Two or More Nuclei Together to Release Energy
Deuterium
(Hydrogen) Neutron
Energy
Fusion
Tritium
(Hydrogen)
Helium
Remaining
mass released
Neutron as energy
Helium
E=mc^2
Deuterium
Tritium (Hydrogen)
(Hydrogen)
+ charge + charge
n n p
p Repulsion
n
1. 2. 3. 4.
Deuterium
(Hydrogen) Neutron
Ionized
hydrogen Energy
ion
Fusion
Electron Tritium
stripped away (Hydrogen)
Helium
Deuterium and Tritium At these temperatures, the Large magnetic coils Once the plasma is
are heated to an electrons are stripped generate a powerful magnetic confined, a fusion reaction
extremely high away from the atoms, field which concentrates the begins between the
temperature of creating an ionized state charged particles away from deuterium and tritium to
150,000,000°C using of matter called plasma the walls and in the center of produce helium, releasing
high-frequency waves the reactor a neutron and energy
1. 2. 3. 4.
Deuterium
(Hydrogen) Neutron
Energy
Fusion
Tritium
(Hydrogen)
Helium
Laser beams or The outside of the capsule During the final part of the Under these conditions nuclear
produced X-Rays heat expands rapidly, causing the implosion, the capsule fusion initiates, reaching a
the pellet, forming a rest of the capsule to implode reaches ~1,000x its original temperature of over a billion
surrounding plasma inwards per Newton’s law that density and ~30,000,000°C Celsius and releasing energy
envelope every action has an equal and
opposite reaction
Deuterium Neutron
Energy Energy
Input Output
Fusion
Tritium
Helium
Reading:
Nuclear Power 101 – NRDC
Watching:
Nuclear Physics: Crash Course Physics #45 – CrashCourse
77
How does electricity reach your home?
78
Electricity Reaches the Home Through a Network of Transmission and Distribution Lines
Power plant
generates
electricity
Distribution lines
carry electricity
to houses
Owned by Utilities
Electricity Electricity
Generation Transmission
Electricity Electricity
Generation Transmission
Electricity Electricity
Generation Transmission
Wholesale Retail
Market Market
MW MW
84
Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs) and Independent System Operators
(ISOs) Operate Electricity Grids and Manage Wholesale Power Markets Across Regions
Map of RTOs and ISOs
California ISO 85
RTOs and ISOs Receive Bids From Utilities and Power
Plants to Buy and Sell Electricity Over Different Time Periods
Represents ~95% of energy transactions Market runs in 15-minute intervals to Market runs in 5-minute intervals to fine-
based on forecasted load for next day balance last-minute demand needs tune balance between supply and demand
California ISO 86
They Match These Bids by Organizing the Dispatch of Power in Order of
Lowest to Highest Cost of Generation Until Their Region’s Demand is Met
All bidders receive the market price, which is set by the marginal bid needed to meet demand
Electricity
priced on
monthly kWh
used
Source: Eversource 88
Electric Power is Measured in Watts, Which
Are Units of Energy (Joules) Used Per Second
Watt Hours (Wh) Kilowatt Hours (kWh) Megawatt Hours (MWh) Gigawatt Hours (GWh)
Lightbulb Appliance Town City
400
350
300
250
200 Nuclear
Coal
100
Solar PV - Utility Scale
50
Wind - Onshore
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Source: Lazard 91
But adding renewable energy sources
to the grid presents several key risks
92
The U.S. Grid is a Network of Power Plants, Transmission Lines,
and Distribution Centers that Generate and Distribute Electricity
Western Eastern
Interconnection Interconnection
Texas Interconnected
System
+100%
7hrs
3-4hrs
40,000
35,000
Net Electricity Demand (MW)
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
Increased
10,000 Potential Demand in
Overgeneration Evening
5,000 During the Day
-
4:00
4:30
8:00
8:30
14:00
14:30
18:00
18:30
0:00
0:00
0:30
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
19:00
19:30
20:00
20:30
1:00
1:30
3:00
3:30
11:00
11:30
13:00
13:30
21:00
21:30
23:00
23:30
2:00
2:30
5:00
5:30
6:00
6:30
12:00
12:30
15:00
15:30
16:00
16:30
22:00
22:30
7:00
7:30
17:00
17:30
Time of Day
Source: CAISO 96
And Many Renewables Cannot be Dispatched to Respond to
Changes in Electricity Demand in the Same Way That Fossil Fuels Can
Wave & Tidal Solar Power Wind Power Nuclear Power Coal Power Natural Gas Hydroelectric
Power Power Power
98
A Wide Range of Energy Sources Can Generate Electricity Without Interruption
Continuous sources like nuclear and natural gas are essential for reliable electricity generation
Nuclear Power Natural Gas With Hydroelectric Wave & Tidal Wind Power Solar Power
Carbon Capture Power Power
Microgrid
Grid
Solar Panels
Home
DC AC
DC AC
Energy
Battery Inverter Meter
Storage
Reading:
kW and kWh Explained – Solar Schools
Watching:
Creaky U.S. Power Grid Threatens Clean-Energy Progress – Reuters
102
CHAPTER 05
Decarbonizing industry
103
Industry is Responsible For 23% of U.S. Emissions
28%
25%
23%
13%
10%
Other, 13%
Cement Production, 3%
Coal Mining, 3%
Non-Energy Use of
Fuels, 9%
Natural Gas
Systems, 14%
Source: EPA 105
Fossil Fuels Like Coal Are Burned to Generate Heat Across Key Industries
% Global Share of Estimated Fuel Consumption For Energy, 2017
Examples of processes
Very-high-temperature heat
(>1,000°C) 32% Melting in glass furnace, reheating of slab in
hot strip mill, and calcination of limestone for
cement production
Medium-temperature heat
(100-400°C) 18% Drying, evaporation, distillation, and activation
Low-temperature heat
(≤100°C) 15% Washing, rinsing and food preparation
Other
(potential not assessed) 19%
Cement, 6%
108
Traditional Steelmaking Emits Large Volumes of Greenhouse Gases
Blast Furnace Production Process
A mixture of iron ore, coke CO2 reacts with the coke to Pig iron is transferred to a
1. (coal), and limestone is 3. produce carbon monoxide, 5. steelmaking furnace for further
loaded into the top of the which reduces the iron ore to refining into steel
blast furnace CO2 molten iron
Process
Heat
Hot air is introduced into the Molten iron, called “pig iron”, is Fossil
2. bottom of the furnace and Coal 4. Fuel
tapped from the bottom of the
reacts with the coke, furnace into containers
releasing CO2
Green hydrogen is produced Hydrogen gas is fed into the Oxygen reacts with impurities in
1. using water electrolysis 2. reactor and reacts with iron 4. the iron (mainly carbon, silicon,
powered by renewable ore pellets to produce iron manganese and phosphorous)
energy sources Water and water vapor to produce steel
Vapor
Iron Basic
Reactor Iron Oxygen Steel
Ore Converter
Process
Heat
111
The Chemical Process of Cement Production is Highly Emissive
Cement is the key input in concrete, a vital global building material
Crushed limestone, clay, and The process of “calcination” Other materials including clay,
1. other materials are fed into a
2. breaks limestone into 3. shale and iron ore are added to
huge cylindrical kiln and heated calcium oxide and CO2 the calcinated limestone and
to 1,450°C using fossil fuels produce “clinker”, emerging as
marble-sized grey balls
CO2
Hot Air
Clinker
Clinker primarily consists of Clinker is rapidly cooled to prevent Cement is mixed with water and
4. calcium silicates and residual
5. further chemical reactions and is 6. aggregates as the binding agent
free lime finely ground with gypsum to to produce concrete, a key
produce cement building material
Replace coal and Capture CO2 emitted Inject CO2 into fresh CO2 is mixed with
natural gas with from cement plants concrete during mixing selected feedstock
renewable-powered materials (such as steel
electric kilns or clean Pre-treat captured CO2 will react with slag and fly ash) in a
hydrogen gases to remove water in the concrete reactor to produce
impurities and water mix to form calcium stable carbonate
vapor carbonate compounds
+20-30% +70-95%
Reading:
The Potential of Hydrogen For Decarbonising Steel Production – European Parliament
Watching:
Steel Manufacturing – Matallurgy Data
115
CHAPTER 06
Decarbonizing commercial
& residential emissions
116
Commercial and Residential Sectors Are Responsible For 13% of Total U.S. Emissions
28%
25%
23%
13%
10%
Landfills, 13%
Refigeration, Cooling
& Substitution of
Ozone Depleting
Substances, 14%
3-5x
$54,800
$46,800
$26,200
$15,100
$33,400
$1,900
$4,100
$4,500
$7,800
$15,100
Lowest Cost Low Efficiency Regional Home Larger Home Highest Cost
Heat Pump Home Electricity Cost Infrastructure (>2,000 sq. ft) Heat Pump
Upgrade
Reading:
Why Are We Still Using Super-Greenhouse Gases in our Home Air Conditioners? – TechCrunch
Everything You Need to Know About the Wild World of Heat Pumps – MIT Technology Review
Watching:
Heat Pumps Explained – The Engineering Mindset
122
CHAPTER 07
Decarbonizing agriculture
123
Agriculture is Responsible For 10% of U.S. Emissions
28%
25%
23%
13%
10%
Manure
Management, 13%
N2O from
Agricultural Soil
Management, 45%
Livestock Digestion,
30%
126
Applying Fertilizer to Grow Crops Results in Nitrous Oxide Emissions
1.
5.
2. 3. 4.
Soil bacteria convert the Soil bacteria cause When oxygen is limited, not all
ammonium in fertilizer denitrification, which the nitrates are converted into
into nitrites (NO2) and converts nitrates (NO3) nitrogen, resulting in a
nitrates (NO3) into nitrogen gas (N2) byproduct of nitrous oxide (N2O)
Organic Layer
Physical and chemical weathering of parent rock material
1. breaks rocks down into smaller particles including sand, silt
Topsoil and clay
Reduced tillage minimizes organic matter Cover crops like legumes naturally add nitrogen to
breakdown, reducing N2O emissions and storing soil and improve nutrient cycling, reducing the
more carbon in the soil need for synthetic fertilizers
Reduced tillage also leaves crop residues on the Cover crops sequester carbon from the
surface of soil, which can maintain and increase atmosphere and eventually become a source of
levels of soil organic carbon stable organic carbon in the soil
Source: UC Agriculture & Natural Resources, EESI, Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food 129
How do we decarbonize livestock?
130
Livestock Emit Methane Through Excretion of Gases Produced During Digestion
Cow Digestive System
Cow consumes plant-based Plant material enters a Microbes in the rumen break
1. feed such as grass, hay or 2. section of the cow’s stomach 3. down complex carbs into
grains called the “rumen” simpler compounds through
fermentation
Beef 99
Prawns (Farmed) 27
Cheese 24
Pork 12
Poultry 10
Eggs 5
Rice 4
Milk 3
Tomatoes 2
Corn 2
Bananas 1
Potatoes 0.5
Eggs 19.0%
Poultry 13.0%
Pork 8.6%
Beef 1.9%
Seaweed -103.6
3NOP -66.4
Oregano -48.0
Tannins -46.1
Nitrate -32.8
Agolin -27.7
Monesin -15.6
Biochar -10.0
Cinnamon -10.0
Garlic -3.6
Saponins -3.3
~3-6mm
metric tons
~3-3.4mm
metric tons
Ground Beef
Beyond Burger Impossible Burger
(20% fat)
Reading:
How Soils Form – Queensland Government
No-Till Farming Improves Soil Health and Mitigates Climate Change – Environmental and Energy Study Institute
Impossible and Beyond: How Healthy Are These Meatless Burgers? – Harvard Health
Watching:
Carbon Farming: A Climate Solution Under Our Feet – NHK World Japan
138
CHAPTER 08
139
Many Companies Have Prioritized Offsetting
Their Direct and Indirect Emissions to Reach Net Zero
Direct emissions from sources Indirect emissions from how the Indirect emissions from the
that a company owns and controls energy a company uses is produced rest of a company’s value chain
E.g. Direct CO2 emissions E.g. Indirect emissions from E.g. Indirect emissions generated
from a company’s vehicle fleet using fossil-fuel produced electricity by suppliers of input products
Technology-Based
Nature-Based Projects
Projects
$5 $8 $20
Avoided Deforestation
$8 $14 $30
$165 $250
Reading:
What Are Scope 1, 2 and 3 Carbon Emissions? – National Grid
Watching:
Scope 1, 2, and 3 Emissions Explained – Climate Now
144
CHAPTER 09
Wrapping up...
145
Rising Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Concentrations and
Global Temperatures Presents a Risk of Dangerous Warming
430
15.0
410
Global Average Temperature (°C)
390
350
14.0
330
310
13.5 290
Electrification, Hydrogen,
Transportation Fossil Fuels
Sustainable Fuels
Electrification, Hydrogen
Industry Fossil Fuels
& Carbon Capture
What is climate change and why is it happening? Where are global carbon emissions coming from? What are the
Dec Energy Transition The Global Energy Transition
key pieces of legislation we have implemented to solve this?
What is Artificial Intelligence and what are the different types? How do the various models work? How is value created?
Jan Deep Tech A Primer on Artificial Intelligence
What are the risks?
What are the incentives that drive the behavior and outcomes of drug companies, insurers and hospitals? What new
Feb Life Sciences The Business Model of Healthcare
disruptions are at hand?
Which companies have ‘gone woke’ and why? Where has this business strategy succeeded and failed? Do companies
Mar Economic Analysis ‘Go Woke, Go Broke’?
that ‘go woke’ underperform their peers?
What are the legacy and emerging business models built around space? How do we get to space today? What will space
May Deep Tech The Future of Space
look like tomorrow?
Jun Life Sciences The Economics of Drug Development How do the economics of drug companies work? Why have biotech sector returns been so poor over the past decade?
Socio-Political Where is India’s economy today and where might it be tomorrow? What are the key demographic and social factors that
Jul Is India the Next Economic Giant?
Trends are driving the country’s development?
What are global trends driving protein demand? Do we need plant-based meat? What are the challenges to production
Aug Energy Transition Replacing Animal Meats
and adoption?
What is Moore’s Law and has it broken down? What are the different types of semiconductors? Why are companies
Sep Deep Tech Moore’s Law and Next Steps for Silicon
moving towards more custom-designed silicon?
What does it mean for a company to go ‘ex-growth’? Why does it happen? What are the implications for valuation? How
Oct Economic Analysis When Companies Go ‘Ex-Growth’
can companies respond?
Socio-Political A Demographic and Social Where is America today? A visual representation of our democracy, demography, economy, quality of life, progress and
Nov
Trends Breakdown of America more.
148
This document is provided for educational purposes only. Nothing contained in this document
is investment advice, a recommendation or an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy,
any securities or investment products. References herein to specific sectors are not to be
considered a recommendation or solicitation for any such sector. Additionally, the contents
herein are not to be construed as legal, business, or tax advice.
Statements in this document are made as of the date of this document unless stated
otherwise, and there is no implication that the information contained herein is correct as of any
other time. Certain information contained or linked to in this document has been obtained
from sources believed to be reliable and current, but accuracy cannot be guaranteed.
This document contains statements that are not purely historical in nature but are “forward-
looking statements” or statements of opinion or intention. Any projections included herein are
also forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown
risks, uncertainties (including those related to general economic conditions), assumptions and
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Disclaimer
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