Reactor

Thermodynamics

NGUYEN HUU TIEP

Department of Quantum and Nuclear Engineering
Sejong University
[email protected]

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Week 6(2): Control volume analysis (4)
Topic: Expectations:
⚫ Re-analyze Assignment #2 (Using - How to use python to solve the
python ODEINT to solve the first ordinary differential equation or
order differential equation and plot the graph
plot the result) - How to solve the basic transient
⚫ Transient analysis example process

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Assignment #2
Water flows into the top of an open barrel at a constant mass flow rate of 10
lbm/s. Water exits through a pipe near the base with a mass flow rate
proportional to the height of liquid inside: 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5L, where L is the
instantaneous liquid height, in ft. The area of the base is 4.8077 ft2, and the
density of water is 62.4 lb/ft3. If the barrel is initially empty, plot the variation of
liquid height with time and comment on the result. 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 10 (lbm/sec)
Solution:

𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5L

Area = 4.8077 ft2

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Mass and Energy Balance for transient flow
⚫ Mass Balance
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣
න 𝑑𝑡 = න ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡 − න ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = න 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
0 0 𝑖𝑛 0 𝑜𝑢𝑡 0
𝑡

𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 = න 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑚𝐶𝑉 𝑡 − 𝑚𝑐𝑣 0 = ෍ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 − ෍ 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
0
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡

⚫ Energy Balance
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡

𝑈𝑐𝑣 𝑡 − 𝑈𝑐𝑣 0 = 𝑄𝑐𝑣 − 𝑊𝑐𝑣 + ෍ න 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡 − ෍ න 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑛 = න 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡

𝑖𝑛 0 𝑜𝑢𝑡 0 0
𝑡

𝑈𝑐𝑣 𝑡 − 𝑈𝑐𝑣 0 = 𝑄𝑐𝑣 − 𝑊𝑐𝑣 + ෍ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑛 − ෍ 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 = න 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡 0
𝑈𝑐𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡
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Heat transfer for a partially emptying tank (Transient analysis example)
A tank having a volume of 0.85 m3 initially contains water as a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture at 2600C and a
quality of 0.7. Saturated water vapor at 2600C is slowly withdrawn through a pressure-regulating valve at the
top of the tank as energy is transferred by heat to maintain the pressure constant in the tank. This continues
until the tank is filled with saturated vapor at 2600C. Determine the amount of heat transfer, in kJ. Neglect all
kinetic and potential energy effects.

Important information:
1. This is two-phase system and it continuously heated until
steady state condition established.
2. Small amount of saturated vapor is slowly removed (outlet and
no inlet) → the exit the state remains constant.
3. Work, kinetic and potential energy → neglected .
4. To calculate the heat transfer, mass go out must be determined.

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Heat transfer for a partially emptying tank (Transient analysis example)
A tank having a volume of 0.85 m3 initially contains water as a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture at 2600C and a
quality of 0.7. Saturated water vapor at 2600C is slowly withdrawn through a pressure-regulating valve at the
top of the tank as energy is transferred by heat to maintain the pressure constant in the tank. This continues
until the tank is filled with saturated vapor at 2600C. Determine the amount of heat transfer, in kJ. Neglect all
kinetic and potential energy effects.

Solution:

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Heat transfer for a partially emptying tank (Transient analysis example)
A tank having a volume of 0.85 m3 initially contains water as a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture at 2600C and a
quality of 0.7. Saturated water vapor at 2600C is slowly withdrawn through a pressure-regulating valve at the
top of the tank as energy is transferred by heat to maintain the pressure constant in the tank. This continues
until the tank is filled with saturated vapor at 2600C. Determine the amount of heat transfer, in kJ. Neglect all
kinetic and potential energy effects.

Solution:

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Heat transfer for a partially emptying tank (Transient analysis example)
A tank having a volume of 0.85 m3 initially contains water as a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture at 2600C and a
quality of 0.7. Saturated water vapor at 2600C is slowly withdrawn through a pressure-regulating valve at the
top of the tank as energy is transferred by heat to maintain the pressure constant in the tank. This continues
until the tank is filled with saturated vapor at 2600C. Determine the amount of heat transfer, in kJ. Neglect all
kinetic and potential energy effects.

Solution:
State 1: Table A-2 State 2: Table A-2
Mixture Saturated steam
T = 260 0C T=260
x = 0.7 x=1.0
vf = 1.2755E-3 (m3/kg) vg = 0.04221 (m3/kg)
vg = 0.04221 (m3/kg) hg=2796.6 (kJ/kg)
uf = 1128.4 (kJ/kg)
ug = 2599.0 (kJ/kg)

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Throttling devices example
A supply line carries a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture of steam at 20 bar. A small fraction
of the flow in the line is diverted through a throttling calorimeter and exhausted to the
atmosphere at 1 bar. The temperature of the exhaust steam is measured as 120°C.
Determine the quality of the steam in the supply line.
Important information:
1. Steam is diverted from a supply line through a throttling calorimeter
and released to the atmosphere.
2. The CV is at steady state condition
3. The steam is going through the throttling valve → throttling process

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Throttling devices example
A supply line carries a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture of steam at 20 bar. A small fraction
of the flow in the line is diverted through a throttling calorimeter and exhausted to the
atmosphere at 1 bar. The temperature of the exhaust steam is measured as 120°C.
Determine the quality of the steam in the supply line.
Solution:

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Throttling devices and transient problem
A throttling valve insulated tank that is initially evacuated is connected to a supply line
that carries steam at 10 bar and 300°C. Then the valve is opened, and steam is allowed to
flow slowly into the tank until the pressure reaches 10 bar, at which point the valve is
closed. Find temperature in the tank at the final state?
Steam line
Psteam=10 bar
Tsteam=300 0C

Pfinal=10 bar

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Throttling devices and transient problem
A throttling valve insulated tank that is initially evacuated is connected to a supply line
that carries steam at 10 bar and 300°C. Then the valve is opened, and steam is allowed to
flow slowly into the tank until the pressure reaches 10 bar, at which point the valve is
closed. Find temperature in the tank at the final state?
Steam line
Important information: Psteam=10 bar
1. This is the problem with throttling devices and un-steady flow (transient) Tsteam=300 0C
2. The conservation of mass and energy for the transient can be applied
3. The enthalpy of the steam state is not available (can be extrapolated)
𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑇𝐵 − 𝑇𝐴 𝑇𝐵 − 𝑇𝐴
= → 𝑦 = 𝑥 + (𝑧 − 𝑥)
𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑇𝐶 − 𝑇𝐴 𝑇𝐶 − 𝑇𝐴

z
Property

y
x Pfinal=10 bar

A B C
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Temperature
Throttling devices and transient problem
A throttling valve insulated tank that is initially evacuated is connected to a supply line
that carries steam at 10 bar and 300°C. Then the valve is opened, and steam is allowed to
flow slowly into the tank until the pressure reaches 10 bar, at which point the valve is
closed. Find temperature in the tank at the final state?
Steam line
Solution: Psteam=10 bar
Tsteam=300 0C

Pfinal=10 bar

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Throttling devices and transient problem
A throttling valve insulated tank that is initially evacuated is connected to a supply line
that carries steam at 10 bar and 300°C. Then the valve is opened, and steam is allowed to
flow slowly into the tank until the pressure reaches 10 bar, at which point the valve is
closed. Find temperature in the tank at the final state?
Steam line
Solution: Psteam=10 bar
Tsteam=300 0C

Pfinal=10 bar

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Throttling devices and transient problem
A throttling valve insulated tank that is initially evacuated is connected to a supply line
that carries steam at 10 bar and 300°C. Then the valve is opened, and steam is allowed to
flow slowly into the tank until the pressure reaches 10 bar, at which point the valve is
closed. Find temperature in the tank at the final state?
Steam line
Solution: Psteam=10 bar
Tsteam=300 0C

Pfinal=10 bar

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