REVIEW OF KEY CONCEPTS

3.1 Functions
Refer to the Key Concepts on page 177.
1. Determine if each relation is a function.
a) y b) y
4 4

2 2

–2 2 x –2 0 2 4 x
–2 –2

–4

y y
c) 2 d) 4

2
–4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2
–4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2

e) y f) y
4 4
(–3, 4)
(–2, 2) 2 2
(4, 2)
(4, 0)
–4 –2 0 2 4 x –4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2 –2

(–5, –3) –4 –4
(–4, 4)

2. State the domain and range of each function.

a) y b) y
4 4
y = x 2– 4x (–3, 4)
2 2

0 2 4 x –4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2 –2
(5, –2)
–4

246 MHR • Chapter 3

c) y (5, 7) d) y
4
6 (0, 3)
2
4
(–4, 3)
–2 0 2 x
2

–4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2
(2, –2)

3. If f(x) = 7 − 3x, find

a) f(4) b) f(8) c) f(0) d) f(−1) e) f(−4)
f) f(0.5) g) f(−0.1) h) f(100) i) f(5000)
4. If f(x) = 2x2 + x − 8, find
a) f(1) b) f(0) c) f(−2) d) f(−4) e) f(0.5)
f) f(−1.5) g) f(−0.2) h) f(60) i) f(−100)
5. Find the range of each function if the domain is {−3, −1, 2, 4}.
f(x) = 4x − 5 b) f(x) = −3x + 2x − 1
2
a)

6. Algebra a) If f(x) = 5x + 2, write and simplify f(3a).

b) If f(x) = 4 − 7x, write and simplify f(n − 4).
c) If f(x) = 3x + 2x − 5, write and simplify f(2k + 3).
2

7. Cost The cost, C dollars, of one type of bottled water is related to

the number of bottles purchased, b, by the equation C = 2.50b.
a) Identify the dependent variable and the independent variable.
b) Is the cost a function of the number of bottles purchased? Explain.

8. a) Write an equation that expresses the surface area of a sphere as a

function of its radius.
b) State the domain and range of the function.

− 1
3.2 Investigation: Properties of Functions Defined by f(x) = √x and f(x) = ––
x
9. For y = x
, what is
a) the domain? b) the range?

10. Describe the relationship between the graph of y = x2 and the graph of y = x.

Review of Key Concepts • MHR 247

11. For y = 1, what is
x
a) the domain? b) the range?
12. Describe the relationship between the graph of y = x and the graph of y = 1.
x
3.3 Horizontal and Vertical Translations of Functions
Refer to the Key Concepts on page 189.
13. The function y = f(x) is given. Describe how the graphs of the
following functions can be obtained from the graph of y = f(x).
a) y = f(x) − 3 b) y = f(x + 6)
c) y = f(x − 4) − 5 d) y + 5 = f(x)

14. The graph of the function drawn in blue is a translation of the

function drawn in red. Write an equation for each function drawn
in blue. Check each equation using a graphing calculator.
a) y b) y
4
2
2
y = x2
–4 –2 0 2 x y= x
0 2 4 x
–2

15. The graphs of two functions y = f(x) are shown.

a) y (4, 5) b) y (1, 5)
4 4
(–3, 2)
2 2

(–2, 0) (6, 0)
–4 –2 0 2 4 x x
–4 –2 0 2 4 6
–2 (1, –1)
–2
(4, –2)

For each function, sketch the graphs of each of the following.

i) y = f(x) − 3 ii) y = f(x) + 4 iii) y = f(x − 3)
iv) y = f(x + 4) v) y = f(x + 3) − 2 vi) y = f(x − 2) + 3

16. Use transformations to sketch the graphs of each of the following functions,
starting with the graph of y = x.
a) y = (x − 5) b) y = (x + 6)
c) y = (x + 2) − 3 d) y = (x − 3) + 5

248 MHR • Chapter 3

17. Use transformations to sketch the graphs of each of the following
functions, starting with the graph of y = x. State the domain and range
of each function.
a) y = x
−4 b) y = x
 +5
c) y = x
 −2+3 d) y = x
 +4−3
18. Use transformations to sketch the graphs of each of the following
functions, starting with the graph of y = x2. State the domain and range
of each function.
a) y = (x − 5) b) y = (x + 7)
2 2

c) y = (x + 2) − 6 d) y = (x − 3) + 4
2 2

19. Houseboat rental The cost in dollars, C(d), to rent a houseboat

during July and August from a certain company is given by
C(d) = 120d + 100, where d is the number of rental days.
a) What does the number 100 represent in this function?
b) State the domain and range of the function.
c) How could you transform the graph of the function C(d) = 120d
onto the graph of C(d) = 120d + 100?
d) During June and September, the company reduces the total cost of each
houseboat rental by $40. Write the cost function for June and September.

3.4 Reflections of Functions

Refer to the Key Concepts on page 201.
20. The graphs of two functions are shown.
a) y (3, 3) b) (–4, 2) y
2
(–5, 2) (3, 1) (4, 1)
2 y = f(x)
y = f(x) (5, 0)
(5, 0) –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
(1, 0) –2
(–3, –1) (–3, –2) (1, –2)

For each graph, draw and label the following pairs of graphs.
i) y = f(x) and y = −f(x) ii) y = f(x) and y = f(−x)

21. Graph f(x) and sketch the specified reflection image. State the domain
and range of each function and its reflection image.
a) the reflection of f(x) = x
 + 2 in the y-axis
b) the reflection of f(x) = −2x + 4 in the x-axis
c) the reflection of f(x) = x + 6 in the y-axis
2

Review of Key Concepts • MHR 249

22. a) Given f(x) = 3 − 2x, write equations for −f(x) and f(−x).
b) Sketch the three graphs on the same set of axes.
c) Determine any points that are invariant for each reflection.

23. a) Given f(x) = x + 6x, write equations for −f(x) and f(−x).
2

b) Sketch the three graphs on the same set of axes.

c) Determine any points that are invariant for each reflection.

24. a) Given f(x) = x − 4, write equations for −f(x) and f(−x).

2

b) Sketch the three graphs on the same set of axes.

c) Determine any points that are invariant for each reflection.

25. a) Given f(x) = x − 4, write equations for −f(x) and f(−x).
b) Sketch the three graphs on the same set of axes.
c) Determine any points that are invariant for each reflection.

26. a) Given f(x) = x − 5 write equations for −f(x) and f(−x).

,
b) Sketch the three graphs on the same set of axes.
c) Determine any points that are invariant for each reflection.

27. A-frame roof The diagram shows a set of coordinate axes y

superimposed on the cross section of an A-frame roof. The height of the
roof is h metres and the width is w metres. The equation of one half of
the cross section is y = −1.6x + 4.
a) What is the equation of the other half of the cross section? h

b) What is the height of the roof, h?

c) What is the width of the roof, w?
d) State the domain and range of the function that models each 0 x
half of the roof. w

3.5 Inverse Functions

Refer to the Key Concepts on page 215.
28. f = {(−1, 5), (3, −2), (2, 2), (0, 3)}
a) Graph the function and its inverse.
b) Is the inverse a function? Explain.

29. Find the inverse of each function. State the domain and range of each
function and its inverse.
x−4
a) f(x) = x + 7 b) f(x) =  c) f(x) = 3x − 1
3
d) f(x) = x − 5 e) f(x) = (x + 2) f) f(x) = x
 −3
2 2

250 MHR • Chapter 3

MHRM11_Ch03 7/31/02 1:33 PM Page 251

30. Sketch the graph of the inverse of each function.

a) y b) y
4 (0, 4)
2
2
(–3, 0) (3, 0)
(–4, 0) (4, 0) –4 –2 0 2 4 x
–4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2

(0, –3)
31. Determine if the functions in each pair are inverses of each other.
a) y = 5x − 1 b) y = 2x + 8
x+1
y= y = 8 − 1x
5 2
32. a) Find the inverse of f(x) = 3 − x .
2

b) Graph f(x) and its inverse.

−1
c) Restrict the domain of f so that f is also a function.
d) With the domain of f restricted, sketch a graph of each function.
e) State the domain and range of each function.

33. Identify any invariant points for each function and its inverse.
a) f(x) = 3x + 2 b) f(x) = 5x − 8

34. Retail sales A sale at a furniture store advertised that all furniture
was being sold at 40% off the original selling price.
a) Write a function that gives the sale price as a function of the original
selling price.
b) Find the inverse of this function.
c) What does the inverse represent?

3.6 Stretches of Functions

Refer to the Key Concepts on page 228.
y (4, 2)
35. The graph of y = f(x) is shown. Sketch the graphs of the 2
y = f(x)
following functions, and state the domain and range. (–4, 0)

   
1 1 –4 –2 0 2 4 x
a) y = 3f(x) b) y = f x c) y = 2f x
2 2 –2
(2, –2)

Review of Key Concepts • MHR 251

36. For each of the following sets of three functions,
a) sketch them on the same grid or in the same viewing window of a
graphing calculator
b) describe how the graphs of the second and third functions are related to
the graph of the first function
c) identify any invariant points
i) y = x, y = 4x, y = 0.5x
ii) y = x , y = 2x , y = 0.5x
2 2 2

iii) y = x
, + 3 y = 1x
+ 3 y = 2x, +3
4
37. Use transformations and the zeros of the quadratic function
f(x) = (x − 6)(x + 4) to determine the zeros of each of the following
functions.
a) y = 2f(x) b) y = f(2x) c) y = f(0.5x)

38. The graph of f(x) = 36

 − x2 is shown. y
6
Use transformations to sketch the graphs of each of the
following, and state the domain and range. 4
a) y = 2f(x)
f ( x )= 36–x 2
b) y = 0.5f(x) 2

c) y = f(3x)
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x

39. Describe how the graphs of the following functions can be obtained
from the graph of y = f(x).
a) y = 4f(x) b) y = f(3x)
1
c) y = f(2x)
2  
1
d) y = 3f x
2

3.7 Combinations of Transformations

Refer to the Key Concepts on page 239.
40. Use transformations to sketch the graphs of the following pairs of
functions.
a) y = x − 4 b) y = x
 +2
y = −(x − 4) y = –3x+2
c) y = (x − 3) d) y = x + 4
2 2

1 y = −2x2 + 4
y = – (x − 3) 2

252 MHR • Chapter 3

41. Describe how the graph of each of the following functions can be
obtained from the graph of y = f(x).
a) y = 3f(x + 2) − 4 b) y = −2f(x) + 5
c) y = 0.5f(4x) + 2 d) y = f(2(x + 1))
e) y = −f(0.5(x − 3)) + 1 f) y = 3f(4 − x) − 7

42. Given f(x) = x2, sketch the graph of each of the following, and state the
domain and range.
a) y = 2f(x + 3) − 4 b) y = −f(x − 5) + 6
c) y = 0.5f(0.5(x + 4)) − 3 d) y = −2f(2x − 4) + 3

43. Given f(x) = x, sketch the graph of each of the following, and state
the domain and range.
a) y = f(x − 3) + 4 b) y = −2f(x + 4) − 5
c) y = −3f(2 − x) − 2 d) y = f(−0.5x + 3) + 2

44. The graph of y = x is expanded vertically by a factor of 4, reflected in

the y-axis, translated 5 units to the left, and translated 4 units upward. Write
the equation of the transformed function.
45. The graph of f(x) = 16
 − x2 is shown. y
4
Sketch the graph of each of the following functions. f ( x ) = 16– x 2

a) y = 3f(x) − 4 2
b) y = −0.5f(−0.5x) + 6
c) y = 2f(x − 3) + 4 –4 –2 0 2 4 x

46. Salary raise The annual salary of each employee at an automobile

plant was increased by a 6% cost-of-living raise and then a $2000
productivity raise.
a) Write a function that transforms the old annual salary, S, into the new
annual salary, N.
b) Does it make any difference in which order the raises were given?
Explain.

Review of Key Concepts • MHR 253