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CHAPTER 4
Section 4.3 Practice!
1. Find the resultant force for the forces shown by (a) using the parallelogram law and (b) by
resolving the forces into their x and y components.
Solution
(a) The parallelogram for these forces is shown below.
62
Using the law of cosines, the magnitude of the resultant force FR is
FR = [2002 + 3002 − 2(200)(300) cos 35̊]1/2
= 178 N
The direction of FR is found by calculating the angle θ. Using the law of sines, we have
sin θ = sin 35̊

200 178
sin θ = 0.6445
θ = 40.1̊
Thus, the angle of FR with respect to the positive x-axis is
φ = 40.1̊ − 25̊
= 15.1̊
(b) The figure below shows the two forces resolved into their x and y components.
Writing the resultant force in terms of the unit vectors i and j,
FR = (−200 cos 60̊ + 300 cos 25̊) i + (−200 sin 60̊ + 300 sin 25̊) j N
= 171.9 i − 46.4 j N
63
The magnitude of FR is
FR = [171.92 + (−46.4)2]1/2
= 178 N
The direction of FR with respect to the positive x-axis is
φ = tan−1 (−46.4/171.9)
= −15.1̊
The minus sign indicates that FR lies in the fourth quadrant.
Solution
64
FR = [1502 + 2502 − 2(150)(250) cos 40̊]1/2
= 166 lbf
sin θ = sin 40̊

150 166
sin θ = 0.5808
θ = 35.5̊
φ = 35.5̊ − 30̊
= 5.5̊
65
FR = (−150 cos 70̊ + 250 cos 30̊) i + (150 sin 70̊ − 250 sin 30̊) j lbf
= 165 i + 16.0 j lbf
FR = [1652 + 16.0)2]1/2
= 166 lbf
φ = tan−1 (16.0/165)
= 5.5̊
66
Solution
FR = [152 + 302 − 2(15)(30) cos 60̊]1/2
= 26.0 kN
sin θ = sin 60̊

15 26.0
67
sin θ = 0.4996
θ = 30.0̊
φ = 30.0̊+ 45̊
= 75.0̊
FR = (−15 cos 15̊ + 30 cos 45̊) i + (15 sin 15̊ + 30 sin 45̊) j kN
= 6.72 i + 25.1 j kN
FR = [6.722 + 25.1)2]1/2
= 26.0 kN
φ = tan-1 (25.1/6.72) = 75.0̊
68
4. Consider the three forces, F1 = 5 i + 2 j kN, F2 = −3 i − 8 j kN and F3 = −4 i + 7 j kN. Find
the resultant force, its magnitude, and direction with respect to the positive x-axis.
Solution
The resultant force is the vector sum of the three forces:
FR = F1 + F2 + F3
Adding the corresponding x and y components,
FR = (5 − 3 − 4) i + (2 − 8 + 7) j kN
= −2 i + j kN
FR = [ (−2)2 + (1)2]1/2
= 2.24 kN
The angle between FR and the x-axis is
φ = tan−1[1/(−2)]
= −26.6̊
The resultant force vector lies in the second quadrant, so the angle between the vector and
the positive x-axis is 180̊ − 26.6̊ = 153̊.
5. Consider the three forces, F1 = 10 i + 9 j kN, F2 = −8 i − 4 j kN and F3 = 4 i + 5 j kN. Find

the resultant force, its magnitude, and direction with respect to the positive x-axis.
Solution
FR = F1 + F2 + F3
Adding the corresponding x and y components,
FR = (10 − 8 + 4) i + (9 − 4 + 5) j lbf
= 6 i + 10 j kN
69
FR = [62 + 102]1/2
= 11.7 kN
The angle between FR and the positive x-axis is
φ = tan−1(10/6)
= 59.0̊
6. Consider the three forces, F1 = 2 i + 8 j + 7 k lbf , F2 = 3 i − j − k lbf and F3 = 3 i + j + 2 k

lbf . Find the resultant force and its magnitude.
Solution
FR = F1 + F2 + F3
Adding the corresponding x, y and z components,
FR = (2 + 3 + 3) i + (8 − 1 + 1) j + (7 −1 + 2) k lbf
= 8( i + j + k) lbf
FR = [ 82 + 82 + 82]1/2
= 13.9 lbf
70
1. A crate hangs by a rope as shown. Construct a free-body diagram of the crate.
Solution
Assuming the weight of the rope itself is negligible, there are two forces acting on the crate,
the tension force in the rope and the gravitational force (weight of the crate). Both forces act
through the CG of the crate, so the forces are concurrent. Note that, even though this free
body diagram is extremely simple, a coordinate direction is drawn near the diagram to
facilitate the summing of forces in the vertical direction.
71
2. Two crates hang by ropes from a ceiling as shown. Construct a free-body diagram of (a)
crate A and (b) crate B.
Solution
(a) There are three forces acting on crate A, a tension force in the upper rope, a tension force
in the lower rope and the weight of crate A. All forces are concurrent at A.
72
(b) There are two forces acting on crate B, a tension force in the lower rope and the weight
of crate B. All forces are concurrent at B. Note that the tension force in the lower rope is
labeled consistently with the free-body diagram in part (a) so it is not confused with the
tension force in the upper rope.
3. A wooden block rests on a rough inclined plane as shown. Construct a free-body diagram
of the block.
Solution
There are three forces acting on the bock: a normal force exerted by the inclined plane, a
friction force which maintains the block in position, and the weight of the block itself. The
normal force, N, acts normal to the surface and the friction force, F, acts parallel to the
surface in a direction that is opposite to the direction of impending motion. The weight, W,
acts vertically downward. The x and y coordinates are conveniently defined parallel and
perpendicular to the plane’s surface, respectively.
73
4. An obliquely loaded I-beam is supported by a roller at A and a pin at B as shown. Construct
a free-body diagram of the beam. Include the weight of the beam.
Solution
There are five forces acting on the beam:
1. A normal force exerted by the roller at A.

2. The applied oblique load of 30 kN.
3. The weight of the beam, acting through its CG.
4. A horizontal reaction force at pin B.
5. A vertical reaction force at pin B.
74
The vertical dimension of the beam is not important as far as the free-body diagram is
concerned, so we depict the beam as a line.
5. A horizontal pulling force P acts on block A as shown. Block B, which rests on block A, is
tied to a rigid wall by a cable. The force P is not sufficient to cause block A to move. If all
surfaces are rough, construct a free-body diagram of each block.
Solution
On the bottom and top surfaces of block A, there is a normal force and a friction force.
Pulling force P acts on block A to the left. On the bottom surface of block B, there is a
normal and friction force, and a tension force in the cable acts to the right. Friction forces
act in the direction opposite to that of impending motion. Both blocks have weight. All
forces are shown in the free-body diagrams below.
75
6. A box is held in position on the bed of a truck by a cable as shown. The surface of the truck
bed is smooth. Construct a free-body diagram of the box.
Solution
There are four forces acting on the box: a tension force in the cable, a friction force, a normal
force and the weight of the box. These forces are shown in the free-body diagram below.
The x−y axes are oriented parallel and perpendicular to the truck bed for convenience when
writing the equations of equilibrium.
76
1. Problem statement
A 30-cm diameter solid steel sphere hangs from cables as shown. Find the tension in cables
AB and AC. For the density of steel, use ρ = 7270 kg/m3.
Diagram
A free-body diagram of the system is shown below. Three forces are concurrent at A, two
tension forces and the weight of the sphere.
Assumptions
1. All forces are concurrent at point A.

2. The weights of the cables are negligible.
3. All cables are taut.
77
Governing equations
Volume of a sphere: V = π D3/6
Weight/density relation: W= ρVg
Static equilibrium: Σ Fx = 0 Σ Fy = 0
Calculations
The volume of the sphere is
V = π D3/6
= π (0.30 m)3/6
= 0.01414 m3
Hence, the weight is
W= ρVg
= (7270 kg/m3)(0.01414 m3)(9.81 m/s2)
= 1008 N
Applying the equations of equilibrium, we have
Σ Fx = 0 = −TAB cos 45̊ + TAC cos 45̊
Σ FY = 0 = TAB sin 45̊ + TAC sin 45̊ − W
The weight, W, is known, so we have two equations and two unknowns, TAB and TAC.
Solving,
TAB = 712.9 N
TAC = 712.9 N
Solution check
To verify that our tension forces are correct, we substitute them back into the equilibrium
78
equations.
Σ Fx = −712.9 cos 45̊ + 712.9 cos 45̊ = 0
Σ Fy = 712.9 sin 45̊ + 712.9 sin 45̊ − 1008 = −0.19 ≈ 0
The small nonzero difference is due to roundoff.
Discussion
It is readily apparent that the system has symmetry, which is reflected in our results. The
analysis could have been done by effectively splitting the system in half, including the sphere
itself. In this way, only one equation of equilibrium is required because we know in advance
that TAB = TAC = T. Writing the equation for the vertical components of force, we have
Σ Fy = 0 = T sin 45̊ − ½ (1008)
Solving for T, we obtain the same answer as before.
T = 712.9 N
A 250-kg cylinder rests in a long channel as shown. Find the forces acting on the cylinder
by the sides of the channel.
Diagram
A free-body diagram of the cylinder is shown below. There are two normal forces plus the
weight of the cylinder acting on the body. No friction forces are present because there are
no forces acting on the cylinder that would tend to cause movement of any kind. The normal
79
forces pass through the center of the cylinder. The angles of the normal forces with respect
to the horizontal were found by subtracting the angles shown in the figure above from 90̊.
Assumptions
1. The mass of the cylinder is uniformly distributed.

2. The cylinder and the channel surfaces are rigid.
3. No forces act on the cylinder that would tend to translate or rotate it.
Governing equations
Weight/mass relation: W=mg
Calculations
The weight of the cylinder is
W=mg
= (250 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
= 2453 N
80
Σ Fx = 0 = N1 cos 70̊ − N2 cos 40̊
Σ Fy = 0 = N1 sin 70̊ + N2 sin 40̊ − 2453
Solving for N1 and N2, we obtain
N1 = 1999 N
N2 = 893 N
Solution check
No errors are detected.
Discussion
Note that the radius of the cylinder is extraneous information because it was not needed. The
normal force exerted by the 20̊channel surface is larger because it sustains most of the
cylinder’s weight.
Three coplanar forces are applied to a box in an attempt to slide it across the floor, as shown.
If the box remains at rest, what is the friction force between the box and the floor?
Diagram
81
In addition to the three coplanar forces, there is a friction force, F, acting to the left and
parallel to the surface of the floor, a normal force, N, and the weight, W. The normal force
and weight are vertical forces only, and therefore do not contribute to the equilibrium of the
box in the x direction.
Assumptions
1. The box remains at rest.

2. The box is not on the verge of tipping about either of the bottom corners.
3. All forces are constant.
Governing equations
Static equilibrium: Σ Fx = 0
Calculations
Applying the equation of equilibrium in the x direction, we obtain
Σ Fx = 0 = 50 + 50 cos 25̊ + 30 cos 45̊ − F
Solving for the friction force, F,
F = 116.5 N
Solution check
Discussion
The analysis was simplified by assuming that the friction force acts along the bottom surface
of the box rather than at one of the bottom corners. This assumption is valid as long as the
applied forces do not cause a tendency for the box to tip, i.e., to rotate, about one of the
corners.
A 15-kg flowerpot hangs from wires as shown. Find the tension in wires AB and AC.
82
Diagram
The free-body diagram shown above also shows the geometry necessary to find the directions
of the tension forces, TAB and TAC. (See Calculations).
Assumptions

2. The weights of the wires are negligible.
3. Both wires are taut.
83
Governing equations
Theorem of Pythagoras: a2 + b2 = c2
Calculations
Before applying the equations of equilibrium, we must find the directions of the tension
forces. Two right triangles may be formed with the lengths of the wires forming the
hypotenuse of each triangle. Defining the lengths of the sides of the triangle on the right as
a and b, and applying the theorem of Pythagoras for both triangles, we have
a2 + b2 = 1.62 (1)
(b + 0.4)2 + (3.2 − a)2 = 2.82 (2)
Expanding Eq. (2), we obtain
(b2 + 0.8b + 0.16) + (10.24 − 6.4a + a2) = 2.82 (3)
Substituting Eq. (1) into Eq. (3) and simplifying, we obtain
b = 8a − 6.4 (4)
Now, we substitute Eq. (4) into Eq. (1), resulting in a quadratic equation in a only.
65a2 − 102.4a + 38.4 = 0 (5)
The roots of Eq. (5) are
a = 0.960, 0.6154
which yield
b = 1.28, −1.477
A dimension cannot be negative, so a = 0.6154 is a nonphysical root. Thus, the values of a

and b are
a = 0.960 m b = 1.28 m
so the angles α and β are
84
α = tan−1 [(1.28 + 0.4)/(3.2 − 0.960)] = 36.9̊
β = tan−1 (1.28/0.960) = 53.1̊
Σ Fx = 0 = −TAB cos 36.9̊ + TAC cos 53.1̊
Σ Fy = 0 = TAB sin 36.9̊ + TAC sin 53.1̊ − (15)(9.81)
Solving for TAB and TAC, we obtain
TAB = 88.3 N
TAC = 117.7 N
Solution check
No errors are detected. By substituting the tension forces into the original equilibrium
equations, we could verify that our answers are correct.
Discussion
To determine whether the wires will support the flowerpot, a stress analysis would have to
be conducted. If the wires are identical, the stress in wire AC governs because it experiences
the greater tensile force and therefore the greater stress.
A solid rod of stainless steel (E = 190 GPa) is 50 cm in length and has a 4 mm × 4 mm cross
section. The rod is subjected to an axial tensile force of 8 kN. Find the normal stress, strain
and axial deformation.
Diagram
85
Assumptions
1. Stress is uniform in the rod.

2. Stress is purely axial.
3. Modulus of elasticity is constant.
4. Force is constant.
Governing equations
cross sectional area: A = w2
normal stress: σ = P/A
strain: ε = δ/L
axial deformation: δ = PL/AE
Calculations
The cross sectional area of the rod is
A = w2
= (0.004 m)2 = 1.60 × 10−5 m2
The normal stress is
σ=P
A
= 8000 N = 5.00 × 108 N/m2 = 500 MPa

1.60 × 10−5 m2
86
The axial deformation is
δ = PL
AE
= (8000 N)(0.50 m) = 0.00132 m = 1.32 mm

−5 2 9 2
(1.60 × 10 m )(190 × 10 N/m )
The strain is
ε = δ
L
= 0.00132 m = 0.00263
0.50 m
Solution check
Discussion
The yield stress for AISI 302 stainless steel is approximately 520 MPa. Thus, if this stainless
steel rod is made of that particular alloy, it would behave elastically when the load is
removed because the stress (500 MPa) is below the yield stress.
A 25-cm long 10-gage wire of yellow brass (E = 105 GPa) is subjected to an axial tensile
force of 1.75 kN. Find the normal stress and deformation in the wire. A 10-gage wire has
a diameter of 2.588 mm.
Diagram
87
Assumptions
1. Stress is uniform in the wire.

Governing equations
cross sectional area: A = π D2/4
Calculations
The cross sectional area of the wire is
A = π D2/4
= π (2.588 × 10−3 m)2 /4 = 5.260 × 10−6 m2
The normal stress is
σ=P
A
= 1750 N = 3.327 × 108 N/m2 = 333 MPa

-6 2
5.260 × 10 m
The axial deformation is
δ = PL
AE
= (1750 N)(0.25 m) = 7.92 × 10−4 m = 0.792 mm

−6 2 9 2
(5.260 × 10 m )(105 × 10 N/m )
Solution check
88
Discussion
The yield stress for yellow brass is approximately 410 MPa. Thus, this wire would behave
elastically when the load is removed because the stress (333 MPa) is below the yield stress.
A 8-m high granite column sustains an axial compressive load of 500 kN. If the column
shortens 0.12 mm under the load, what is the diameter of the column? For granite, E = 70
GPa.
Diagram
Assumptions
1. Stress is uniform in the column.

5. Column behaves elastically.
89
Governing equations
Calculations
The deformation of the column is 0.12 mm (0.00012 m). Upon substituting the first
governing equation into the second and solving for the unknown diameter, D, we obtain
1/2
D= 4PL
πEδ
= 4 (500 × 103 N)(8 m) 1/2
9 2
 π (70 × 10 N/m )(0.00012 m) 
= 0.779 m
Solution check
Discussion
The last assumption, that the column behaves elastically, cannot simply be made without
checking to see if the column actually behaves elastically for the given load. If the normal
stress in the column is greater than the ultimate stress for granite, the column would fail.
Granite is not a ductile material, so there is not a distinct elastic (linear) region in its stress-
strain curve. As a first approximation, however, we could assume that the granite behaves
elastically over a small range of stresses. This assumption would be acceptable if the actual
normal stress in the column is much lower than the ultimate stress. The normal stress in the
column is
σ = P/A
= 500 × 103 N = 1.05 × 106 Pa = 1.05 MPa

π (0.779 m)2/4
The ultimate stress for granite is approximately 240 MPa. Because the actual stress (1.05
90
MPa) is much lower than this value, our assumption is reasonable.
A solid rod with a length and diameter of 1 m and 5 mm, respectively, is subjected to an axial
tensile force of 20 kN. If the axial deformation is measured as δ = 1 cm, what is the modulus
of elasticity of the material?
Diagram
Assumptions

5. Rod behaves elastically.
Governing equations
Calculations
A = π D2/4
= π (0.005 m)2/4 = 1.964 × 10−5 m2
91
Solving the second governing equation for the modulus of elasticity, E, we have
E=PL
δA
= (20 × 103 N)(1 m) = 1.018 ×1012 N/m2 = 1018 GPa

(0.001 m)(1.964 × 10−5 m2)
Solution check
Discussion
We do not know whether the second governing equation is valid without verifying that the
yield stress of the material is not exceeded. Since the type of material was not specified, we
cannot check this assumption.
A plastic (E = 3 GPa) tube with an outside and inside diameter of 6 cm and 5.4 cm,
respectively, is subjected to an axial compressive force of 12 kN. If the tube is 25 cm long,
how much does the tube shorten under the load?
Diagram
Note: The axial load of 12 kN is shown applied to the center of the tube in this simplified
diagram. In practice, the load could be centrically applied to a rigid flat plate attached at all
points around the perimeter of the tube.
92
Assumptions
1. Stress is uniform in the tube.

5. Tube behaves elastically.
Governing equations
cross sectional area: A = π (Do2 − Di2)/4
Calculations
The cross sectional area of the tube is
A = π (Do2 − Di2)/4
= π [(0.06 m)2 − (0.054 m)2]/4 = 5.372 × 10−4 m2
The deformation of the tube is
δ=PL
AE
= (12 × 103 N)(0.25 m) = 0.00186 m = 1.86 mm

(5.372 × 10−4 m2)(3 × 109 N/m2)
Solution check
Discussion
When a compressive axial load is applied to a slender member, axial deformation is not the
only mechanical response that may occur. Buckling is a phenomena where the object
becomes “unstable” when the axial load is applied. Buckling causes the member to bend,
which causes stresses in the object that are not purely axial. Buckling is an advanced topic
that is addressed in materials and structures courses in mechanical and civil engineering
programs.
93
1. Problem Statement
A rod of aluminum 6061-T6 has a square cross section measuring 0.25 in × 0.25 in. Using
the yield stress as the failure stress, find the maximum tensile load that the rod can sustain
for a factor of safety of 1.5. The yield stress of aluminum 6061-T6 is 240 MPa.
Diagram
Assumptions

3. Load is constant.
Governing equations
cross sectional area: A = w2
factor of safety: F.S. = σfail/σallow
94
Calculations
First, we calculate the cross sectional area of the rod in SI units.
A = w2
= (0.25 in)2 = 0.0625 in2 × 1 m2 = 4.032 × 10−5 m2

1550 in2
Noting that σ = σallow and σy = σfail, we combine the second two governing equations and
solve for the maximum load, P,
P = σy A
F.S.
= (240 × 106 N/m2)(4.032 × 10−5 m2) = 6451 N

1.5
= 6.45 kN
Solution check
Discussion
The maximum load the rod can sustain for a factor of safety of 1.5 is about 6.45 kN. A factor
of safety accounts for various uncertainties such as loading variations, failure modes,
deviations in material properties, deterioration and analytical approximations. If the number
or magnitude of these uncertainties were reduced, the factor of safety could perhaps be
reduced from 1.5 to 1.25 or even 1.1.
A concrete column with a diameter of 60 cm supports a portion of a highway overpass.

Using the ultimate stress as the failure stress, what is the maximum compressive load that
the column can carry for a factor of safety of 1.25? For the ultimate stress of concrete, use
σu = 40 MPa.
95
Diagram
Assumptions

Governing equations
Calculations
The cross sectional area of the column is
A = π D2/4
= π (0.60 m)2/4 = 0.2827 m2
96
Noting that σ = σallow and σu = σfail, we combine the second two governing equations and
solve for the maximum load, P,
P = σu A
F.S.
= (40 × 106 N/m2)(0.2827 m2) = 9.05 × 106 N

1.25
= 9.05 MN
Solution check
Discussion
The failure stress for concrete is typically the ultimate stress in compression. Concrete is
typically reinforced with reinforcing bar, referred to as rebar, to increase its strength in
applications where the concrete is subjected to tensile forces. Columns are loaded primarily
in compression only, but reinforcing bar may still be used to increase strength.
A column of rectangular cross section constructed from fir timber is subjected to a

compressive load of 3.5 MN. If the width of the column is 25 cm, find the depth required
to sustain the load with a factor of safety of 1.6. The ultimate stress of fir is σu = 50 MPa.
97
Diagram
Assumptions

Governing equations
cross sectional area: A=ab
Calculations
We note that σallow = σ and σfail = σu. The three governing equations may be combined to
yield a single equation for the unknown column dimension, b. We have
b = P F.S.
a σu
= (3.5 × 106 N)(1.6) = 0.448 m = 44.8 cm

6 2
(0.25 m)(50 × 10 N/m )
Solution check
98
Discussion
The column has a 25 cm × 44.8 cm cross section. Depending on the application, this column
may be too narrow, and therefore may be subject to failure by buckling. A buckling analysis
would be warranted.
END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS
Forces
4.1 Find the resultant force for the forces shown in Figure P4.1 by (a) using the parallelogram
law and (b) by resolving the forces into their x and y components.
Figure P4.1
99
Solution
FR = [1502 + 2002 − 2(150)(200) cos 30̊]½

= 102.7 N
sin θ = sin 30̊

150 102.7
sin θ = 0.7303
θ = 46.1̊
φ = 100̊ − 46.9̊
= 53.1̊
100
FR = (150 cos 50̊ − 200 cos 80̊) i + (−150 sin 50̊ + 200 sin 80̊) j N
= 61.69 i + 82.05 j N
FR = [61.692 + 82.052]1/2
= 102.7 N
φ = tan−1 (82.05/61.69)
= 53.1̊
The resultant force FR lies in the first quadrant. Both methods, the parallelogram law and
resolving the forces into their x and y components, yield the same resultant force.
101
4.2 Find the resultant force for the forces shown in Figure P4.2 by (a) using the parallelogram
law and (b) by resolving the forces into their x and y components.
Figure P4.2
Solution
102
FR = [82 + 122 − 2(8)(12) cos 95̊]½

= 14.99 N
sin θ = sin 95̊

8 14.99
sin θ = 0.5317
θ = 32.1̊
φ = 30̊ + 32.1̊
= 62.1̊
FR = (8 cos 65̊ − 12 cos 30̊) i + (8 sin 65̊ + 12 sin 30̊) j N
= −7.011 i + 13.25 j N
103
FR = [(−7.011)2 + 13.252]1/2
= 14.99 N
The direction of FR with respect to the positive x axis is
φ = tan−1 [13.25/(−7.011)]
= 62.1̊
The resultant force FR lies in the second quadrant. Both methods, the parallelogram law and
resolving the forces into their x and y components, yield the same resultant force.
4.3 For the three forces shown in Figure P4.3, find the resultant force, its magnitude, and
direction with respect to the x-axis.
Figure P4.3
104
Solution
The figure below shows the three forces resolved into their x and y components.
FR = (5 cos 30̊ − 3 cos 65̊ + 8 cos 50̊) i + (5 sin 30̊ + 3 sin 65̊ − 8 sin 50̊) j kN
= 8.2046 i − 0.9094 j kN
FR = [8.20462 + (−0.9094)2]1/2
= 8.255 kN
The direction of FR with respect to the positive x- axis is
φ = tan−1 (−0.9094/8.2046)
= −6.33̊
The resultant force lies in the fourth quadrant and is oriented at an angle of 6.33̊ with
respect to the positive x-axis.
105
4.4 For the three forces shown in Figure P4.4, find the resultant force, its magnitude, and
direction with respect to the x-axis.
Figure P4.4
Solution
We will work this problem by resolving the forces into their x and y components, as shown
in the figure below.
106
Writing the resultant force in terms of the unit vectors i and j, we have
FR = (150 cos 45̊ − 150 cos 45̊) i + [ 2(150 sin 45̊) − 250 ] j lbf
= 0 i − 37.9 j lbf = −37.9 j lbf
Due to symmetry of the forces about the y-axis, there is no x component of FR. The
magnitude of FR is
FR = [02 + (−37.9)2]1/2
= 37.9 lbf
The resultant force acts straight down, so the direction of FR with respect to the positive x
axis is
φ = −90̊
4.5 Consider the three forces F1 = 8 i + 2 j − 10 k N, F2 = −4 i − 7 j + 6 k N and F3 = i − j −

k N. Find the resultant force and its magnitude.
Solution
The resultant force is obtained by adding the corresponding components of each force. Thus,
we have
FR = F1 + F2 + F3
= (8 − 4 + 1) i + (2 − 7 − 1) j + (−10 + 6 − 1) k N
=5i−6j −5k N
FR = [52 + (−6)2 + (−5)2]1/2
= 9.27 N
107
Free-body diagrams
4.6 Cylinders A and B are suspended by a system of cords as shown in Figure P4.6. Points C and
F are fixed connections, and E is a pulley of negligible size and mass. Draw a free-body
diagram of (a) cylinder A, (b) cylinder B, (c) connection point D, and (d) pulley E.
Figure P4.6
There are only two types of forces in this system: weight and tension forces in cords. Note
carefully the labeling of tension forces in cords that connect two connection points or objects.
We should also note that if pulley E is frictionless, TB = TDE.
108
4.7 The beam shown in Figure P4.7 is connected to a pin at A and rests on a roller at B.
Neglecting the weight of the beam, draw a free-body diagram of the beam.
Figure P4.7
The force at the pin is represented by its components in the x and y directions, and only a
normal force exists at the roller. The weight of the beam is not included on the diagram
because the problem stated that it is to be neglected.
4.8 A file cabinet is dragged across a rough floor at a constant velocity, as shown in Figure P4.8.
The center of mass of the file cabinet is located at G. Draw a free-body diagram of the file
cabinet.
Figure P4.8
109
At the corner of the file cabinet that is in contact with the floor, there are two forces, a
normal force and a friction force. The weight of the file cabinet acts through G, as shown
in the free-body diagram.
Equilibrium
4.9 A particle is subjected to three forces F1 = 3 i + 5 j − 8 k kN, F2 = −2 i − 3 j + 4 k kN, and

F3 = − i − 2 j + 4 k kN. Is this particle in equilibrium? Explain.
Solution
The particle will be in equilibrium if the resultant force is zero, i.e., if the vector sum of the
three forces is zero. We have
FR = F1 + F2 + F3
= (3 − 2 − 1) i + (5 − 3 − 2) j + (−8 + 4 + 4) k kN
= 0 i + 0 j + 0 k kN
The resultant force is zero. Therefore, the particle is in equilibrium.
4.10 A particle is subjected to three forces, F1 = 3 i − a j − 7 k N, F2 = − 4 i − 2 j + b k N, and

F3 = c i − 6 j + 4 k N. Find the values of the scalars a, b and c such that the particle is in
equilibrium.
Solution
The particle will be in equilibrium if the resultant force is zero. The resultant force is zero
110
if and only if the sum of the forces in each coordinate direction is zero. Thus,
∑ Fx = 3 − 4 + c = 0
∑ Fy = −a − 2 − 6 = 0
∑ Fz = −7 + b + 4 = 0
Solving the above equations for the scalars a, b and c, we have
a= −8,b=3,c=1
4.11 Find the magnitude of the force F and its direction θ in Figure P4.11 so that the particle P is
in equilibrium.
Figure P4.11
Solution
For static equilibrium to exist, the vector sum of the forces on P must be zero. Thus,
∑ Fx = 0 = F cos θ − 3 cos 35̊ − 8 cos 55̊
∑ Fy = 0 = F sin θ + 3 sin 35̊ − 8 sin 55̊
111
Dividing the first equation by the second equation, the force F divides out, and we have
tan θ = 0.6858
Thus, the angle is
θ = tan−1 (0.6858) = 34.4̊
Upon substituting this value into either of the two equilibrium equations, we obtain the force
F = 8.54 kN
4.12 A gusset plate is subjected to the forces shown in Figure P4.12. Find the magnitude and
direction θ of the force in member B so that the plate is in equilibrium.
Figure P4.12
Solution
In order for the plate to be in equilibrium, the resultant force acting on the plate must be zero.
This condition will be satisfied if the sum of the forces in the x and y directions is zero.
Thus, we write the equilibrium equations
∑ Fx = 0 = −640 + F cos θ
112
∑ Fy = 0 = −310 + F sin θ
where F is the magnitude of the force F and θ is the angle between F and the x-axis. We
have two equations and two unknowns, F and θ. Dividing the second equation by the first
equation, we obtain
tan θ = 0.4844 θ = tan−1 (0.4844) = 25.8̊
F= 640 = 711 N
cos 25.8̊
4.13 Problem Statement
A 160-kg crate hangs from ropes as shown in Figure P4.13. Find the tension in ropes AB
and AC.
Figure P4.13
Diagram
A free-body diagram of the system is shown below. Three forces are concurrent at A, two
tension forces and the weight of the crate.
113
Assumptions

2. The weights of the ropes are negligible.
3. All ropes are taut.
Governing equations
Mass-weight relation: W = mg
Static equilibrium: ∑ Fx = 0 ∑ Fy = 0
Calculations
The weight of the crate is
W=mg
= (160 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 1570 N
Writing the equations of equilibrium, we have
∑ Fx = 0 = TAC cos 70̊ − TAB cos 35̊
∑ Fy = 0 = TAC sin 70̊ + TAB sin 35̊ − W
Upon substituting the value of W into the second equation, and solving for the unknown
tensions, we have
TAB = 556 N
114
TAC = 1331 N
Solution check
Discussion
Rope AC is closer to being vertical than rope AB, so we would expect the tension in rope AC
to be greater than that in rope AB. This is indeed the case.
4.14 Problem statement
A 250-lbm box is held in place by a cord with a spring scale on an inclined plane as shown
in Figure P4.14. If all surfaces are smooth, what is the force reading on the scale?
Figure P4.14
Diagram
The free-body diagram shows three forces acting on the box, a tension force, a normal force
and the weight of the box. No friction force is present because all surfaces are smooth.
115
Assumptions
1. All surfaces are smooth.

2. The cord is taut.
3. The weight of the cord is negligible.
Governing equations
Mass-weight relation: W = mg
Calculations
The weight of the box is numerically equal to its mass in lbm.
W=mg
= (250 lbm)(1 ft/s2) = 250 lbf
Writing the equations of equilibrium, we have
∑ Fx = 0 = T − W cos 70̊
∑ Fy = 0 = N − W sin 70̊
Substituting the value of W and solving for the tension, T, we obtain
T = W cos 70̊
116
= 250 lbf cos 70̊
= 85.5 lbf
The tension in the cord is equivalent to the reading on the spring scale.
Solution check
Discussion
By orienting the coordinate axes parallel and perpendicular to the surface of the inclined
plane, the equilibrium equations could be written such that only one of them needed to be
solved for the unknown tension. If we had oriented the coordinate axes in the usual way, we
would have to solve for two equations and two unknowns, T and N.
A concrete pipe with an inside diameter and outside diameter of 60 cm and 70 cm,
respectively, hangs from cables as shown in Figure P4.15. The pipe is supported at two
locations, and a spreader bar maintains cable segments AB and AC at 45̊. Each support
carries half the total weight of the pipe. If the density of concrete is ρ = 2320 kg/m3, find the
tension in cable segments AB and AC.
Figure P4.15
Diagram
The free-body diagram below shows the forces in the cables at one support.
117
Assumptions

Governing equations
Volume of hollow cylinder: V = π (Do2 − Di2)L/4
Weight-density relation: W=ρVg
Calculations
The volume of the concrete pipe is
V = π (Do2 − Di2)L/4
= π [(0.70 m)2 − (0.60 m)2](2.5 m)/4 = 0.25525 m3
and the weight of the pipe is
W= ρVg
118
= (2320 kg/m3)(0.25525 m3)(9.81 m/s2) = 5809.3 N
Because the pipe is supported at two locations, and both supports carry half the total load,
we have
T = W/2 = (58109.3 N)/2 = 2904.6 N
Due to symmetry, we can see that TAB = TAC = Tʹ. Thus, we need only use the equilibrium
equation for the y direction.
∑ Fy = 0 = −2 Tʹ sin 45̊ + T
Solving for Tʹ, the tension in cables AB and AC, we obain
Tʹ = T = 2904.6 = 2054 N
2 sin 45̊ 2 sin 45̊
Solution check
Discussion
A complete analysis of the support system would have to include the vertical cable segments
as well as the spreader bar. Once the forces in all members are found, the stresses would
have to calculated to determine if the support system is adequate to suspend the concrete
pipe.
A construction worker holds a 500-kg crate in the position shown in Figure P4.16. What
force must the worker exert on the cable?
119
Figure P4.16
Diagram
The free-body diagram shows three concurrent forces, two tension forces and the weight of
the crate.
Assumptions

120
Governing equations
Weight-mass relation: W=mg
Calculations
Writing the equilibrium equations for point A, we have
∑ Fx = 0 = TAB cos 10̊ − TAC cos 85̊
∑ Fy = 0 = −TAB sin 10̊ + TAC sin 85̊ − W
The weight of the crate is
W = m g = (500 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 4905 N
Setting W = 4905 N, and solving for TAB and TAC, we have
TAB = 443 N (pulling force of worker) TAC = 5000 N
Solution check
Discussion
Obviously, the greater of the two tension forces is in cable AC since this cable is nearly
vertical. The tension in cable AB is the force that the worker must exert to maintain the
crate in the position shown. A moderately strong construction worker should be able to pull
on a cable with a force of 443 N (99.6 lbf).
A 25-slug cylinder is suspended by a cord and frictionless pulley system as shown in Figure
P4.17. A person standing on the floor pulls on the free end of the cord to hold the cylinder
in a stationary position. What is the person’s minimum weight for this to be possible?
121
Figure P4.17
Diagram
To solve this problem, we need three free-body diagrams, one for each pulley and one for the
cylinder.
122
When a cord passes over a frictionless pulley, the forces in each segment of the cord are
equal. This fact has been denoted in the free-body diagram above. Beginning with the
known force, W, the tension in the cord holding the cylinder is designated T1, which is the
same force acting downward on the lower pulley. The forces in the cord passing over the
lower pulley are equal, and are designated T2. Likewise, the forces in the cord passing over
the upper pulley must also equal T2. The force in the upper cord holding the entire pulley
system is designated T3.
Assumptions
1. Pulleys are frictionless.

2. All cords are taut.
3. The weights of the pulleys and cords are negligible.
4. All forces act in the vertical direction.
Governing equations
Mass-weight relation: W=mg
Static equilibrium: ∑ Fy = 0
123
Calculations
The weight of the cylinder is
W=mg
= (25 slug)(32.2 ft/s2) = 805 lbf
The equilibrium equation for the cylinder is
∑ Fy = 0 = T1 − W
Thus, the tension T1 is
T1 = W = 805 lbf
The equilibrium equation for the lower pulley is
∑ Fy = 0 = −T1 + 2 T2
Hence, the tension T2 is
T2 = T1/2 = 403 lbf
The tension T2 is the pulling force exerted by the person standing on the floor. If the weight
of this person is less than T2, the person will not be able to hold the cylinder in position.
Hence, the person’s minimum weight is 403 lbf, a very large person!
Solution check
Discussion
This problem shows how a simply pulley system can allow a person to hoist a load that is
heavier than the person. By inspection of the free-body diagram, the tension in the cord that
suspends the entire pulley system from the ceiling is T3 = 3T2 = 1208 lbf.
124
A 15.3-kg traffic signal is suspended from a symmetrical system of cables as shown in Figure
P4.18. Find the tension in all cables. Cable BC is horizontal.
Figure P4.18
Diagram
We can see from Figure P4.18 that forces are concurrent at points A, B and C. We can also
see that the system has symmetry about a vertical line passing through point A. Two free-
body diagrams are needed, one for point A and another for point B (or C). These are shown
below.
125
Assumptions
1. Forces are concurrent at points A, B and C.

3. The weights of all cables are negligible.
Governing equations
Weight-mass relation: W=mg
Calculations
The weight of the traffic signal is
W = m g = (15.3 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 150 N
We first analyze the three concurrent forces at point A because we know one of them, the
weight of the traffic signal. Due to symmetry, we know that TAB = TAC = T. Thus, we need
only write the equilibrium equation for the y direction.
∑ Fy = 0 = 2T sin 40̊ − W
Thus,
T = TAB = TAC = W = 150 N

2 sin 40̊ 2 sin 40̊
= 117 N
Now that TAB and TAC are known, we analyze the three concurrent forces at point B.
∑ Fx = 0 = TBD cos 20̊ − TBC − T cos 40̊
∑ Fy = 0 = TBD sin 20̊ − T sin 40̊
Substituting the calculated value for T, and recognizing that TBD = TCE due to symmetry, we
solve for TBD and TBC.
TBC = 117 N
TBD = TCE = 219 N
126
Solution check
Discussion
It is interesting to note that the tension in cable BC is equal to the tension in cables AB and
AC. This would not be the case if any of the angles between cables were different.
Stress and strain
A 90-cm diameter wrecking ball hangs motionless from a 1.75-cm diameter cable. The
wrecking ball is solid and is constructed of steel (ρ = 7800 kg/m3). If the cable is 16 m long,
how much does the cable stretch? For the cable, use E = 175 GPa.
Diagram
Assumptions
1. Stress is uniform in cable.

2. Wrecking ball is uniform in density.
3. Cable behaves elastically.
4. Weight of cable is negligible.
Governing equations
127
Cross sectional area: A = π d2/4
Volume of a sphere: V = π D3/6
Weight-density relation: W= ρVg
Axial deformation: δ = PL/AE
Calculations
The volume of the spherical wrecking ball is
V = π D3/6
= π (0.90 m)3/6 = 0.3817 m3
The weight of the wrecking ball and hence the tension force, P, in the cable is
W=P= ρVg
= (7800 kg/m3)(0.3817 m3)(9.81 m/s2) = 2.921 × 104 N
The cross sectional area of the cable is
A = π d 2/4
= π (0.0175 m)2/4 = 2.405 × 10−4 m2
The axial deformation (the amount the cable stretches) is
δ=PL
AE
= (2.921 × 104 N)(16 m)

(2.405 × 10−4 m2)(175 × 109 N/m2)
= 0.0111 m = 1.11 cm
Solution check
128
Discussion
The stretch in the cable is considerable, almost ½ inch. However, the cable is 16 m (52 ft)
in length, so the deformation is not that great considering the total length of the cable.
Furthermore, it is doubtful that this deformation would cause any problem from the
standpoint of dimensional control given the crude nature of the application. A stress analysis
would have to be done, however, to assure that the cable does not fail. Also, the dynamic
behavior of the wrecking ball was not taken into account here. In practice, the ball swings
about a pivot point, producing an additional amount of tension in the cable due to centrifugal
forces.
A 30-cm long cylindrical rod of red brass (E = 120 GPa) is loaded axially causing the rod to
elongate 0.580 mm. If the diameter of the rod is 1.75 cm, what is the load?
Diagram
Assumptions
1. Stress is uniform in rod.

4. Rod behaves elastically.
129
Governing equations
Cross sectional area: A = π d 2/4
Calculations
A = π (0.0175 m)2/4
= 2.405 × 10−4 m2
Solving for the load P in terms of the other quantities, we obtain
P=δAE
L
= (0.580 × 10−3 m)(2.405 × 10−4 m2)(120 × 109 Pa)

0.30 m
= 5.580 × 104 Pa = 55.8 kPa
Solution check
Discussion
The axial stress in the rod is
σ = P/A
= (5.580 × 104 Pa)/(2.405 × 10−4 m2)
= 2.32 × 108 Pa = 232 MPa
The yield stress of red brass is 435 MPa, so our assumption of elastic behavior is valid.
130
The column is subjected to a 15-kN force as shown in Figure P4.19. Find the average normal
stress in the column.
Figure P4.21
Diagram
If we assume that the force is applied uniformly to the column so that the normal stress is
uniform, we may schematically represent the column with an arbitrary cross sectional shape,
as shown below. The cross sectional area, A, is calculated from dimensions in Figure P4.19.
131
Assumptions
1. Stress is uniform in column.

Governing equations
Cross sectional area: A= ∑ab
Normal stress: σ = P/A
Calculations
From the dimensions given in Figure P4.21, we can determine the cross sectional area of the
column. We have
A = (140 mm)(10 mm) + 2(150 mm)(10 mm)
= 4400 mm2 × ( 1 m ) 2 = 0.00440 m2

(1000 mm)2
Thus, the normal stress is
σ=P
A
= 15 × 103 N
0.00440 m2
= 3.409 × 106 N/m2 = 3.41 MPa
Solution check
Discussion
If a point load of 15 kN is applied to the column as Figure P4.21 suggests, the stress in the
column would not be uniform. A rigid plate, attached to the top of the column, would spread
the load uniformly across the cross section of the column, resulting in a uniform normal
stress.
132
A solid composite shaft is subjected to a 2-MN force as shown in Figure P4.22. Section AB
is red brass (E = 120 GPa), and section BC is AISI 1010 steel (E = 200 GPa). Find the
normal stress in each section and the total axial deformation of the shaft.
Figure P4.22
Diagram
The same axial force of 2 MN exists in each section, as shown below.
133
Assumptions
1. Stress is uniform in each section

4. Both sections behave elastically.
Governing equations
Cross sectional area: A = π D2/4
Calculations
The cross sectional areas of sections AB and BC are
AAB = π DAB2/4
= π (0.12 m)2/4 = 0.01131 m2
ABC = π DBC2/4
= π (0.18 m)2/4 = 0.02545 m2
The axial force in each section is 2 MN, so the normal force in each section is
σAB = P
AAB
= 2 × 106 N = 1.768 × 108 N/m2 = 177 MPa

0.01131 m2
σBC = P
ABC
= 2 × 106 N = 7.859 × 107 N/m2 = 78.6 MPa

0.02545 m2
134
The total axial deformation of the composite shaft is the sum of the deformations of each
section. Thus, we have
δ = δAB + δBC
= PLAB + PLBC
AABEAB ABCEBC
= (2 × 106 N)(0.30 m) + (2 × 106 N)(0.40 m)
(0.01131 m2)(120 × 109 N/m2) (0.02545 m2)(200 × 109 N/m2)
= 4.42 × 10-4 m + 1.57 × 10-4 m
= 5.99 × 10-4 m = 0.599 mm
Solution check
Discussion
To rigorously show that the same axial force of 2 MN exists in each section, a separate free-
body diagram of each section may be drawn. A simple application of static equilibrium
shows that the axial force in each section must be the same. If there were axial loads applied
at various intermediate locations along the composite shaft, a similar procedure would be
followed to find the magnitude and direction of the axial force in each portion of the
composite shaft between the applied loads.
To check the validity of assumption 4, we check to see if the normal stress exceeds the yield
stress for red brass and AISI 1010 steel. The yield stresses for these metals are 435 MPa and
300 MPa, respectively. Both yield stresses are above the actual stresses (177 MPa and 78.6
MPa) found above, so our assumption is valid.
135
A tapered column of concrete (E = 30 GPa) is subjected to a 20-kN force as shown in Figure

P4.23. Find the axial deformation of the column. Hint: Express the cross sectional area, A,
as a function of x and perform the integration:
δ = ⌠L P dx
⌡0 A(x) E
Figure P4.23
Diagram
To facilitate the integration, our diagram is a graph of the column’s diameter as a function
of length, as shown below. From this graph, we will develop the cross sectional area
function, A(x).
136
Assumptions

3. Column behaves elastically.
4. Column has a constant taper.
Governing equations
Cross sectional area: A(x) = π [D(x)]2/4
Axial deformation: δ = ⌠L P dx
⌡0 A(x) E
Calculations
The column has a constant taper, so we can use the graph above to write a linear equation
for the diameter, D, as a function of height, x. We have
D(x) = 0.4 x + 0.06
Hence, the cross sectional area of the column is also a function of x.
A(x) = π [D(x)]2/4
= π (0.4x + 0.06)2/4
Substituting this result into the integral for the axial deformation, we obtain
δ = ⌠L P dx
⌡0 A(x) E
= 4 P ⌠0.15 dx
π E ⌡0 (0.4x + 0.06)2
0.15
= −4P 1
π E 0.4(0.4x + 0.06)  0
= −4(200 × 103 N) (1/0.0480 m − 1/0.0240 m) = 1.768 × 10−4 m = 0.177 mm

π (30 × 109 N/m2)
137
Solution check
Discussion
The increase in the diameter of the column from 6 cm at the top to 12 cm at the base has the
effect of decreasing the column’s axial deformation for a given load. If the column had a
constant diameter of 6 cm, the deformation would be 0.354 mm. Furthermore, in some
applications, columns may be tapered to give them additional stability.
A 12-cm × 12-cm square plate of titanium (E = 115 GPa) is subjected to normal tensile
forces of 15 kN and 20 kN on the top and right edges as shown in Figure P4.24. The
thickness of the plate is 5 mm, and the left and bottom edges of the plate are fixed. Find the
normal strain and deformation of the plate in the horizontal and vertical directions.
Figure P4.24
Diagram
Because the left and bottom edges of the plate are fixed, the horizontal and vertical forces
will deform the plate as shown in the diagram below.
138
Assumptions
1. Forces are applied uniformly across the right and top edges of the plate.
2. Plate behaves elastically.
3. Plate thickness is constant.
4. Strains and deformations are independent of each other.
Governing equations
Area: A=wt
Strain: ε = δ/L
Deformation: δ = PL/AE
Calculations
The area of the undeformed plate is the width multiplied by the plate’s thickness.
A= wt
= (0.12 m)(0.005 m) = 6.0 × 10−4 m2
The deformation of the plate in the x direction is
139
δx = PxL
AE
= (20 × 103 N)(0.12 m)

(6.0 × 10−4 m2)(115 × 109 N/m2)
= 3.48 × 10−5 m = 0.0348 mm
The deformation of the plate in the y direction is
δy = PyL
AE
= (15 × 103 N)(0.12 m)

(6.0 × 10−4 m2)(115 × 109 N/m2)
= 2.61 × 10−5 m = 0.0261 mm
Hence, the strains in the x and y directions are
εx = δx/L
= (3.48 × 10−5 m)/(0.12 m)
= 2.90 × 10−4 = 290 μm/m
εy = δy/L
= (2.61 × 10−5 m)/(0.12 m)
= 2.18 × 10−4 m = 218 μm/m
Solution check
Discussion
The validity of assumption 2 may be checked by calculating the normal stresses in the plate
and comparing them with the yield stress. The normal stresses in the x and y directions are
σx = P/A
140
= 20 × 103 N = 33.3 MPa
6.0 × 10−4 m2
σy = P/A
= 15 × 103 N = 25.0 MPa

6.0 × 10−4 m2
The yield stress for titanium is 830 MPa. Thus, the plate behaves elastically, as assumed.
A tensile test is conducted on a steel specimen with a diameter of 8.0 mm and a test length
of 6.0 cm. The data is shown in the table. Plot the stress-strain diagram, and find the
approximate value of the modulus of elasticity for the steel.
Load Deformation
(kN) (mm)
2.0 0.0119
5.0 0.0303
10.0 0.0585
15.0 0.0895
20.0 0.122
25.0 0.145
Diagram
141
Assumptions
1. Stress is uniform in specimen.

2. Cross sectional area of specimen remains constant.
3. Load is purely axial.
Governing equations
Normal strain: ε = δ/L
Hooke’s law: σ=Eε
Calculations
The cross sectional area of the steel specimen is
A = π D2/4
= π (0.008 m)2/4 = 5.03 × 10−5 m2
For every load, P, applied to the steel specimen, there is a corresponding stress, σ, and a
corresponding strain, ε. Using the deformation data from the table above and the second and
third governing equations, we construct the following stress-strain diagram:
142
The data points reflect the load/deformation data in the table. It should be noted that the
(0, 0) data point corresponds to a no-load condition prior to the application of tensile forces
to the specimen. The line is a linear regression that represents a best-fit straight line through
the data. By Hooke’s law, the modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain curve.
Choosing two arbitrary points on the straight line where the stresses are σ1 = 100 MPa and
σ2 = 500 MPa, the corresponding strains are approximately ε1 = 0.0005 and ε2 = 0.0025.
Hence, the approximate modulus of elasticity is
E = σ2 − σ1
ε2 − ε1
= (500 − 100) MPa = 2.0 × 105 MPa = 200 GPa

(0.0025 − 0.0005) m/m
Solution check
Discussion
Typical values of the modulus of elasticity for steel range from about 190 to 200 GPa, which
is consistent with our result.
143
Design stress
A 1-cm diameter, 0.4-m long steel rod is to be used in an application where it will be
subjected to an axial tensile force of 15 kN. The factor of safety based on yield stress must
be at least 1.5, and the axial deformation must not exceed 2 cm. Is the steel whose stress-
strain diagram is shown in Figure P4.26 suitable for this application? Explain.
Figure P4.26
Diagram
144
Assumptions

Governing equations
Factor of safety; F.S. = σfail/σallow
Calculations
There are two criteria to check here. First, the actual stress cannot exceed the yield stress
divided by a factor of safety of 1.5. Second, the axial deformation cannot exceed 2 cm.
Let’s examine the stress first. The cross sectional area of the rod is
A = π D2/4
= π (0.01 m)2/4 = 7.854 × 10−5 m2
The actual stress in the rod is
σ = σallow = P/A
= 15 × 103 N = 1.910 × 108 N/m2 = 191 MPa

7.854 × 10−5 m2
From the stress-strain diagram in Figure P4.26, the yield stress is approximately 300 MPa.
Thus, the factor of safety is
F.S. = σy/σ
= 300 MPa = 1.57

191 MPa
The actual factor of safety is greater than the minimum value of 1.5, so the steel is suitable
from a stress/factor of safety standpoint. We now check the second criterion, deformation.
145
From Figure P4.26, the approximate value of the modulus of elasticity is
E = Δσ/Δε
= 300 MPa = 2000 MPa = 2.00 GPa

0.15 m/m
The actual axial deformation of the rod is
δ = PL
AE
= (15 × 103 N)(0.4 m) = 0.0382 m = 3.82 cm

(7.854 × 10−5 m2)(2.00 × 109 N/m2)
The actual axial deformation exceeds the allowable value of 2 cm. Hence, this particular
steel is not suitable for the application from a deformation standpoint.
Solution check
Discussion
This analysis shows that a structural member may satisfy one design requirement while
failing another. The rod considered here meets the design stress requirement for a factor of
safety of 1.5, but does not meet the dimensional requirement that the rod must not exceed
a deformation of 2 cm. In order to meet the dimensional requirement, the modulus of
elasticity would have to be larger. If we solve the deformation equation for E, given a
deformation of 2 cm, we obtain E = 3.82 GPa. Any modulus of elasticity larger than this
value would produce a deformation less than 2 cm.
146
A 4-cm diameter rod of aluminum 7075-T6 is subjected to an axial tensile force such that
the factor of safety based on the yield stress is 1.75. Find the maximum allowable tensile
force. The yield stress of aluminum 7075-T6 is σy = 500 MPa.
Diagram
Assumptions

3. Cross sectional area of rod is constant.
Governing equations
Factor of safety: F.S. = σfail/σallow

Calculations
A = π D2/4
= π (0.04 m)2/4 = 0.00126 m2
Using the yield stress as the failure stress, the allowable stress in the rod for a factor of safety
147
of 1.75 is
σ = σy
F.S.
= 500 MPa = 286 MPa

1.75
Hence, the maximum allowable tensile force is
P= σA
= (286 × 106 N/m2)(0.00126 m2)
= 3.60 × 105 N = 360 kN
Solution check
Discussion
Note that when no deformations are involved in the analysis, the modulus of elasticity is not
required.
148
A 18-in diameter sandstone column is subjected to an axial compressive force of 2 × 106 lbf.
Find the factor of safety based on the ultimate compressive stress. For the ultimate
compressive stress of sandstone, use σu = 85 MPa.
Diagram
Assumptions
1. Stress is uniform in column.

3. Cross sectional area of column is constant.
Governing equations
149
Calculations
The problem is stated in terms of a mixed set of units. To be consistent, let’s convert the
parameters given in English units to SI units. The diameter of the column is
D = 18 in × 1 ft × 1 m = 0.4572 m
12 in 3.2808 ft
and the axial force is
P = 2 × 106 lbf × 1N = 8.897 × 106 N

0.2248 lbf
The cross sectional area of the column is
A = π D2/4
= π (0.4572 m)2/4 = 0.1642 m2
The normal stress in the column is
σ=P
A
= 8.897 × 106 N = 5.418 × 107 N/m2 = 54.2 MPa

0.1642 m2
Thus, the factor of safety is the failure stress (ultimate stress) divided by the allowable
(actual) stress.
F.S. = σfail
σallow
= 85 MPa = 1.57
54.2 MPa
Solution check
Discussion
We could have converted the ultimate stress to English units and worked the problem in
150
English units instead of SI units. The answer would have been the same.
A slender cylindrical member in a child’s toy made of polystyrene plastic is to be subjected

to an axial tensile force of 300 N. Find the minimum diameter of this member for a factor
of safety of 1.75 based on yield stress. The yield stress for polystyrene is σy = 55 MPa.
Diagram
Assumptions
1. Stress is uniform in member.

3. Cross sectional area of member is constant.
Governing equations
151
Solution Manual for Introduction to Engineering Analysis 4/E 4th Edition Kirk D. Hagen
Calculations
The minimum required diameter for the plastic member may be found by combining the
three governing equations and solving for D. Combining these equations and solving for D,
we obtain
1/2
D = 4 P F.S.
 π σy 
1/2
= 4 (300 N)(1.75)
 π (55 × 106 N/m2) 
= 0.00349 m = 3.49 mm
Solution check
Discussion
The minimum diameter of the member so that a factor of safety of 1.75 is maintained is 3.49
mm. If the diameter of the plastic member is smaller than this, the factor of safety would
be lower than 1.75, violating a design requirement. A valid question is, “How much larger
than 3.49 mm should the diameter be?” The answer to this question depends on the
dimensional aspects of the toy, cost, and manufacturing considerations. Under ideal
conditions, the diameter should be exactly 3.49 mm as far as the stress requirements are
concerned, but the other issues must also be taken into account. Deformation might be an
issue depending upon the function of the member, so 3.49 mm may not be adequate to
maintain dimensional control. If millions of the toys will be produced, is crucial that the
plastic material be conserved to minimize cost associated with waste. Plastic parts are
usually extruded or molded, so manufacturing issues such as tooling, production time and
quality must also be addressed.
152
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which the wind and rain put out; the saint merely called for the
candle, and as soon as she took it in her hand it was lighted again,
“without any fire of this world.”
Other stories of her lighting candles in this way, call to mind a
candle, greatly venerated by E. Worsley, in a “Discourse of Miracles
wrought in the Roman Catholic Church, or, a full refutation of Dr.
Stillingfleet’s unjust Exceptions against Miracles,” octavo, 1676. At p.
64, he says, “that the miraculous wax candle, yet seen at Arras, the
chief city of Artois, may give the reader entertainment, being most
certain, and never doubted of by any. In 1105, that is, much above
720 years ago, (of so great antiquity the candle is,) a merciless plague
reigned in Arras. The whole city, ever devout to the Mother of God,
experienced her, in this their necessity, to be a true mother of mercy;
the manner was thus: The Virgin Mary appeared to two men, and
enjoined them to tell the bishop of Arras, that on the next Saturday
towards morning she would appear in the great church, and put into
his hands a wax candle burning; from whence drops of wax should
fall into a vessel of water prepared by the bishop. She said, moreover,
that all the diseased that drank of this water, should forthwith be
cured. This truly promised, truly happened. Our blessed Lady
appeared all beautiful, having in her hands a wax candle burning,
which diffused light over the whole church; this she presented to the
bishop; he blessing it with the sign of the cross, set it in the urn of
water; when drops of wax plentifully fell down into the vessel. The
diseased drank of it; all were cured; the contagion ceased; and the
candle to this day, preserved with great veneration, spends itself, yet
loses nothing; and therefore remains still of the same length and
greatness it did 720 years ago. A vast quantity of wax, made up of the
many drops which fall into the water upon those festival days, when
the candle burns, may be justly called a standing indeficient
miracle.”
This candle story, though gravely related by a catholic writer, as
“not doubted of by any,” and as therefore not to be doubted,
miraculously failed in convincing the protestant Stillingfleet, that
“miracles wrought in the Roman catholic church,” ought to be
believed.
MONKS AND FRIARS.—SAINTS AND
HERMITS.
The early monks attracted the notice of the people by the rigid
exercise of their devotions. The greater part of them passed their
time in deserted places, in divine contemplation, and in the
acquisition of useful knowledge; in consequence of which, they began
to be venerated and considered as heavenly-minded men,
approaching to the perfection of angels; but in the course of time,
and on this very account, their reclusion, and the regard in which
they were held, soon induced multitudes to betake themselves to the
same courses of life, though not with the same views; as being more
profitable than the remuneration resulting from their own homely
and industrious avocations. The numbers that embraced this
profession became at length so overwhelming and intolerant, that
factions burst out amongst them, to which the spirit of the people
soon became subject, and to cause grievous disturbances thereby,
both to church and state. Many of the wandering hordes, under the
denomination of monks, are represented by Gregory Nazianzen, as
crews of ruffians and banditti, rather than as sober-minded men,
professing a scrupulous morality, with a view to the amelioration of
society and the welfare of mankind in general. They were cruel,
rapacious, insinuating, cunning, and not unfrequently malignant in
the extreme, indulging in the vilest propensities that shock and
disgust human nature; and if we may believe their contemporaries,
no species of vice was unknown to, or left unpractised by them.
The first dawn of monkish influence and power in the western
world, was ushered in by St. Jerome, who, though represented as a
very pious and good man, but having some passions the world had
not yet gratified, grew wroth with and retired into the east, where he
turned monk; and, as if to be revenged of the ungrateful world, he
openly professed, that it were hardly possible to receive salvation in
it without adopting the same course as he had done, that was, to
become a monk. And although thus far monkery had its way paved in
the west by the resolutions of Jerome, it was many years after his
death, before any order of monkhood was instituted in that quarter.
Benedict, who lived about an hundred years after St. Jerome,
being reckoned the father of the order in the western parts, and
although it does not appear that he formed any order of monks, with
the three vows, yet since the oldest monkish order in the Roman
church is called by his name, we shall give first a short sketch of him
and his order; leaving the reader to take, as well in this instance as in
those that follow, as much for granted as he can well swallow,
without danger of being choked.
Of the birth, parentage, and education of the Blessed Benedict, all
we can state is, that his holiness drew his first pious and miraculous
breath in Rome, about the year 480; and that having, whilst a boy,
become weary of a wicked world, he retired to the Desert of Sabulea
in Italy, where he was kindly received and hospitably entertained by
a monk, whose name was Roman, who lived retired from man, in the
cleft of an immense high rock, of difficult and hazardous access. The
generous and christianlike Roman supplied his young guest with a
portion of all he begged, borrowed, or stole, or could possibly spare
out of his own all devouring paunch. But it would appear, that
getting tired of his protegé, whose appetite, perhaps, might be too
great a drawback upon his fortuitous resources, or whether in the
midst of an accidental and unexpected blow out that he met with,
somewhere or other, on an Easter-eve, he forgot to supply his guest
in the cranny with his usual fare; be this as it may, all protecting
Providence, that “feeds the young ravens,” and who “tempers the
wind to the shorn lamb,” was not on this occasion unmindful of
young Benedict; for it turned out that a certain priest, whose name
we are not favoured with, and who it appears had been on a similar
foraging expedition as Roman, against Eastertide, was hailed by a
voice from heaven, and bid “not to take so much care of his own gut,
but to carry that he had provided to the place where Benedict was.”
The priest obeyed; gave Benedict the contents of his market basket,
and also told him that it was Easter-day, an event that was unknown
to him previous to this unexpected visit. Having, however, been
subsequently forced out of his den to procure food, for it does not
appear that either Roman or the priest ever returned, some
shepherds discovered him crawling among the bushes covered with
“beasts’ hair;” at which they became so terrified, that taking him for
some savage monster, they were about to depart, when they had a
glimpse of his physog, which certainly formed an encouraging
contrast when compared with the preter human developement of his
body; the result was, the shepherds took courage and approached
him; and having, as the story goes, been much edified with his
discourse, they informed the neighbourhood of the affair, which was
the means of young Benedict being well supplied with every thing he
stood in need of; in return for which, they were as well repaid with
godly exhortations. But the devil, who, no doubt, is always on the que
vive when any of his opponents are getting a-head of him, was
resolved to put young ’Dict’s chastity to the test, appeared to him in
the shape of a blackbird, and approached so near to his mouth that
’dict might, had he thought proper, have grabbed him; but, instead of
availing himself of this opportunity to crush old Beelzebub, he
heroically suffered him to escape, although he, the devil, left behind
him “so terrible a dishonest carnal temptation,” that Benedict never
before nor after this time, felt such queer and indescribable
sensations; in short, he was in such a quandary, that he hesitated and
doubted whether it would not be better for him to return once more
to the world, the flesh, sin and the devil; yet, having recovered
himself a little from the paroxysm with which the devil had contrived
to possess him, he threw off his clothes and rolled among thorns. But
whereas Benedict, for sundry causes and reasons moving him
thereunto, did keep a raven, which said raven the aforesaid Benedict
did constantly every day feed with his own hand, which raven,
Benedict, whether from similarity of appetite or other latent and
peculiar passion, always addressed by the familiar and
consanguineous appellation of brother; on this occasion, having
offered him a part of the poisoned loaf, the sagacious raven rejected
it with indignation, and commenced flying and croaking about his
master, pointing out to him, in the most ravenous manner, the evil
intended him. Alarmed at such conduct, Benedict said, Brother, I did
not offer you this loaf that you should eat it, but that you might carry
it and hide it somewhere, that it may never do any hurt. This was
done, the raven disposed of the poisoned loaf, returned, and had his
dinner as usual[80].
Notwithstanding this disappointment, Florentino did not cease to
persecute Benedict. He got together, for this purpose, a number of
common strumpets, whom he sent to dance naked before the holy
Friar; this ordinance, to the great joy of Florentino, they correctly
performed to the letter, which compelled Benedict to leave the place,
lest peradventure he might be tempted di novo to sin against the
flesh, as he was in the wilderness, by the Devil in the shape of a
blackbird. But that joy was not of long duration, for soon after
Florentino’s house fell down upon him and killed him. When
Benedict heard of his death, he was exceedingly troubled, not
because he died during his wicked courses, but because he had, he
said, lost an enemy, who, if he had lived, would have increased his
merits much. After this great loss, Benedict was informed, that
Apollo still had a temple on the mountain of Callino, and was
worshipped in it with sacrifices; he accordingly mustered together
some of his brethren, and went and pulled it down to the ground, set
fire to all the groves that surrounded it, and having built a monastery
on the same spot, he converted the whole country round to
christianity.
The Devil, as may easily be supposed, got very angry with Benedict
for having deprived him of that mountain, called out Benedict,
Benedict, for the purpose of speaking to him, but Benedict, it
appears, did not vouchsafe to answer him; in consequence of which,
the Devil left him, ejaculating, as he fled away, Maledict, Maledict,
what hast thou to do with me? Why do you persecute me so much?
And, in the height of his diabolical passion and despair, threw down
a wall that was building, which unfortunately fell upon a boy and
killed him; but Benedict, to be revenged of the Devil, soon brought
him to life again. Brother Plaudo had been drowned, if brother
Mauro had not been sent by Benedict to draw him out of the water.
There was a great fuss made to know who was the author of that
miracle; Benedict conferring the merit on Mauro, and Mauro, equally
courteous and condescending, attributing it to Benedict.
The order styled the Benedictine, was not only the oldest but the
richest in the Roman church. The costume was black, in compliment,
no doubt, to the Raven, who had the honour of being Benedict’s first
brother; and the leather belt which they wore, was believed to
possess so much virtue, that it was kissed kneeling by all who visited
them, if they wished to be well received.
The second order of monks, and which, similar to the others, arose
out of the relaxations of the Benedictines, was that of Cluny in
France, instituted about the year 900, by Abbot Odo.
This order differed very little from the Benedictine. When Odo was
a boy he was much delighted with Virgil: “he was cured of that
dangerous appetite by a vessel, which was very curious, being shewn
to him, but which was within full of deadly serpents; and lest Odo
should, by his great fondness for Virgil, have been hindered from
applying that vision right, the application was made by a voice from
Heaven; and which Odo having heard, he flung away his Virgil and
all his serpents with it. And having been after that much devoted to
St. Martin, though he met with no serpents in his way, as he went by
night to St. Martin’s church to pray to him, he met with herds of
foxes, which so pestered him, that he scarcely knew what to do; this
plague continued until a kind wolf came, and did offer Odo his
assistance, and of which Odo having accepted, that wolf, when he
travelled, was such a guard to him, and when he was within doors
such a porter, that the foxes never molested him any more.”
The third order of monks in the Roman church was the
Camalduman in Italy, instituted by Romualdus about the year 970.
He was born at Ravenna, and had been sentenced to live 40 days in a
monastery, for having been concerned in a duel, in which his father,
who was a duke, had killed his adversary; and it was from this
circumstance that he was miraculously converted into a monk, an
honour which he had previously frequently refused, at the
solicitation of a brother of the order with whom he had contracted an
acquaintance. The monk at length asked whether he would consent
to be one of them, if St. Apolonar appeared to him, to which he
replied he would. It was therefore contrived that St. Apolonar, or his
representative, should actually appear; and in order to receive this
visit, his friend, the monk and himself, spent the night in prayer
before an altar. Just as the cock crowed, St. Apolonar emerged from
under the identical altar, where, no doubt, his proxy had previously
been concealed, “clothed with light and having a golden censor in his
hand: he went about in his pontificalibus, and incensed all the altars
in the church, and after he had done that, went back by the same way
that he came. And though it is not said that Apolonar did speak a
word to Romualdus of turning monk, he did nevertheless, upon that
vision, take the habit upon him; and not having learnt to read and
sing his psalter, he was taught it by a monk whose name was
Marinus, and who switched him so severely on the left-side of his
head, that his left ear lost its hearing; and which was borne with that
cheerfulness, that he spoke to Marinus to switch him on the other
side of the head, when he deserved to be corrected.”
Never was monk so kicked and cuffed about, persecuted and
tormented by the Devil, as poor Romualdus. At first the Devil
knocked such a dust at the door of his cell whenever he went to bed,
that he could not get a wink of sleep for the noise. Being at length so
much exhausted for want of a nap, he began, notwithstanding the
horrid noise, to snooze a little, when the Devil turned himself into
some heavy body and laid so heavy upon his thighs and legs, that he
severely bruised them, and broke some of the bones. And though
monk Romualdus often made his tormentor slink out of his cell,
ashamed of his evil doings, he would, nevertheless, not cease to
molest him. So frequently, in fact, was he visited by Armadeus, and
so numerous were their conflicts, that a brother monk could not
approach the cell of Romualdus without being mistaken for the Devil
by him: and believing this to be the case, he would cry out as loud as
his lungs would permit—“Accursed, what would’st thou have? Bold
dog, I forbid thee to come here; thou poisonous serpent, that was
thrown down from Heaven, I do forbid thee!” These were the
weapons with which this miraculously converted monk had always
ready to meet the Devil whenever he made his appearance. One
evening, however, as he was muttering over his Completus, a whole
squadron of Devils rushed in upon him, knocked him down, kicked
him for falling, and inflicted several very severe wounds upon his
precious body; and although he was weary and faint with loss of
blood, he continued saying all the while his Completus till he
completed, when by a short prayer he dispersed the whole battalion.
After this great and glorious victory, the Devil would never grapple
with him again; but would, sometimes, in the shape of a Raven, a
Bustard, an Ethiopian, or some savage beast, stand at a distance, loll
out his tongue, and make wry faces at him. And although Romualdus
was a bit of a duellist, as we have already shewn, would challenge
and dare the Devil to come up to the mark, his devilship was too
good a judge to venture near him; and finding at length that he was
no match for Romualdus, he stirred up divers monks to persecute
him, which, in fact, they did with great fury, but with as ill success as
he who prompted them.
The fourth order of monks is that of the Valle Umbrosa, instituted
by one Gilbert, from whom his fraternity assumed the name of
Gilbertines. The reader will at once know enough of this Mr. Gilbert
when we inform him, at once, that he was the pupil of Romualdus,
and that he was called to be a monk by a crucifix, which, when he
was in the act of worshipping it, nodded its head and smiled at him.
The fifth order is the Carthusian, instituted towards the end of the
eleventh century; it is governed by institutions of its own making,
and is the strictest order in the Roman church. This monastery was
generally the last refuge of the discontented, rather than the retreat
of unfeigned piety and devotion, who threw themselves into this
solitary state of life, to which they fettered themselves, by
indissoluble vows, for the remainder of their days. They were allowed
enough of good bread and wine, and although they abstained from
flesh, and every thing that had touched it, they had a plentiful supply
of good fish and fruit.
This inhuman order was instituted by one Bruno, a German, but
who was a canon of the church of Rheims; of whom the reader will
learn enough, when we inform him that he was driven to this
determination by a Parisian doctor, with whom he had been
intimately acquainted, and of whose piety as well as learning, he
entertained a very high opinion, and who for three days following
after his death, when he was on the point of being committed to the
grave, sate up, and loudly declared, that by the just judgment of God
he was damned; which, as soon as he had pronounced, he lay down
again.[81]
There is another story that the bishop of Grenoble, the night before
Bruno and his six companions came to him, in quest of a solitary
place to live in, had a vision, in which he saw Christ come down from
Heaven, and in a desert place of his diocese, called the Chartreuse,
built a palace. He likewise beheld seven stars of the colour of gold,
which having joined themselves together, they made a crown, which
by degrees raised itself from the earth, and ascended up into heaven.
The bishop at first sight knew Bruno and his companions to be the
seven stars he had seen; and in consequence of this recognition, he
bestowed upon them all the lands called the Chartreuse. In order,
also, that Bruno should be as little remiss in his duty and gratitude,
he erected the monastery as conformable to the vision of the bishop
as means and materials would allow.
The sixth order of monks in the Roman church is the Cistertian,
said to have been instituted by Abbot Robert; but whether it was so
or otherwise, Bernard has always been named as the founder.
Bernard was born in France in the 12th century; and to do him
justice, he seems to have had the best natural parts, and the most
learning of any of the monastic founders; and had it not been for the
tragical fraud he adopted to promote a very unfortunate cruzado,
and the other frauds he used in favour of the Pope, to whom he
adhered during the time of a schism, his sincerity and piety might
have been judged equal to his other talents.
His mother, during the time she was pregnant with him, dreamed
she had a white dog in her womb, which in all probability was the
reason the Cistertian monks dressed in white, in the same manner as
Benedict’s raven might have suggested the colour to the vestments of
the Benedictines.
During his infancy Bernard was much troubled with head-ach; and
an old woman having been sent for to cure him, he would not suffer
her to come near him, from the belief that she made use of charms.
One Christmas-day, when he was at church, during his boyhood, he
prayed that the very hour in which Christ was born might be revealed
to him; and when that hour came, he saw a new-born infant. What a
pity it is that Bernard, who has written so much, did not record that
hour, the day, the month, and the year, about which chronologers are
still so much divided.
During a hard frosty night, Bernard was seized with a violent
paroxysm of satyriasis, or strong carnal inclination: he precipitated
himself into a pond of water, and remained there until he was almost
frozen to death.
On another occasion, during the time he was preaching to a very
numerous congregation, who were listening to him, a temptation of
vain glory invaded him, and he heard a voice within him saying, see,
how all the people do attend unto your words. He was just going to
leave off preaching to mortify this temptation, but perceiving it was
the Devil who had addressed him, for the purpose of interrupting his
sermon, he turned about his head to the tempter, and thus coolly
spoke to him—As I did not begin this sermon for thee, so neither will
I end it for thee, and so went on preaching as before. He was always
very sickly, and not only rejoiced that he was so himself, but he
judged it fit that all monks ought to be so: for which reason he built
Claraval, and all his other monasteries, in low damp places.
Bernard laboured hard to bring all his monks to an uninterrupted
attention to their devotions; and having one day, as he was riding,
been told by a peasant, “that he found that to be an easy thing;” he
promised him the mule he rode upon, if he would but say the Lord’s
prayer without any distraction of thought. The peasant began the
prayer, but before he got half through it, he confessed that “it came
into his mind, whether with the mule he was to have the saddle and
bridle also.”
Being at Pavia, a woman possessed of a devil was brought before
him; but before Bernard had time to utter a word to the woman, the
devil cried out, “do you think that such an onion and leek carrier as
this, is able to throw me out of possession?” Upon which Bernard
ordered the woman to be carried to St. Sirus’ church, in which,
though Sirus had previously dispossessed all that had ever come
before him, he would not do it at this time, that Bernard might have
the honour of it himself. The devil, however, set them both at
defiance, and in a scoffing manner told them, that neither little Siry
nor little Barny should turn him out. But the devil was mistaken for
once in his life; little Barny, as he styled him, soon served an
ejectment upon him. To another woman in the same city, on whom
the devil had lain in a very dishonest manner, he gave a stick, with
which she so belaboured him, that he never troubled her any more.
After Bernard had persuaded the kings of England and France to
submit to the Pope; but not being able to prevail upon the Duke of
Aquitaine, he went one day to him with the sacrament in his hand,
when the Duke threw himself down at his feet; on which Bernard
gave him a lusty kick, and bade him rise and acknowledge the true
Pope. The Duke rose immediately, and being thus kicked into it,
made his submission, and acknowledged the Vicegerent of Heaven.
The seventh order of monks is the Cælestine, instituted by Petrus
Moronus, who having afterwards become Pope, took the name of
Cælestine. This poor monk was persuaded by Cardinal Cagestan,
who took the name of Boniface the 8th, to abdicate the Roman chair,
that he might spend his whole time in devotion. But his successor,
Boniface, fearing that were he at liberty in his monastery, it might
come into his head to return to the pontifical chair, kept him a close
prisoner as long as he lived.
The eighth order of monks is the Williamite, called also the order
of Montes Virginis, and of Montis Oliveti, instituted by one William,
a noble Italian, which at one time possessed 47 monasteries. There
were Hermits who were likewise called Williamites, from William,
Duke of Aquitaine, but they were amalgamated with the mendicant
order of the monks of St. Austin.
The ninth order was the Sylvestern. There was also another
instituted by the nobles of Milan, called the Humiliate, who having
quarrelled with Cardinal Borromeus, Archbishop of Milan, dissolved
the order and seized all their revenues, which were immense.
All the preceding orders, besides the Carthusians, were all under
the Benedictine rule, whose monks were both the oldest and richest
pertaining to the Roman church, in which the monastic rules are four
in number—namely, the rule of St. Bazil, St. Austin, and St. Benedict.
The order of monks under St. Austin’s rule, as it was called, were
the canons regular, the Premonstratenses; the Dominicans; the
Hieronomites, in various shapes; the Servites; the Jesuits; the
Crucigeri; the Boni Jesu; the Trinitarians; the Eremites of St.
Augustin; the Theatines; the Pautestæ; the military orders of St.
John of Jerusalem, of St. James of Compostella, of the Teutonick
order, of St. Lazarus, and of St. Mauritius.
The Dominican order, of which only we shall here allude, is the
third under the rule of St. Austin, was instituted about the beginning
of the 13th century, and is both the first mendicant order and the
first order that had a solemn confirmation from the Pope. They are
very numerous, and have still many convents in Spain and Portugal.
Dominick, the founder of this order, was born in Spain, in 1170.
His mother, when she was with child with him, dreamed that she was
delivered of a hog, with a flaming torch in his mouth, an emblem
appropriate enough for an inquisitor; and when he was baptized, his
god mother, although it was visible to no one else, saw a star that
illuminated all the world; and as he lay in his cradle, a swarm of bees
pitched upon his lips. And, although from the day of his baptism to
the day of his death, he is said never to have committed one mortal
sin, he would, nevertheless, before he was seven years old, rise out of
his costly bed, for his parents were said to have been very rich, and
lie upon the ground. When he was a boy he would never play or use
any pastimes; and when he arrived at man’s estate, he gave all that
had been left him by his father, with the exception of his books,
among the poor; and having nothing else left to give, he gave them
his books also.
Seeing a woman one day weeping bitterly for the loss of her
brother, who had been taken captive by the Moors, he begged her to
take him, and to sell him to those infidels, and with the money he
should fetch, redeem her brother; but, to his extreme mortification,
the woman refused to comply with his desire.
One day, when Dominick was in his study, the devil so pestered
him in the shape of a flea, leaping and frisking about on the leaves of
his book, that he found it impossible to continue his reading:
irritated at length by such unhandsome treatment, he fixed him on
the very spot where he finished reading, and in this shape made use
of him to find the place again. Having at last, however, released old
nick from this demonological dilemma, he appeared to him again in
his study in the guise of a monkey, and grinned so “horribly a ghastly
grin,” and skipped about so, that he was more annoyed now than
before. To put a stop to these monkey tricks, Dominick forthwith
commanded him, the said monkey, to take the candlestick and hold
it for him; this the monkey did, and Dominick made him continue
holding it, until it was burnt down to the bottom of the wick, and
although the monkey made a horrid noise at burning his fingers, he
was forced to hold it until it was burnt out, which it did until it had
burnt the devil’s monkey fingers to the bone.
Having gone into France with the bishop of Osma, of whose church
Dominick was a canon, though by preaching and working miracles
he converted the Albigenses about Toulouse by thousands in a day,
he, nevertheless, so roused Simon de Montford, who was general of
the Pope’s cruzado against those christians, by which Montfort, and
his cruzado, to which Dominick was the chief chaplain, that many
thousands of those poor christians were butchered.
That part of France must necessarily, at that time, have been very
populous, otherwise there could not have been so many of those
christians left for Montfort to murder, after Dominick had made such
extensive conversions among them, for assuredly Montfort would
not lay violent hands on any of his proselytes. The greatest
conversion ever made by Dominick was after he had the rosary given
him by the blessed virgin, whose virtues Dominick successfully
eulogized with all the eloquence he was master of. There was one,
however, desperate enough to ridicule both the rosary and the
mountebank oratory upon its virtues; but he was soon punished for
his audacity, by a great number of devils getting into him; but
Dominick relenting at the sufferings of the demoniac, although he
did not deserve such commiseration at his hands, called the devils to
an account for the uproarious noise they made; when the following
colloquy passed between them.
Dominick.—How came you to enter this man, and how many are
you in number?
Devils.—(After tremendous howlings.) We came into him for
having spoken disrespectfully of the rosary; and for his having
laughed and made “merry game” of your sermons. We are 15,000 in
number, and have been forced much against our inclination to enter
one who might have done us infinite services.
Dom.—Why did so many as 15,000 of you enter him?
Dev.—Because there are 15 decads in the rosary which he derided.
Dom.—Why did you suffer this man to be brought to me?
Dev.—(All together roaring out.) It was done to our great
confusion: we could not prevent it.
Dom.—Is not all true I have said of the virtues of the rosary?
Dev.—(After the most hideous bellowing.) Cursed be the hour in
which we entered into this statue? Woe be unto us for ever! Why did
we not suffocate him before he was brought hither? But it is now too
late and we cannot do it, for thou holdest us in burning flames and
chains of fire, so that we are forced to declare the truth to thee, to our
great prejudice. O yes! O yes! Know all christian men and women,
that this cruel Dominick, this implacable enemy of ours, has never
said one word concerning the virtues of the rosary that is not most
true; and know ye further, that if you do not believe him, great
calamities will befall you.
Dom.—Who was the man in the world the devil hated the most?
Dev. (All of them.) Thou art the very man, who, by thy prayers, and
by thy severe ways of penance, and by thy sermons, hast shown the
way to Paradise to every one, and hast snatched our prey. But know
thou, that our dark congregation and infernal troop are so enraged
against thee, that a brigade of the strongest and most mischievous
spirits have a commission to fall upon thee and them.
Dom. (turning to the people.) God forbid, O Christians! that you
should believe all that is said by the devils, who are liars, and
inventors of lies. Not but that the Almighty is able to communicate so
much strength to the vilest and most miserable sinner, as will
overcome all infernal hosts, as you see I do at this time, who am the
greatest of sinners.
Dev.—Cursed be so great humility as this, which tears and
torments us so much.
Dom. (Throwing his stole, for he had not his scapulary yet, which
has much more virtue, about the neck of the Demoniac.) Of which
state of men among Christians are there the most damned?
Here an extraordinary circumstance took place, for no sooner had
Dominick’s stole touched the neck of the demoniac than a great
quantity of thick gory blood burst out at his nose, and a poisonous
clay from his ears. At this sight, Dominick commanded the rebellious
devils to desist from tormenting the poor sinner.
Dev. We will with all our heart, if ye will suffer us to depart.
Dom. Ye shall not stir until ye have answered the question put you.
Dev. In hell there are a great many bishops and princes, but not
many country people, who, though not perfect, are not very great
sinners. There are also a great many merchants, and townspeople,
such as pawnbrokers, fraudulent bakers, grocers, Jews, apothecaries,
gamblers, rakes, &c. who were sent there for covetousness, cheating,
voluptuousness, &c.
Dom. Are there any priests or monks in Hell?
Dev. There are a great number of priests, but no monks, with the
exception of such as had transgressed the rule of their order.
Dom. How are you off for Franciscans?
Dev. Alas! alas! we have not one yet, but we expect a great number
of them after their devotion is a little cooled.
Dom. What saint in heaven does the devil fear most?
Instead of returning any answer to this question, the devils begged
Dominick by all that was sacred to be satisfied with the torments he
had already inflicted upon them, and with those to which they were
condemned in hell, begging he would not insist upon a true answer
to that question before so great a congregation, to the ruin of their
kingdom; telling him, that if he would ask the angels they would tell
him who it was. This, however, would not satisfy Dominick, who,
whatever virtues he might have, had little mercy in his composition,
especially, it would appear, towards devils. He persisted upon their
telling; and, perceiving how reluctant the demons were to comply
with his wishes, he threw himself upon the ground, and went to
work, hammer and tongs, with his rosary; upon which sulphureous
flames of fire burst forth from his nose, mouth, eyes and ears; after
this above an hundred angels, clad in golden armour, appeared with
the blessed virgin in the midst of them, holding a golden rod in her
hand, with which she gave the demoniac a switch on the back,
commanding, at the same time, the devils to return true answers to
Dominick’s questions; at this they all roared out lustily, O our
enemy! O our damner! O our confusion! Why didst thou come down
from heaven to torment us here? Why art thou so powerful an
intercessor for sinners? O thou most certain and secure way to
heaven; but since thou commandest it, we must tell the truth,
though it will confound us, and bring woe and misery on our
princes of darkness for ever. Hear, O Christians, continued the
devils, this mother of Christ is too powerful in preserving all her
servants from hell; it is she that, as a sun, dissipates all our darkness,
and enervates and brings to nought all our machinations. We are
forced to confess that nobody is damned who perseveres in her holy
worship, and is devoted to her. One sigh from her has more power
than the prayers of all the saints; and we fear her more than all the
citizens of Paradise; and you must all know, that vast numbers of
Christians are, contrary to right, saved by calling upon her at the
time of their death; and that we should long ago have destroyed the
church, if it had not been for this little Mary; and being now forced
to it, we must own, that none who persevere in the exercise of the
rosary, can undergo the eternal torments of hell, for she obtains
contrition for all her devout servants.
Here the confab ended between 15,000 cowardly devils, and
Dominick, who exhorted the congregation to join with him in
reciting the rosary: and behold a great miracle: at every angelical
salutation, a multitude of devils rushed out of the demoniac in the
shape of burning coals, and the blessed virgin having given the
congregation her benediction, disappeared, leaving Dominick in
quest of fresh enterprises against the devil and his horde.
Dominick was a proud designing man, and of a very ferocious
disposition. The stories related of the St. Franciscan order, are
equally absurd and ridiculous.
Similar stories are too numerous: we shall therefore close this
subject with
The Hermit of the Pillar.
(St. Simeon Stylites, St. Telesephorus, St.
Syncletia.)
We are informed by Alban Butler, that St. Simeon Stylites, the
ycleped hermit of the pillar, astonished the whole Roman Empire by
his mortifications. In the monastery of Heliodorus, a man 65 years of
age, who had spent 62 years so abstracted from the world that he was
ignorant of the most obvious things in it; the monks ate but once a
day; Simeon joined the communities, and ate but once a week.
Heliodorus required Simeon to be more private in his mortifications:
“with this view,” says Butler, “judging the rough rope of the well,
made of twisted palm tree leaves, a proper instrument of penance;
Simeon tied it close about his naked body, where it remained
unknown both to the community and his superior, till such time as it
having ate into his flesh, what he had privately done was discovered
by the effluvia proceeding from the wound.” Butler says, that it took
three days to disengage the saint’s clothes, and that “the incisions of
the physician, to cut the cord out of his body, were attended with
such anguish and pain, that he lay for some time as dead.” After this
he determined to pass the whole forty days of Lent in total
abstinence, and retired to a hermitage for that purpose. Bassus, an
abbot, left with him ten loaves and water, and coming to visit him at
the end of the forty days, found both loaves and water untouched,
and the saint stretched on the ground without signs of life. Bassus
dipped a sponge in water, moistened his lips, gave him the eucharist,
and Simeon by degrees swallowed a few lettuce leaves and other
herbs. He passed twenty-six Lents in the same manner. In the first
part of a Lent he prayed standing: growing weaker, he prayed sitting;
and towards the end, being almost exhausted, he prayed lying on the
ground. At the end of three years he left his hermitage for the top of a
mountain, made an inclosure of loose stones, without a roof, and
having resolved to live exposed to the inclemencies of the weather,
he fixed his resolution by fastening his right leg to a rock with a great
iron chain. Multitudes thronged to the mountain to receive his
benediction, and many of the sick recovered their health. But as
some were not satisfied unless they touched him in his enclosure,
and Simeon desired retirement from the daily concourse, he
projected a new and unprecedented manner of life. He erected a
pillar six cubits high, (each cubit being eighteen inches,) and dwelt
on it four years; on a second of twelve cubits high, he lived three
years; on a third of twenty-two cubits high, ten years; and on a
fourth, of forty cubits, or sixty feet high, which the people built for
him, he spent the last twenty years of his life. This occasioned him to
be called Stylites, from the Greek word stylos, a pillar. This pillar did
not exceed three feet in diameter at the top, so that he could not lie
extended on it; he had no seat with him; he only stooped or leaned to
take a little rest, and bowed his body in prayer so often, that a certain
person who counted these positions, found that he made one
thousand two hundred and forty-four reverences in one day, which if
he began at four o’clock in the morning, and finished at eight o’clock
at night, gives a bow to every three quarters of a minute; besides
which, he exhorted the people twice a day. His garments were the
skins of beasts; he wore an iron collar round his neck, and had a
horrible ulcer in his foot. During his forty days’ abstinence
throughout Lent, he tied himself to a pole. He treated himself as the
outcast of the world and the worst of sinners, worked miracles,
delivered prophecies, had the sacrament delivered to him on the
pillar, and died bowing upon it, in the sixty-ninth of his age, after
having lived upon pillars for six and thirty years. His corpse was
carried to Antioch attended by the bishops and the whole country,
and worked miracles on its way. So far this account is from Alban
Butler.
Without mentioning circumstances and miracles in the Golden
Legend, which are too numerous, and some not fit to be related; it
may be observed, that it is there affirmed of him, that after his
residence on the pillars, one of his thighs rotted a whole year, during
which time he stood on one leg only. Near Simeon’s pillar was the
dwelling of a dragon, so very venemous that nothing grew near his
cave. This dragon met with an accident; he had a stake in his eye, and
coming all blind to the saint’s pillar, and placing his eye upon it for
three days, without doing harm to any one, Simeon ordered earth
and water to be placed on the dragon’s eye, which being done, out
came the stake, a cubit in length; when the people saw this miracle,
they glorified God, and ran away for fear of the dragon, who arose
and adored for two hours, and returned to his cave. A woman
swallowed a little serpent, which tormented her for many years, till
she came to Simeon, who causing earth and water to be laid on her
mouth, the little serpent came out four feet and a half long. It is
affirmed by the Golden Legend, that when Simeon died, Anthony
smelt a precious odour proceeding from his body; that the birds cried
so much, that both men and beasts cried; that an angel came down in
a cloud; that the Patriarch of Antioch, taking Simeon’s beard to put
among his relics, his hand withered, and remained so, till multitudes
of prayers were said for him, and it was healed; and that more
miracles were worked at and after Simeon’s sepulture, than he had
wrought all his life.
HOLY RELIQUE-MANIA.
On the first introduction of the relics of saints, the mania became

universal; they were bought and sold, and, like other collectors, made
no scruple to steal them. It is not a little amusing to remark the
singular ardour and grasping avidity of some to enrich themselves
with religious morsels; their little discernment, the curious
impositions and resources of the vender to impose on the good faith
and sincerity of the purchaser. It was not uncommon for the prelate
of the place to ordain a fast, in order to implore God that they might
not be cheated with the relics of saints, which he sometimes
purchased for the holy benefit of the village or town. Guibert de
Nogen wrote a treatise on the relics of saints: acknowledging that
there were many false ones, as well as false legends, he reprobates
the inventors of those lying miracles. It was on the occasion of one of
our Saviour’s teeth, that De Nogen took up his pen on this subject, by
which the monks of St. Medard de Soissons pretended to work
miracles; a pretension which he asserted to be as chimerical as that
of several persons who believed they possessed the navel, and other
parts less comely, of the body of Christ.
There is a history of the translation of Saint Lewin, a virgin and a
martyr, by a monk of Bergavinck; her relics were brought from
England to Bergs. The facts were collected from her brethren with
religious care, especially from the conductor of these relics from
England. After the history of the translation, and a panegyric on the
saint, he relates the miracles performed in Flanders since the arrival
of her relics. The prevailing passion of the times to possess fragments
of saints is well marked, when the author particularises, with a
certain complacency, all the knavish modes they resorted to, to carry
off those in question. None then objected to this sort of robbery,

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Section 4.3 Practice!

(a) The parallelogram for these forces is shown below.

FR = [2002 + 3002 − 2(200)(300) cos 35̊]1/2

sin θ = sin 35̊

Thus, the angle of FR with respect to the positive x-axis is

Writing the resultant force in terms of the unit vectors i and j,

The minus sign indicates that FR lies in the fourth quadrant.

(a) The parallelogram for these forces is shown below.

FR = [1502 + 2502 − 2(150)(250) cos 40̊]1/2

sin θ = sin 40̊

Thus, the angle of FR with respect to the positive x-axis is

= 165 i + 16.0 j lbf

(a) The parallelogram for these forces is shown below.

Using the law of cosines, the magnitude of the resultant force FR is

FR = [152 + 302 − 2(15)(30) cos 60̊]1/2

sin θ = sin 60̊

Thus, the angle of FR with respect to the positive x-axis is

Writing the resultant force in terms of the unit vectors i and j,

φ = tan-1 (25.1/6.72) = 75.0̊

The resultant force is the vector sum of the three forces:

Adding the corresponding x and y components,

The angle between FR and the x-axis is

5. Consider the three forces, F1 = 10 i + 9 j kN, F2 = −8 i − 4 j kN and F3 = 4 i + 5 j kN. Find

The resultant force is the vector sum of the three forces:

Adding the corresponding x and y components,

The angle between FR and the positive x-axis is

6. Consider the three forces, F1 = 2 i + 8 j + 7 k lbf , F2 = 3 i − j − k lbf and F3 = 3 i + j + 2 k

The resultant force is the vector sum of the three forces:

Adding the corresponding x, y and z components,

1. A crate hangs by a rope as shown. Construct a free-body diagram of the crate.

There are five forces acting on the beam:

1. A normal force exerted by the roller at A.

1. All forces are concurrent at point A.

Volume of a sphere: V = π D3/6

Weight/density relation: W= ρVg

The volume of the sphere is

Hence, the weight is

= (7270 kg/m3)(0.01414 m3)(9.81 m/s2)

Applying the equations of equilibrium, we have

Σ Fx = 0 = −TAB cos 45̊ + TAC cos 45̊

Σ FY = 0 = TAB sin 45̊ + TAC sin 45̊ − W

Σ Fx = −712.9 cos 45̊ + 712.9 cos 45̊ = 0

Σ Fy = 712.9 sin 45̊ + 712.9 sin 45̊ − 1008 = −0.19 ≈ 0

The small nonzero difference is due to roundoff.

Σ Fy = 0 = T sin 45̊ − ½ (1008)

Solving for T, we obtain the same answer as before.