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Volume 12837

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Information Systems and Applications, incl.
Internet/Web, and HCI

Editorial Board
Elisa Bertino
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

Wen Gao
Peking University, Beijing, China

Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany

Gerhard Woeginger
RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

Moti Yung
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

Founding Editors
Gerhard Goos
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany

Juris Hartmanis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
More information about this subseries at http://​www.​springer.​com/​
series/​7409
Editors
De-Shuang Huang, Kang-Hyun Jo, Jianqiang Li, Valeriya Gribova and
Abir Hussain

Intelligent Computing Theories and

Application
17th International Conference, ICIC 2021,
Shenzhen, China, August 12–15, 2021, Proceedings,
Part II
1st ed. 2021
Editors
De-Shuang Huang
Tongji University, Shanghai, China

Kang-Hyun Jo
University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea (Republic of)

Jianqiang Li
Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China

Valeriya Gribova
Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok,
Russia

Abir Hussain
Department of Computer Science, Liverpool John Moores University,
Liverpool, UK

ISSN 0302-9743 e-ISSN 1611-3349

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI
ISBN 978-3-030-84528-5 e-ISBN 978-3-030-84529-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84529-2

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the

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specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
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electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,
service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
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Preface
The International Conference on Intelligent Computing (ICIC) was
started to provide an annual forum dedicated to the emerging and
challenging topics in artificial intelligence, machine learning, pattern
recognition, bioinformatics, and computational biology. It aims to bring
together researchers and practitioners from both academia and
industry to share ideas, problems, and solutions related to the
multifaceted aspects of intelligent computing.
ICIC 2021, held in Shenzhen, China, during August 12–15, 2021,
constituted the 17th International Conference on Intelligent
Computing. It built upon the success of ICIC 2020 (Bari, Italy), ICIC
2019 (Nanchang, China), ICIC 2018 (Wuhan, China), ICIC 2017
(Liverpool, UK), ICIC 2016 (Lanzhou, China), ICIC 2015 (Fuzhou,
China), ICIC 2014 (Taiyuan, China), ICIC 2013 (Nanning, China), ICIC
2012 (Huangshan, China), ICIC 2011 (Zhengzhou, China), ICIC 2010
(Changsha, China), ICIC 2009 (Ulsan, South Korea), ICIC 2008
(Shanghai, China), ICIC 2007 (Qingdao, China), ICIC 2006 (Kunming,
China), and ICIC 2005 (Hefei, China).
This year, the conference concentrated mainly on the theories and
methodologies as well as the emerging applications of intelligent
computing. Its aim was to unify the picture of contemporary intelligent
computing techniques as an integral concept that highlights the trends
in advanced computational intelligence and bridges theoretical
research with applications. Therefore, the theme for this conference
was “Advanced Intelligent Computing Technology and Applications”.
Papers that focused on this theme were solicited, addressing theories,
methodologies, and applications in science and technology.
ICIC 2021 received 458 submissions from authors in 21 countries
and regions. All papers went through a rigorous peer-review procedure
and each paper received at least three review reports. Based on the
review reports, the Program Committee finally selected 192 high-
quality papers for presentation at ICIC 2021, which are included in
three volumes of proceedings published by Springer: two volumes of
Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) and one volume of Lecture
Notes in Artificial Intelligence (LNAI).
This volume of LNCS includes 62 papers.
 The organizers of ICIC 2021, including Tongji University and
Shenzhen University, China, made an enormous effort to ensure the
success of the conference. We hereby would like to thank all the ICIC
2021 organizers, the members of the Program Committee, and the
referees for their collective effort in reviewing and soliciting the papers.
We would like to thank Ronan Nugent, executive editor from Springer,
for his frank and helpful advice and guidance throughout as well as his
continuous support in publishing the proceedings. In particular, we
would like to thank all the authors for contributing their papers.
Without the high-quality submissions from the authors, the success of
the conference would not have been possible. Finally, we are especially
grateful to the International Neural Network Society and the National
Science Foundation of China for their sponsorship.
De-Shuang Huang
Kang-Hyun Jo
Jianqiang Li
Valeriya Gribova
Abir Hussain
August 2021
Organization

General Co-chairs
De-Shuang Huang Tongji University, China
Zhong Ming Shenzhen University, China

Program Committee Co-chairs

Kang-Hyun Jo University of Ulsan, South Korea
Jianqiang Li Shenzhen University, China
Valeriya Gribova Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences,
Russia

Organizing Committee Co-chairs

Qiuzhen Lin Shenzhen University, China
Cheng Wen Luo Shenzhen University, China

Organizing Committee Members

Lijia Ma Shenzhen University, China
Jie Chen Shenzhen University, China
Jia Wang Shenzhen University, China
Changkun Jiang Shenzhen University, China
Junkai Ji Shenzhen University, China
Zun Liu Shenzhen University, China

Award Committee Co-chairs

Ling Wang Tsinghua University, China
Abir Hussain Liverpool John Moores University, UK

Tutorial Co-chairs
Kyungsook Han Inha University, South Korea
Prashan Premaratne University of Wollongong, Australia

Publication Co-chairs
Vitoantonio Bevilacqua Polytechnic of Bari, Italy
Phalguni Gupta Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India

Special Session Co-chairs

Michal Choras University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz,
Poland
Hong-Hee Lee University of Ulsan, South Korea

Special Issue Co-chairs

M. Michael Gromiha Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
Laurent Heutte Université de Rouen, France
Hee-Jun Kang University of Ulsan, South Korea

International Liaison Co-chair

Prashan Premaratne University of Wollongong, Australia

Workshop Co-chairs
Yoshinori Kuno Saitama University, Japan
Jair Cervantes Canales Autonomous University of Mexico State,
Mexico

Publicity Co-chairs
Chun-Hou Zheng Anhui University, China
Dhiya Al-Jumeily Liverpool John Moores University, UK

Exhibition Contact Co-chairs

Qiuzhen Lin Shenzhen University, China

Program Committee
Mohd Helmy Abd Wahab Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,
Malaysia
Nicola Altini Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Waqas Bangyal University of Gujrat, Pakistan
Wenzheng Bao Xuzhou University of Technology, China
Antonio Brunetti Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy
Domenico Buongiorno Politecnico di Bari, Italy
Hongmin Cai South China University of Technology, China
Nicholas Caporusso Northern Kentucky University, USA
Jair Cervantes Autonomous University of Mexico State, Mexico
Chin-Chih Chang Chung Hua University, Taiwan, China
Zhanheng Chen Shenzhen University, China
Wen-Sheng Chen Shenzhen University, China
Xiyuan Chen Southeast University, China
Wei Chen Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
Michal Choras University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz,
Poland
Angelo Ciaramella Università di Napoli, Italy
Guojun Dai Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
Weihong Deng Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
China
YanRui Ding Jiangnan University, China
Pu-Feng Du Tianjing University, China
Jianbo Fan Ningbo University of Technology, China
Zhiqiang Geng Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China
Lejun Gong Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
China
Dunwei Gong China University of Mining and Technology, China
Wenyin Gong China University of Geosciences, China
Valeriya Gribova Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences,
Russia
Michael Gromiha Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
Zhi-Hong Guan Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
China
Ping Guo Beijing Normal University, China
Fei Guo Tianjin University, China
Phalguni Gupta Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
Kyungsook Han Inha University, South Korea
Fei Han Jiangsu University, China
Laurent Heutte Université de Rouen Normandie, France
Jian Huang University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,
China
Chenxi Huang Xiamen University, China
Abir Hussain Liverpool John Moores University, UK
Qinghua Jiang Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Kanghyun Jo University of Ulsan, South Korea
Dah-Jing Jwo National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan, China
Seeja K R Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, India
Weiwei Kong Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications,
China
Yoshinori Kuno Saitama University, Japan
Takashi Kuremoto Nippon Institute of Technology, Japan
Hong-Hee Lee University of Ulsan, South Korea
Zhen Lei Institute of Automation, CAS, China
Chunquan Li Harbin Medical University, China
Bo Li Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Xiangtao Li Jilin University, China
Hao Lin University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,
China
Juan Liu Wuhan University, China
Chunmei Liu Howard University, USA
Bingqiang Liu Shandong University, China
Bo Liu Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, CAS, China
Bin Liu Beijing Institute of Technology, China
Zhi-Ping Liu Shandong University, China
Xiwei Liu Tongji University, China
Haibin Liu Beijing University of Technology, China
Jin-Xing Liu Qufu Normal University, China
Jungang Lou Huzhou University, China
Xinguo Lu Hunan University, China
Xiaoke Ma Xidian University, China
Yue Ming Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China
Liqiang Nie Shandong University, China
Ben Niu Shenzhen University, China
Marzio Pennisi University of Eastern Piedmont Amedeo Avogadro,
Italy
Surya Prakash IIT Indore, India
Prashan Premaratne University of Wollongong, Australia
Bin Qian Kunming University of Science and Technology, China
Daowen Qiu Sun Yat-sen University, China
Mine Sarac Stanford University, USA
Xuequn Shang Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
Evi Sjukur Monash University, Australia
Jiangning Song Monash University, Australia
Chao Song Harbin Medical University, China
Antonino Staiano Parthenope University of Naples, Italy
Fabio Stroppa Stanford University, USA
Zhan-Li Sun Anhui University, China
Xu-Qing Tang Jiangnan University, China
Binhua Tang Hohai University, China
Joaquin Torres-Sospedra UBIK Geospatial Solutions S.L., Spain
Shikui Tu Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Jian Wang China University of Petroleum, China
Ling Wang Tsinghua University, China
Ruiping Wang Institute of Computing Technology, CAS, China
Xuesong Wang China University of Mining and Technology, China
Rui Wang National University of Defense Technology, China
Xiao-Feng Wang Hefei University, China
Shitong Wang Jiangnan University, China
Bing Wang Anhui University of Technology, China
Jing-Yan Wang New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi
Dong Wang University of Jinan, China
Gai-Ge Wang Ocean University of China, China
Yunhai Wang Shandong University, China
Ka-Chun Wong City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Hongjie Wu Suzhou University of Science and Technology, China
Junfeng Xia Anhui University, China
Shunren Xia Zhejiang University, China
Yi Xiong Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Zhenyu Xuan University of Texas at Dallas, USA
Bai Xue Institute of Software, CAS, China
Shen Yin Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Xiao-Hua Yu California Polytechnic State University, USA
Naijun Zhan Institute of Software, CAS, China
Bohua Zhan Institute of Software, CAS, China
Fa Zhang Institute of Computing Technology, CAS, China
JunQi Zhang
Tongji University, China
Le Zhang Sichuan University, China
Wen Zhang Huazhong Agricultural University, China
Zhihua Zhang Beijing Institute of Genomics, CAS, China
Shixiong Zhang Xidian University, China
Qi Zhao University of Science and Technology of Liaoning, China
Yongquan Zhou Guangxi University for Nationalities, China
Fengfeng Zhou Jilin University, China
Shanfeng Zhu Fudan University, China
Quan Zou University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,
China

Additional Reviewers
Nureize Arbaiy
Shingo Mabu
Farid Garcia Lamont
Lianming Zhang
Xiao Yu
Shaohua Li
Yuntao Wei
Jinglong Wu
Weichiang Hong
Sungshin Kim
Chen Li
Tianhua Guan
Shutao Mei
Jing Jiang
Yuelin Sun
Haicheng Yi
Suwen Zhao
Xin Hong
Ziyi Chen
Hailin Chen
Xiwei Tang
Shulin Wang
Di Zhang
Sijia Zhang
Na Cheng
Menglu Li
Zhenhao Guo
Limin Jiang
Kun Zhan
Cheng-Hsiung Chiang
Yuqi Wang
Bahattin Karakaya
Tejaswini Mallavarapu
Jun Li
Sheng Yang
Laurent Heutte
Pufeng Du
Atif Mehmood
Jonggeun Kim
Eun Kyeong Kim
Hansoo Lee
Yiqiao Cai
Wuritu Yang
Weitao Sun
Guihua Tao
Jinzhong Zhang
Wenjie Yi
Lingyun Huang
Chao Chen
Jiangping He
Wei Wang
Jin Ma
Liang Xu
Vitoantonio Bevilacqua
Huan Liu
Lei Deng
Di Liu
Zhongrui Zhang
Qinhu Zhang
Yanyun Qu
Jinxing Liu
Shravan Sukumar
Long Gao
Yifei Wu
Tianhua Jiang
Lixiang Hong
Tingzhong Tian
Yijie Ding
Junwei Wang
Zhe Yan
Rui Song
S. A. K. Bangyal
Giansalvo Cirrincione
Xiancui Xiao
X. Zheng
Vincenzo Randazzo
Huijuan Zhu
Dongyuan Li
Jingbo Xia
Boya Ji
Manilo Monaco
Xiaohua Yu
Zuguo Yu
Jun Yuan
Punam Kumari
Bowei Zhao
X. J. Chen
Takashi Kurmeoto
Pallavi Pandey
Yan Zhou
Mascot Wang
Chenhui Qiu
Haizhou Wu
Lulu Zuo
Juan Wang
Rafal Kozik
Wenyan Gu
Shiyin Tan
Yaping Fang
Alexander Moopenn
Xiuxiu Ren
Aniello Castiglione
Qiong Wu
Junyi Chen
Meineng Wang
Xiaorui Su
Jianping Yu
Lizhi Liu
Junwei Luo
Yuanyuan Wang
Xiaolei Zhu
Jiafan Zhu
Yongle Li
Xiaoyin Xu
Shiwei Sun
Hongxuan Hua
Shiping Zhang
Xiangtian Yu
Angelo Riccio
Yuanpeng Xiong
Jing Xu
Chienyuan Lai
Guo-Feng Fan
Zheng Chen
Renzhi Cao
Ronggen Yang
Zhongming Zhao
Yongna Yuan
Chuanxing Liu
Panpan Song
Joao Sousa
Wenying He
Ming Chen
Puneet Gupta
Ziqi Zhang
Davide Nardone
Liangxu Liu
Huijian Han
Qingjun Zhu
Hongluan Zhao
Rey-Sern Lin
Hung-Chi Su
Conghua Xie
Caitong Yue
Li Yan
Tuozhong Yao
Xuzhao Chai
Zhenhu Liang
Yu Lu
Jing Sun
Hua Tang
Liang Cheng
Puneet Rawat
Kulandaisamy A.
Jun Zhang
Egidio Falotico
Peng Chen
Cheng Wang
Jing Li
He Chen
Giacomo Donato Cascarano
Shaohua Wan
Cheng Chen
Jie Li
Ruxin Zhao
Jiazhou Chen
Guoliang Xu
Congxu Zhu
Deng Li
Piyush Joshi
Syed Sadaf Ali
Kuan Li
Teng Wan
Hao Liu
Yexian Zhang
Xu Qiao
Lingchong Zhong
Wenyan Wang
Xiaoyu Ji
Weifeng Guo
Yuchen Jiang
Van-Dung Hoang
Yuanyuan Huang
Zaixing Sun
Honglin Zhang
Yu-Jie He
Rong Hu
Youjie Yao
Naikang Yu
Giulia Russo
Dian Liu
Cheng Liang
Iyyakutti Iyappan Ganapathi
Mingon Kang
Xuefeng Cui
Hao Dai
Geethan Mendiz
Brendan Halloran
Yue Li
Qianqian Shi
Zhiqiang Tian
Ce Li
Yang Yang
Jun Wang
Ke Yan
Hang Wei
Yuyan Han
Hisato Fukuda
Yaning Yang
Lixiang Xu
Yuanke Zhou
Shihui Ying
Wenqiang Fan
Zhao Li
Zhe Zhang
Xiaoying Guo
Zhuoqun Xia
Na Geng
Xin Ding
Balachandran Manavalan
Lianrong Pu
Di Wang
Fangping Wan
Renmeng Liu
Jiancheng Zhong
Yinan Guo
Lujie Fang
Ying Zhang
Yinghao Cao
Xhize Wu
Chao Wu
Ambuj Srivastava
Prabakaran R.
Xingquan Zuo
Jiabin Huang
Jingwen Yang
Qianying Liu
Tongchi Zhou
Xinyan Liang
Xiaopeng Jin
Yumeng Liu
Junliang Shang
Shanghan Li
Jianhua Zhang
Wei Zhang
Han-Jing Jiang
Kunikazu Kobayashi
Shenglin Mu
Jing Liang
Jialing Li
Zhe Sun
Wentao Fan
Wei Lan
Josue Espejel Cabrera
José Sergio Ruiz Castilla
Rencai Zhou
Moli Huang
Yong Zhang
Joaquín Torres-Sospedra
Xingjian Chen
Saifur Rahaman
Olutomilayo Petinrin
Xiaoming Liu
Lei Wang
Xin Xu
Najme Zehra
Zhenqing Ye
Zijing Wang
Lida Zhu
Xionghui Zhou
Jia-Xiang Wang
Gongxin Peng
Junbo Liang
Linjing Liu
Xiangeng Wang
Y. M. Nie
Sheng Ding
Laksono Kurnianggoro
Minxia Cheng
Meiyi Li
Qizhi Zhu
Pengchao Li
Ming Xiao
Guangdi Liu
Jing Meng
Kang Xu
Cong Feng
Arturo Yee
Kazunori Onoguchi
Hotaka Takizawa
Suhang Gu
Zhang Yu
Bin Qin
Yang Gu
Zhibin Jiang
Chuanyan Wu
Wahyono Wahyono
Kaushik Deb
Alexander Filonenko
Van-Thanh Hoang
Ning Guo
Deng Chao
Jian Liu
Sen Zhang
Nagarajan Raju
Kumar Yugandhar
Anoosha Paruchuri
Lei Che
Yujia Xi
Ma Haiying
Huanqiang Zeng
Hong-Bo Zhang
Yewang Chen
Sama Ukyo
Akash Tayal
Ru Yang
Junning Gao
Jianqing Zhu
Haizhou Liu
Nobutaka Shimada
Yuan Xu
Shuo Jiang
Minghua Zhao
Jiulong Zhang
Shui-Hua Wang
Sandesh Gupta
Nadia Siddiqui
Syeda Shira Moin
Ruidong Li
Mauro Castelli
Ivanoe De Falco
Antonio Della Cioppa
Kamlesh Tiwari
Luca Tiseni
Ruizhi Fan
Grigorios Skaltsas
Mario Selvaggio
Xiang Yu
Huajuan Huang
Vasily Aristarkhov
Zhonghao Liu
Lichuan Pan
Zhongying Zhao
Atsushi Yamashita
Ying Xu
Wei Peng
Haodi Feng
Jin Zhao
Shunheng Zhou
Changlong Gu
Xiangwen Wang
Zhe Liu
Pi-Jing Wei
Haozhen Situ
Xiangtao Chen
Hui Tang
Akio Nakamura
Antony Lam
Weilin Deng
Xu Zhou
Shuyuan Wang
Rabia Shakir
Haotian Xu
Zekang Bian
Shuguang Ge
Hong Peng
Thar Baker
Siguo Wang
Jianqing Chen
Chunhui Wang
Xiaoshu Zhu
Yongchun Zuo
Hyunsoo Kim
Areesha Anjum
Shaojin Geng
He Yongqiang
Mario Camana
Long Chen
Jialin Lyu
Zhenyang Li
Tian Rui
Duygun Erol Barkana
Huiyu Zhou
Yichuan Wang
Eray A. Baran
Jiakai Ding
Dehua Zhang
Insoo Koo
Yudong Zhang
Zafaryab Haider
Vladimir Shakhov
Daniele Leonardis
Byungkyu Park
Elena Battini
Radzi Ambar
Noraziah Chepa
Liang Liang
Ling-Yun Dai
Xiongtao Zhang
Sobia Pervaiz Iqbal
Fang Yang
Si Liu
Natsa Kleanthous
Zhen Shen
Chunyan Fan
Jie Zhao
Yuchen Zhang
Jianwei Yang
Wenrui Zhao
Di Wu
Chao Wang
Fuyi Li
Guangsheng Wu
Yuchong Gong
Weitai Yang
Yanan Wang
Bo Chen
Binbin Pan
Chunhou Zheng
Bowen Song
Guojing Wu
Weiping Liu
Laura Jalili
Xing Chen
Xiujuan Lei
Marek Pawlicki
Hao Zhu
Wang Zhanjun
Mohamed Alloghani
Yu Hu
Baohua Wang
Hanfu Wang
Hongle Xie
Guangming Wang
Fuchun Liu
Farid Garcia-Lamont
Hengyue Shi
Po Yang
Wen Zheng Ma
Jianxun Mi
Michele Scarpiniti
Yasushi Mae
Haoran Mo
Gaoyuan Liang
Pengfei Cui
Yoshinori Kobayashi
Kongtao Chen
Feng Feng
Wenli Yan
Zhibo Wang
Ying Qiao
Qiyue Lu
Dong Li
Heqi Wang
Tony Hao
Chenglong Wei
My Ha Le
Yu Chen
Naida Fetic
Bing Sun
Zhenzhong Chu
Meijing Li
Wentao Chen
Mingpeng Zheng
Zhihao Tang
Li Keng Liang
Alberto Mazzoni
Liang Chen
Meng-Meng Yin
Yannan Bin
Wasiq Khan
Yong Wu
Juanjuan Shi
Shiting Sun
Xujing Yao
Wenming Wu
Na Zhang
Anteneh Birga
Yipeng Lv
Qiuye Wang
Adrian Trueba
Ao Liu
Bifang He
Jun Pang
Jie Ding
Shixuan Guan
Boheng Cao
Bingxiang Xu
Lin Zhang
Mengya Liu
Xueping Lv
Hee-Jun Kang
Yuanyuan Zhang
Jin Zhang
Lin Chen
Runshan Xie
Zichang Tan
Fengcui Qian
Xianming Li
Jing Wang
Yuexin Zhang
Fan Wang
Yanyu Li
Qi Pan
Jiaxin Chen
Yuhan Hao
Xiaokang Wang
Jiekai Tang
Wen Jiang
Nan Li
Zhengwen Li
Yuanyuan Yang
Wenbo Chen
Wenchong Luo
Jiang Xue
Xuanying Zhang
Lianlian Zhong
Liu Xiaolin
Difei Liu
Bowen Zhao
Bowen Xue
Churong Zhang
Xing Xing Zhang
Yang Guo
Lu Yang
Jinbao Teng
Yupei Zhang
Keyu Zhong
Mingming Jiang
Chen Yong
Haidong Shao
Weizhong Lin
Leyi Wei
Ravi Kant Kumar
Jogendra Garain
Teressa Longjam
Zhaochun Xu
Zhirui Liao
Qifeng Wu
Nanxuan Zhou
Song Gu
Bin Li
Xiang Li
Yuanpeng Zhang
Dewu Ding
Jiaxuan Liu
Zhenyu Tang
Zhize Wu
Zhihao Huang
Yu Feng
Chen Zhang
Min Liu
Baiying Lei
Jiaming Liu
Xiaochuan Jing
Francesco Berloco
Shaofei Zang
Shenghua Feng
Xiaoqing Gu
Jing Xue
Junqing Zhu
Wenqiang Ji
Muhamad Dwisnanto Putro
Li-Hua Wen
Zhiwen Qiang
Chenchen Liu
Juntao Liu
Yang Miao
Yan Chen
Xiangyu Wang
Cristina Juá rez
Ziheng Rong
Jing Lu
Lisbeth Rodriguez Mazahua
Rui Yan
Yuhang Zhou
Huiming Song
Li Ding
Alma Delia Cuevas
Zixiao Pan
Yuchae Jung
Chunfeng Mi
Guixin Zhao
Yuqian Pu
Hongpeng Ynag
Yan Pan
Rinku Datta Rakshit
Ming-Feng Ge
Mingliang Xue
Fahai Zhong
Shan Li
Qingwen Wu
Tao Li
Liwen Xie
Daiwei Li
Yuzhen Han
Fengqiang Li
Chenggang Lai
Shuai Liu
Cuiling Huang
Wenqiang Gu
Haitao Du
Bingbo Cui
Yang Lei
Xiaohan Sun
Inas Kadhim
Jing Feng
Xin Juan
Hongguo Zhao
Masoomeh Mirrashid
Jialiang Li
Yaping Hu
Xiangzhen Kong
Mixiao Hou
Zhen Cui
Na Yu
Meiyu Duan
Baoping Yuan
Umarani Jayaraman
Guanghui Li
Lihong Peng
Fabio Bellavia
Giosue’ Lo Bosco
Zhen Chen
Jiajie Xiao
Chunyan Liu
Yue Zhao
Yuwen Tao
Nuo Yu
Liguang Huang
Duy-Linh Nguyen
Kai Shang
Wu Hao
Jiatong Li
Enda Jiang
Yichen Sun
Yanyuan Qin
Chengwei Ai
Kang Li
Jhony Heriberto Giraldo Zuluaga
Waqas Haider Bangyal
Tingting Dan
Haiyan Wang
Dandan Lu
Bin Zhang
Cuco Cristanno
Antonio Junior Spoleto
Zhenghao Shi
Ya Wang
Shuyi Zhang
Xiaoqing Li
Yajun Zou
Chuanlei Zhang
Berardino Prencipe
Feng Liu
Yongsheng Dong
Rong Fei
Zhen Wang
Jun Sang
Jun Wu
Xiaowen Chen
Hong Wang
Daniele Malitesta
Fenqiang Zhao
Xinghuo Ye
Hongyi Zhang
Xuexin Yu
Xujun Duan
Xing-Ming Zhao
Jiayan Han
Weizhong Lu
Frederic Comby
Taemoon Seo
Sergio Cannata
Yong-Wan Kwon
Heng Chen
Min Chen
Qing Lei
Francesco Fontanella
Rahul Kumar
Alessandra Scotto di Freca
Nicole Cilia
Annunziata Paviglianiti
Jacopo Ferretti
Pietro Barbiero
Seong-Jae Kim
Jing Yang
Dan Yang
Dongxue Peng
Wenting Cui
Wenhao Chi
Ruobing Liang
Feixiang Zhou
Jijia Kang
Huawei Huang
Peng Li
Yunfeng Zhao
Xiaoyan Hu
Li Guo
Lei Du
Xia-An Bi
Xiuquan Du
Ping Zhu
Young-Seob Jeong
Han-Gyu Kim
Dongkun Lee
Jonghwan Hyeon
Chae-Gyun Lim
Dingna Duan
Shiqiang Ma
Mingliang Dou
Jansen Woo
Shanshan Hu
Hai-Tao Li
Francescomaria Marino
Jiayi Ji
Jun Peng
Shirley Meng
Lucia Ballerini
Haifeng Hu
Jingyu Hou
Contents – Part II
Intelligent Computing in Computer Vision
BIDGAN:​Blind Image Deblurring with Improved CycleGAN and
Frequency Filtering
Yina Zhou, Caiwang Zhang and Xiaoyong Ji
Emotional Interaction Computing of Actors in the Mass Incidents
Yi-yi Wang and Fan-liang Bu
Multi Spatial Convolution Block for Lane Lines Semantic
Segmentation
Yan Wu, Feilin Liu, Wei Jiang and Xinneng Yang
VISFF:​An Approach for Video Summarization Based on Feature
Fusion
Wei-Dong Tian, Xiao-Yu Cheng, Bin He and Zhong-Qiu Zhao
Understanding Safety Based on Urban Perception
Felipe Moreno-Vera
Recognition of Multiple Panamanian Watermelon Varieties Based
on Feature Extraction Analysis
Javier E. Sá nchez-Galá n, Anel Henry, Fatima Rangel, Emmy Sá ez,
Kang-Hyun Jo and Danilo Cá ceres-Herná ndez
STDA-inf:​Style Transfer for Data Augmentation Through In-data
Training and Fusion Inference
Tao Hong, Yajun Zou and Jinwen Ma
Abnormal Driving Detection Based on Human Pose Estimation and
Facial Key Points Detection
Zihao Ye, Qize Wu, Xinxin Zhao, Jiajun Zhang, Wei Yu and Chao Fan
Uncertainty-Guided Pixel-Level Contrastive Learning for
Biomarker Segmentation in OCT Images
Yingjie Bai, Xiaoming Liu, Bo Li and Kejie Zhou
Virtual Piano System Based on Monocular Camera
Yajing Wang and Liang Song
Wall-Following Navigation for Mobile Robot Based on Random
Forest and Genetic Algorithm
Peipei Wu, Menglin Fang and Zuohua Ding
A Study of Algorithms for Controlling the Precision of Bandwidth
in EMI Pre-testing
Shenglan Wu, Wenjing Hu and Fang Zhang
Intelligent Control and Automation
Flight Control for 6-DOF Quadrotor via Sliding Mode Integral Filter
Zinan Su, Aihua Zhang and Shaoshao Wang
An Enhanced Finite-Control-Set Model Predictive Control Strategy
for PWM Rectifiers with Filter Inductance Mismatch
Van-Tien Le, Huu-Cong Vu and Hong-Hee Lee
Deep Integration Navigation Technique Based on Strong Tracking
UKF Algorithm
Cheng Xuwei, Zhang Zaitian, Ren Haoyu, Qiu Fengqi and
Chen Jianzhou
The Application of Theoretical Variance#1 Method and Lifting
Wavelet for Optic Gyroscopes
Cheng Xuwei, Li Yuan, Zhou Min, Yan Zitong and Xie Can
Proposing a Novel Fixed-Time Non-singular Terminal Sliding Mode
Surface for Motion Tracking Control of Robot Manipulators
Anh Tuan Vo, Thanh Nguyen Truong, Hee-Jun Kang and
Tien Dung Le
A Neural Terminal Sliding Mode Control for Tracking Control of
Robotic Manipulators in Uncertain Dynamical Environments
Thanh Nguyen Truong, Anh Tuan Vo, Hee-Jun Kang and
Tien Dung Le
Fuzzy PID Controller for Accurate Power Sharing and Voltage
Restoration in DC Microgrids
Duy-Long Nguyen and Hong-Hee Lee
Sensor-Less Contact Force Estimation in Physical Human-Robot
Interaction
Quang Dan Le and Hee-Jun Kang
Model-Free Continuous Fuzzy Terminal Sliding Mode Control for
Second-Order Nonlinear Systems
Van-Cuong Nguyen, Phu-Nguyen Le and Hee-Jun Kang
Deep Q-learning with Explainable and Transferable Domain Rules
Yichuan Zhang, Junkai Ren, Junxiang Li, Qiang Fang and Xin Xu
Influence of Interference and Noise on Indoor Localization
Systems
Huy Q. Tran, Chuong Nguyen Thien and Cheolkeun Ha
Exploration of Smart Medical Technology Based on Intelligent
Computing Methods
Sijia Wang and Yizhang Jiang
Blockchain Based Trusted Identity Authentication in Ubiquitous
Power Internet of Things
Yiming Guo, Xi Chen, Shuang Tian, Le Yang, Xiao Liang, Jie Lian,
Dianwei Jin, Aleksei Balabontsev and Zhihong Zhang
Intelligent Modeling Technologies for Smart Cities
A YOLOv3-Based Learning Strategy for Vehicle-Thrown-Waste
Identification
Zhichao Dai and Zhaoliang Zheng
Research on Chinese Word Segmentation Based on Conditional
Random Fields
Chao Fan and Yu Li
Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining
Financial Distress Detection and Interpretation with Semi-
supervised System
Xiaoqing Zhu, Fangfang Liu and Zhihua Niu
Solving Online Food Delivery Problem via an Effective Hybrid
Algorithm with Intelligent Batching Strategy
Xing Wang, Ling Wang, Shengyao Wang, Yang Yu, Jing-fang Chen and
Jie Zheng
Graph Semantics Based Neighboring Attentional Entity Alignment
for Knowledge Graphs
 Hanchen Wang, Jianfeng Li and Tao Luo
An Improved CF Tree Clustering Based on Tissue-Like P System
Qian Liu and Xiyu Liu
Classification Method of Power Consumption Periods Based on
Typical Daily Load Curve
Yuhang Qiu, Dexin Li, Xin Liu, Chang Liu, Shang Wang and Tao Peng
A Data Processing Method for Load Data of Electric Boiler with
Heat Reservoir
Feng Xiao, Zhenyuan Li, Baoju Li, Chang Liu, Yuhang Qiu,
Shang Wang and Tao Peng
Aggregate Model for Power Load Forecasting Based on Conditional
Autoencoder
Yuhang Qiu, Yong Sun, Chang Liu, Baoju Li, Shang Wang and
Tao Peng
Geographical Entity Community Discovery Based on Semantic
Similarity
Miao Yu, Zhanquan Wang, Yajie Pang and Yesheng Xu
Many-To-Many Chinese ICD-9 Terminology Standardization Based
on Neural Networks
Yijia Liu, Shasha Li, Jie Yu, Yusong Tan, Jun Ma and Qingbo Wu
Chinese Word Sense Disambiguation Based on Classification
Chao Fan and Yu Li
Research on the Authorship of Dream of the Red Chamber Based
on Link Prediction
Chao Fan and Yu Li
Span Representation Generation Method in Entity-Relation Joint
Extraction
Yongtao Tang, Jie Yu, Shasha Li, Bin ji, Yusong Tan and Qingbo Wu
Machine Learning
Prediction of Railway Freight Customer Churn Based on Deep
Forest
Danni Liu, Xinfeng Zhang, Yongle Shi and Hui Li
Multi-view of Data for Auto Judge Model in Online Dispute
Resolution
Qinhua Huang and Weimin Ouyang
Multi-task Learning with Riemannian Optimization
Tian Cai, Liang Song, Guilin Li and Minghong Liao
Audio-Visual Salient Object Detection
Shuaiyang Cheng, Liang Song, Jingjing Tang and Shihui Guo
Research on Deep Neural Network Model Compression Based on
Quantification Pruning and Huffmann Encoding
Cong Wei, Zhiyong Lu, Zhiyong Lin and Chong Zhong
Extreme Learning Machine Based on Double Kernel Risk-Sensitive
Loss for Cancer Samples Classification
Zhen-Xin Niu, Liang-Rui Ren, Rong Zhu, Xiang-Zhen Kong, Ying-
Lian Gao and Jin-Xing Liu
Delay to Group in Food Delivery System:​A Prediction Approach
Yang Yu, Qingte Zhou, Shenglin Yi, Huanyu Zheng, Shengyao Wang,
Jinghua Hao, Renqing He and Zhizhao Sun
Variational EM Algorithm for Student- Mixtures of Gaussian
Processes
Xiangyang Guo, Xiaoyan Li and Jinwen Ma
Ensemble Learning with Resampling for Imbalanced Data
Firuz Kamalov, Ashraf Elnagar and Ho Hon Leung
Dual-Channel Recalibration and Feature Fusion Method for Liver
Image Classification
Tingting Niu, Xiaolong Zhang, Chunhua Deng and Ruoqin Chen
Research on Path Planning Algorithm for Mobile Robot Based on
Improved Reinforcement Learning
Junwei Liu, Aihua Zhang and Yang Zhang
OnSum:​Extractive Single Document Summarization Using Ordered
Neuron LSTM
Xue Han, Qing Wang, Zhanheng Chen, Lun Hu and Pengwei Hu
Diagnosing COVID-19 on Limited Data:​A Comparative Study of
Machine Learning Methods
Rita Zgheib, Firuz Kamalov, Ghazar Chahbandarian and
Osman El Labban
An Inverse QSAR Method Based on Decision Tree and Integer
Programming
Kouki Tanaka, Jianshen Zhu, Naveed Ahmed Azam,
Kazuya Haraguchi, Liang Zhao, Hiroshi Nagamochi and
Tatsuya Akutsu
A Link-Based Ensemble Cluster Approach for Identification of Cell
Types
Xinguo Lu, Yan Gao, Daoxu Tang and Yue Yuan
A Defect Detection Method for Diverse Texture Fabric Based on
CenterNet
Wenjing Kong, Huanhuan Zhang, Junfeng Jing and Mingyang Shi
Accelerating Deep Reinforcement Learning via Hierarchical State
Encoding with ELMs
Tao Tang, Qiang Fang, Xin Xu and Yujun Zeng
Mal_​PCASVM:​Malonylation Residues Classification with Principal
Component Analysis Support Vector Machine
Tong Meng, Yuehui Chen, Wenzheng Bao and Yi Cao
Theoretical Computational Intelligence and Applications
The Influence of Sliding Windows Based on MM-6mAPred to
Identify DNA N6-Methyladenine
Wenzhen Fu, Yixin Zhong, Wenzheng Bao and Yi Cao
RF_​Bert:​A Classification Model of Golgi Apparatus Based on TAPE_​
BERT Extraction Features
Qingyu Cui, Wenzheng Bao, Yi Cao, Bin Yang and Yuehui Chen
PointPAVGG:​An Incremental Algorithm for Extraction of Points’
Positional Feature Using VGG on Point Clouds
Yanzhao Shi, Chongyu Zhang, Xiaohui Zhang, Kai Wang,
Yumeng Zhang and Xiuyang Zhao
Predicting Course Score for Undergrade Students Using Neural
Networks
Ming Liu, Zhuohui Li, Runyuan Sun and Na Zhang
Classification of Heart Sounds Using MFCC and CNN
Kai Wang and Kang Chen
Author Index
Intelligent Computing in Computer
Vision
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
D.-S. Huang et al. (eds.), Intelligent Computing Theories and Application, Lecture Notes
in Computer Science 12837
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84529-2_1

BIDGAN: Blind Image Deblurring with

Improved CycleGAN and Frequency
Filtering
Yina Zhou1, Caiwang Zhang1 and Xiaoyong Ji1
(1) School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University,
Nanjing, China

Xiaoyong Ji
Email: [email protected]

Abstract
The details of images can be severely impaired when they are captured
in motion . To overcome such a blind image deblurring problem, we
propose a deblurring method based on improved CycleGAN. This
method can remarkably improve the definition of unknown blur kernel
images and provide instant higher quality images for the application of
many image processing technologies concerned with object detection.
Unpaired samples are adopted for training due to the limited sample
size. We use random rotation to amplify training effect on distorted
images, and it indeed improves the accuracy of irregular image
recognition. To minimize the problems of pattern collapse and gradient
vanishing, the network adopts Wasserstein distance instead of Jensen-
Shannon divergence. Switchable Normalization is also employed
because it is more robust to mint-batch size than the former Instance
Normalization. The test results show that the deblurring model has
achieved better performance in terms of image quality on several
popular benchmarks, such as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR),
Structural Similarity (SSIM) and Kernel MMD; running time has been
reduced by 80% compared with conventional deblurring methods
based on CNN; mAP on GOPRO Large street view has been improved
within the framework of YOLOv3 to overcome the object detection
challenge of blurred images. Ultimately, the bright spots have been
filtered in the frequency domain and the problem of fake recognition
has been solved, so we can retain more image details to provide better
pre-processing quality for later object detection.

Keywords CycleGAN – Blind image deblurring – Motion blur –

Frequency filtering

1 Introduction
According to the World Report on Vision released by World Health
Organization in 2019 [1], 2.2 billion people worldwide are visually
impaired or blind. They comprise about 30% of the world population,
especially in low and medium income countries. With the progress of
social civilization, travel demand of the blind has gradually attracted
the attention all over the world. Though guide dogs are the best
auxiliary partners, they require high training cost and a long training
cycle, so they can hardly meet the needs of the huge number of blind
people. Wearing wearable devices may be another choice to solve the
navigation problem for the blind, but the high price discourages most of
them. Smartphones and Location Based Services (LBS) technology have
become widespread, and opened up a new way to assist the blind.
Google [2] proposed a lightweight deep neural network based on
embedded devices such as mobile phones, enabling image recognition
to be completed on mobile phone CPUs. Under the premise of mobile
phone recognition and navigation, blurs caused by relative motion
between the blind and the scene greatly affect the recognition results.
Aiming at reducing motion blur, we designed a method for solving the
problems of object detection based on the blur images in a mobile
terminal. By removing motion blur, image features with unclear edge
details in the original image can transmit richer semantic information,
making the recognition result more accurate and reliable. Thus, it is
possible to replace high-speed cameras and processing systems with
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 CHAPTER V.
THE CHOIR ORGAN AS A SEPARATE CASE.

As a Screen to the Player.—Choir Front in the Lower Part

of Case.

LTHOUGH organs now do not consist merely of a Great

and Choir (or Chair) organ, the two cases add much to
the look of an instrument, and the Choir case makes an
excellent screen to conceal the organist. Old organs of
any pretensions are rarely without it, and for church
organs, which stand in a gallery, or in any other raised position, it
should always make its appearance. For a concert-room organ, or
an organ standing on the ground, it is not required. In some German
instruments, the Choir case is so small, that one suspects that it is a
sham, or at most merely a console to hold the keys. In France,
reversed key-boards are coming into fashion; and to hide them, a
screen of pipes is a pardonable deception. A German custom of
putting the Choir Front into the lower part of the case of the Great
Organ, under its pipes, where the key-board is usually placed, has a
very uncomfortable look; although we know that Great and Choir
pipes are often put into the same case, and there is no reason why, if
this is done, the exterior of the case should not show it. Still there is
something strange in the appearance.
 CHAPTER VI.
THE MINOR DETAILS OF AN ORGAN.

Room in the Loft.—Loft should not be used as a Singing Gallery.

—Reversed Key-boards.—Black Keys for Naturals, &c.—
Rows of Stops, perpendicular, horizontal.—Varied Forms of
Pedals.—Music Desk.—Lights.—Looking Glass.—Clock.—
Carving between the Pipes.—Fox-tail Stop.—Electric and
Pneumatic Actions.

T is a pity that many small things about an organ are not a

little more cared for. The cramped room in the loft is
uncomfortable for the player; he is often jammed between
the two cases, or his back touches the balustrade of the
gallery, rendering it a matter of difficulty for any one who
may be in the loft with him, to get from one side of the instrument to
the other, which is troublesome if the player requires assistance, as
is sometimes wanted; and a loft should have comfortable sitting and
kneeling accommodation: an organist and those with him in the loft
ought to have the means of following the service, and hearing the
sermon, with a certain amount of ease. The organ-loft being used as
a singing-gallery is to be avoided, except when it is a spacious
gallery, and even then the organist should have plenty of elbow
room, and be screened off more or less from the singers. A reversed
key-board rather complicates the mechanism, and therefore should
be avoided, as the supposed advantage of the player being able to
see what is being done in the church is problematical, for with his
music before him, it is next to impossible for him to do so. The
organist at Exeter Hall used to face the conductor, but some years
back the key-board was re-arranged in its usual position. The
organist’s place between the Great and Choir of Father Smith’s
organ at Durham, when it stood on the north side of the Choir, was
as good as could be wished. Black keys for naturals, and white
(ivory) for the sharps look well: they are sometimes to be seen in old
instruments, and should be retained; the contrast between them and
more modern key-boards, which have a strong harmonium or
American organ look, is in their favour. Every player has his own
views as to whether the old perpendicular rows of stop-handles, or
the French horizontal rows, are the best, and no one form of pedals,
plain, concave, radiating, or both concave and radiating, gives
universal satisfaction. A good music-desk should be fixed to every
organ: in general they are ricketty things, and will only hold a little
octavo hymn-tune book. The lights, be they candles or gas, should
be securely fixed, and not liable to be knocked against by the player.
A looking-glass, which should be a part of the organ, and not a
shaving-glass hung up with string and nails, should be fixed so that
the player can see down the church; and something better than
fastening with a pin to the side of the desk a shabby bit of paper with
the list of music, &c., might be arranged. In England, Holland, and
Normandy, a clock is occasionally part of the organ case, sometimes
on the Great, and sometimes on the Choir case, and it is a useful
accessory. Sometimes when there is no Choir Organ, it is inserted in
the front of the gallery. In Whitehall Chapel a clock hangs from the
ceiling under the organ-loft, a puzzle how any one can get at it to
wind it up. In some few organs carved wood-work is introduced
between the feet of the pipes, so as to fill up the triangular space.
The pipes in the towers of St. Lawrence, Jewry, have a sort of tall
leaf between them. From a French work I give the following extract:
“A la tribune de l’orgue de la Cathédral de Barcelonne, on voit une
tête de Maure suspendue par son turban. Lorsque les jeux les plus
doux se font entendre, la figure frémit; mais si les sons augmentent
de force, ses yeux roulent dans leurs orbites, ses dents s’entre-
choquent, et toute la face est en proie à d’horribles convulsions. Le
méchanisme qui produisait ces effets a été supprimé.” This must be
the delight or horror of small children, and no one would dream of
such an addition to a modern church or concert-room organ, neither
would the fox-tail stop be inserted, although a person who was fond
of “curios” might put them into a chamber instrument. I do not make
more than the passing remark on the electric and pneumatic actions,
that they are very valuable adjuncts to a large instrument, and afford
great facilities in many ways to the player, as they are well explained
and illustrated in the last (1870) edition of Hopkins’s “Organ.”
NOTES ON ORGANS AT HOME
AND ABROAD.
 NOTES ON ENGLISH ORGANS.
LTHOUGH English cases cannot in general, in size and
carving, compete with their compeers on the continent,
many of them are very good, and might be studied by
modern architects and builders. The contents of our old
instruments are less than those of the same date in
France, Germany, and Holland, and the Pedal Organ was for many
years neglected. Our modern organs now can vie with any; and if
their cases were better, they could hold their own against their
foreign rivals. There are some good modern cases, but they are the
exception and not the rule.
I now give my notes, which from time to time I have made, of our
English instruments.

LONDON.
FATHER SMITH’S ORGAN IN ST. PAUL’S.—This instrument,
when it stood where it was originally intended to be, on the Choir
Screen, both looked and sounded well. The case, which was a very
exceptional one for Father Smith, who hardly ever varied from his
four-tower arrangement, had fine carving by Grinling Gibbons, and,
with the Choir Organ in front, harmonised well with the handsome
oak Stalls. Some years ago it was pulled down and put over the
Stalls on the north side of the Choir, where, to my taste, it did not
look or sound well, and the Choir case was placed in front of the
large transept organ, where it looked small and out of place. The old
case is now divided, and placed on each side of the Choir, the old
Choir case put in its proper position, before one half of the Great
case, and a new Choir case of similar design made to complete the
other. The contents are by Willis, and it is a good specimen of a
modern cathedral organ.
ALL HALLOWS, LOMBARD STREET.—A pretty case of peculiar
design, which used to stand in the gallery at the west end of the
Church, but is now placed on the floor in the south-east corner. The
case consists of two towers, one on each side of the instrument, with
a circular opening between them, filled with pipe-work, above which
stands a small tower, with a flat of pipes on each side. There is a
quaintness about it which I like.
CHRIST CHURCH, NEWGATE STREET.—Has a large fine
organ standing at the west end of the Church; its four towers,
surmounted by mitres and crowns, give it a Church and State look.
Although the case is large, there is nothing very striking about it; but
the quality of its contents is good.
ST. CLEMENT’S, EASTCHEAP.—The organ stands on the south
side of the Church; it formerly stood at the west end, and is very
similar to that at All Hallows, but of a more elaborate design,
consisting of two large towers, between which is an oval of pipes,
upon which stands a small tower, with an oval of pipes on each side,
above which stand two small flats of pipes. Modern taste has heavily
painted the pipes; in fact, I never saw so much solid paint put on
metal pipes; and in my opinion when they were plain gilt they looked
much better.
ST. LAWRENCE, JEWRY.—The organ, which stands at the west
end of the Church, has as fine and as correctly designed a case as
can well be. The carving is excellent, and the old French rules for
designing an organ case have been carried out with the best effect.
Since I sketched it, a new inside has been put into it, and the case
enlarged in very good taste. It is now, perhaps, to be critical, a little
too square in form, but it ranks among the best in London.
 (Larger)
ST. LAWRENCE JEWRY
3RD. DECR. 1870.

ST. MAGNUS THE MARTYR, LONDON BRIDGE.—This organ,

remarkable as the first which had a swell, is rather peculiar in design.
The dark wood carving is good, and there is a quiet look of solid
workmanship about the case which is much to be commended.
 (Larger)
ST. MAGNUS THE MARTYR—LONDON BRIDGE.
MAY 1871.

ST. OLAVE’S, SOUTHWARK.—The organ, with four towers, and

famous for having a thirty-two feet stop on the Great Organ, after the
manner of large German instruments, stands at the west end, in a
good plain case, but one that would hardly be worth adopting as a
model for another instrument.
ST. SEPULCHRE’S has a handsome large organ, with a Choir
case in front. The wood-work is fine, the mouths of the pipes nicely
shaped, and the effect of the angular tower in the centre good. The
case, I should think, must have looked better before the two wings of
large pipes were added.
 (Larger)
ST. SEPULCHRE—SNOW HILL.
16TH. MAY 1871.

CHESTER CATHEDRAL.
The new organ, erected in 1876, stands in a stone loft, with
marble pillars, under the north arch of the centre tower. It has an
abundance of carved Gothic wood-work, and the pipes are plain gilt.
The mouths of the large pipes are shaped in the French style, but
appear to me a little exaggerated. On the Choir Screen stands the
Echo Organ, which puts me in mind of that in Notre-Dame de
Bruges, on a very small scale. The thirty-two feet pedal pipes (wood)
stand on the ground at the end of the north transept. They were
incomplete when I saw them in November, 1876, and I should very
much doubt if they will prove effective. Water-power and a gas-
engine have been tried for blowing, and did not succeed, and a
steam-engine was being erected.

DURHAM CATHEDRAL.
A fine organ of Father Smith’s usual pattern formerly stood, with
its Choir Organ in front, on the Choir Screen. Some years ago it was
removed and placed on the north side of the Choir; and, in 1876, has
given place to a new divided organ, by Willis, half standing on each
side of the Choir. The arrangements of the old organ loft were very
comfortable; I mention this, as but too often the loft is so cramped
and inconvenient that the player can never be quite at ease.

YORK MINSTER.
 One of our largest cathedral organs stands on the magnificent
Choir Screen. It is a huge, square mass of painted pipes and Gothic
carving. The most picturesque part of the instrument is the tuba, the
pipes of which are arranged horizontally, pointing down the nave.
This stop is the best of its kind I know.
This is but a meagre account of English organs, as it only
includes those which I have had the means of studying: I ought to
have written about the Temple organ, that in Westminster Abbey, the
huge instrument in the Albert Hall, and the one in the Crystal Palace.
That in the Temple has been described, much better than I can do it,
by Edmund Macrory, in his “Few Notes on the Temple Organ.” I hope
that some day the Abbey authorities will see how poor, not in tone,
but in appearance, their present organ is. They have ample space to
erect a magnificent case. The Albert Hall organ is an attempt at a
new style of case, which I think is a failure; and the Handel organ
has a very ordinary (except for its size) façade, with four towers, and
the usual painted pipes.
 NOTES ON FRENCH ORGANS.

ABBEVILLE.
T. WOLFRAM.—A fine organ stands in a gallery which fills
the first compartment of the nave, so that the case stands
well away from the west window. The great case has five
towers, of five pipes each, the smallest in the centre, on the
top of which is a winged angel, with a sword in one hand
and a scroll in the other. On each side is a flat of five pipes, then a
middling-sized tower, beyond these are flats of four pipes each, and
then two great towers, which overhang the sides of the case. The
Choir Organ, which stands in front, consists of two flats, of ten pipes
each, and three towers, the largest in the centre, each containing
seven pipes. The Accompaniment Organ (by this term I mean an
organ standing in the Choir, to accompany the Priests’ voices) stands
on the north side of the Choir, in a plain modern flat-topped case, with
a little Gothic work about it. It is played from a reverse key-board in the
Stalls. Tone fair. 1875.
(Larger)
 ST. WOLFRAM—ABBEVILLE
14TH. MAY, 1875.

ST. SEPULCHRE.—The west-end organ has a plain classic face

of oak, with three towers, the tallest in the middle. The Choir Organ in
front has three towers, disposed in the same manner. In a Chapel, on
the south-east side of the Church, is a modern Gothic organ, the front
of which forms a sort of reredos to an Altar, an arrangement certainly
not to be commended. 1875.

AMIENS.
THE CATHEDRAL.—The Great Organ, which stands in a gallery at
the west end of the Church, is one of the oldest in France. It is simple
in design, consisting of three flat towers, with flats between them. The
case is painted blue, and much gilded. It has a Choir Organ in front,
which is an addition, and rather Belgian in style. It is a good-sized
instrument, but does not look large enough for so spacious a Church.
In the north aisle of the Choir is an Accompaniment Organ, in a
common case, with no pipes; air-holes are cut in the wood-work, some
of which show through the backs of the Stalls, from which it is played.
The tone of the Great Organ flue stops is coarse, but that of the reeds
good, and on the whole the instrument is very suitable for the large
Cathedral in which it stands. The quality of the Accompaniment Organ
is very fair. In 1868 I heard them both played at Mass. The players
were good, especially the organist of the large instrument. 1868,
1875.
ST. ——.—In a Church, the name of which I omitted to note, was
an organ, the front of which consisted of a painting of an organ front
(scene-painter’s work). It looked dirty, as if it had been up for some
time. I suppose they were either short of funds to carry out the design,
or there was some yet unsettled dispute pending; such things happen
nearer home than Amiens. 1868.
 BAYEUX.
THE CATHEDRAL.—The large organ stands at the west end of the
Church, with its Choir in front. It stands in a gallery, supported by a
stone arch thrown across the nave. The great case consists of a large
central tower with five pipes, surmounted by an urn, on each side of
which is a flat of seven pipes, then a small tower, containing one pipe
only; again a flat of seven pipes, and at each end of the case is a
tower containing three pipes, which are supported by figures. The
Choir Organ consists of a small tower of five pipes in the centre, with a
flat on each side, and beyond them a taller tower of three pipes. The
tone is full, but wanting in sweetness, and is deficient in bass. Under
the arch, on the north side of the Choir, next the centre tower, is an
Accompaniment Organ, in a very handsome case with three towers,
and of fair quality in tone. About this district, most of the organs stand
on an arch, thrown across the west end of the nave. 1866.

BEAUVAIS.
THE CATHEDRAL.—The Great Organ stands in an exceptional
position, at the south end of the east aisle of the south transept,
standing as forward as the first column of the transept, leaving space
between it and the end of the transept, for bellows, &c. Although one of
the largest organs in France, the case is plain and simple, consisting
merely of three towers of five pipes each, the smallest in the centre,
with flats between, and a Choir Organ in front, consisting of a long flat,
with two circular towers. Above the Great Organ case, stands some
old painted screen-work. As far as the case is concerned, the organ is
not worthy of the lofty Cathedral in which it stands. I did not hear this
organ, so cannot judge of its tone. In the Choir is a modern Gothic
organ, with three gabled flats, and in the north transept is a
harmonium. 1875.
ST. ETIENNE has, at the west end, a good-sized organ of dark
oak, standing in a gallery, supported by two square oak pillars. The
Great Organ case consists of three towers, with five pipes each. The
largest, which are at each end, are supported by angels, and crowned
with vases, and the centre tower is surmounted by an angel. The flats
between the towers are each divided in half by a pilaster. The Choir
Organ, also in dark oak, has three towers, the least in the centre. In
the spaces between the Great Organ case and the sides of the nave,
are wooden arches filled in with lattice-work, behind which is placed a
quantity of pipe-work, so that the organ is really larger than it appears
B
to be at first sight. 1875.

B
In the Museum at Beauvais are two curious
organ pipes, with raised mouldings and painted
decorations, which I believe are some of the
original pipes of the old organ at Gonesse.