KADUNA STATE UNIVERSITY

KAFANCHAN CAMPUS
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE
DERERTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
COURSE CODE: ARC 212
COURSE TITLE: BUILDING COMPONENT AND METHOD II
PRESENTATION TOPIC: MULTI-STOEREY BUILDING

MEMBERS
KASU/20/ARC/1068
KASU/20/ARC/1061
KASU/20/ARC/1062
KASU/20/ARC/1070
KASU/20/ARC/1077
KASU/20/ARC/1074
KASU/18/ARC/1016
KASU/20/ARC/1066
KASU/19/ARC/1111
KASU/22/ARC/2005
KASU/19/ARC/1072
KASU/20/ARC/1071
KASU/20/ARC/1069
KASU/19/ARC/1093
KASU/20/ARC/1063
KASU/20/ARC/1065
KASU/19/ARC/1081

SUBMITTED TO: ARC. ZAKARI M SALEH

DEFINATION
A multi-storey building is a term deemed to explain a building that has multiple/ floors storeys above the

ground and typically contains vertical circulation in the form of ramps, stairs and lifts.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Depending on the height, multi-storey buildings may have particular considerations and requirements in
relation to:

1. Comfort and convenience:

This is can be the basic requirements of the planning of a building. The following points should be kept
in mind to achieve these requirements:

•A multi-storey building should be provided with enough light during day or night with an effect of glare.

•Due weightage should be given be to living, working and health conditions of the occupants of the
building.

•Grouping of the rooms should be so planned as to ensure better circulation proper utilization of space
and maximum efficiency in a building,

2. Dimensional stability:
The changes in the dimensions of materials structures are by following caused:

•Due to Elastic and plastic deformation or creep (long time applied loads).

•Expansion and contraction due to temperature variation or moisture content) in the atmosphere,
which results into cracking of the buildings.

•Certain Chemical reactions between moisture air and building materials.

Flowing are the measures to prevent dimensional changes:

•The effect of elastic deformation is taken care by considering effective modulus of elasticity in design.

• The effect of plastic deformation is taken into account by considering proper ad factor against failure
in design.

•Avoid using the materials which are deformed due to moisture or temperature changes.

• Provide unnecessary restraint to shrinkage or expansion of the material.

•Try to use the materials which have a large extensibility, means les tensile stress than its tensile
strength to avoid cracking.

3. Durability:
Period of time up to which the building remains habitable n called its durability. The durability of a
building depends upon the following factors:

•Degree of maintenance

•Method of construction adopted;

•Types of materials used in buildings.

• Exposure conditions to weathering which is determined by the climate,

• Effect of frost action on exposed building materials

•Crystallization of salts by groundwater movements

• Effect of sunlight on paints, plastics, glass, asphalt, rubber, etc.

To increase and maintain the durability, of a building following steps should be taken:

4. Fire Protection:

To protect the building against fire, composite and non-combustible materials should be used in the
construction of walls, columns, beams. Etc. Also, standards of fire safety or fire extinguishers as specified
in the building code should be provided with sufficient and quick-fire ext. The chances of a fire can be
reduced through adequate planning of buildings in horizontal and vertical directions.

5. Heat or thermal Insulation:

Properly insulated building cuts down the cunt of electric burring in summer as well as in winter. To
achieve heat insulation requirements for different types of buildings, one or more of the following
means should be adopted:

•Exterior walls should be thicker which imparts strength to the building and also provide insulation
against heat and cold.

• The best insulating material is used to construct cavity walls as external walls, which can prevent the
heat and cold to follow the space between the walls.

•In the construction of walls, roofs, floors etc. to fill air spaces in construction materials, heat insulating
materials like slag wool, light weight concrete, mock wool, quilts, foamed slag aggregates should be
used.

•Top terrace of the building should be insulated against heat economically by using special flooring
method.

6. Light and ventilation:

In every building position, the number and sizes of doors and windows should be in such a way that
sufficient day height is free from glare from the right direction.
Sufficient daylight should reach each and every room of the building, to create a pleasing environment
to work and to live in. The design should also keep in mind the lighting requirements with hem
insulation of the building.

Ventilation in a building means the free passage of clean air in Ventilation is essential in every building
because of the following reasons:

•If the room is not properly ventilated, there will be excessive quantity of carbon dioxide in the air. The
more carbon dioxide cause difficulty in breathing. It is observed that breathing is difficult when the
amount of carbon dioxide by volume is about fi per cent and a man loser consciousness when it reached
about 10 % or so. For comfortable in breathing and working, the carbon dioxide content should be less
than about 0.6% by volume.

•The ventilation is required to control dust and other impurities in the air Thus to the main cause of
proper ventilation in the industrial buildings.

•The ventilation is also required to suppress odours, smoke, and concentration of bacteria.

•For removal of body heat liberated or generated by the occupants, the ventilation à necessary.

•In order to prevent the formation of conditions leading to suffocation in conference rooms, committee
halls, cinema halls, big rooms, etc. The proper ventilation of such premises must be made

7. Moisture or damp prevention:

One of the basic requirements in the case of all the buildings is that the structure should remain dry as
far as possible. The presence of moisture in any building deteriorates the strength of materials and
results in a reduction in the durability of failure of the structure. In order to prevent the entry of
dampness into a building, damp proof courses are provided at various levels.

8. Security against burglary:

Enough strong external walls make building safer. Also, window openings should be protected with M.S.
Grill or concrete fail or by any other means. In important buildings where high security is required,
automatic alarm systems are also provided.

9. Sound Insulation:
It is necessary to give attention to the sound insulation of buildings because of various factors such as an
increase in population, change in habits of the community, increase in noise pollution, improvement in
building construction practices, etc.

Sound insulation reduces the sound passing through it. Generally, hard materials are used for sound-
insulating material construction.

Following methods are used for sound insulation in the building:

•Construction of cavity walls, provision of air tight windows, think external walls with hard reflecting
surface, hollow floors over structural floors, with suspended ceilings, etc. improve sound insulation in
the building

• Construction of inner will using the non-homogeneous structure, hollow walls, insulating materials,
use of sound absorbent materials like fiber boards, mineral wool, air tight doors, etc. reduces sound
transmissions through wall partitions.

•Construction of floors using sound insulating materials, massive and rigid floors construction, insulated
and suspended ceilings etc. reduces the sound

•using sound insulating materials like cork slabs, bitumen, asbestos, compressed straw slabs, fiber
boards, mineral wool etc.

•To achieve acceptable noise level in a building it should be planned against indoor and outdoor noises
laid down by the standards or as per the sing regulations.

10. Strength and stability:

The structure should be stable to resist all the loads like dead loads, live loads, and wind loads along
with all compressive and tensile stresses coming over it. The stresses for the materials should be
modified by considering plastic deformations and the effects of moisture and thermal changes. To
achieve strength and stability of the building. Proper load factor should be applied while designing the
structure.

11. Termite Control:

The termites are popularly known as white ants as they are in one way related to the ants. The front pair
of the ants are longer than their hind pairs while in termites both the pairs are equal. There are over
2300 species of termites but only about 4% of the termite species are responsible for the damage of the
buildings.

The termites live in a colony and they are very fast in eating wood and other cellulosic materials and
food. The cellulose forms their basic nutrient. They may also damage household properties like
furniture, furnishings, clothing, stationery, plastic, leather, rubber, etc.

The termites are a nuisance and also affect the structural safety and durability of the building. Once the
termites enter the building, it becomes very difficult to get rid of the theme. The removal of termites
from a building is not an easy task.

TYPES OF MULTI-STOREY BUILDING

1. Residential buildings

2 office buildings

3. Commercial buildings

4. Educational institutions
5. Healthcare facilities hospital buildings etc.

THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT/ COMPONENT OF MULTI-STOREY BUILDING

Structural elements of multistory building are: - foundation, tie beam, floor slab, wall column, beam,
roof slab, lintels and air ventilation (door and window openings).

-Foundation: The foundation is the base of the building that transfers the weight of the structure to
the ground. It is usually made of concrete and is designed to distribute the load and prevent settling or
shifting.

-Column and Beams: Columns are vertical structural elements that support the weight of the floors
and transfer it to the foundation. Beams on the other hand, are horizontal components that connect the
columns and distribute the load from above. They help in creating a frame or skeleton for the building.

-Slab: Slabs are flat, horizontal elements that form the floors, ceilings, and roofs of each level. They can
be made of reinforced concrete, steel, or other materials. Slabs provide a solid and stable surface for
people to walk on and support the weight of the building and its’ contents.

-Walls: Walls provide separation between different spaces within the building and contribute it its
overall stability. They can be load-bearing, carrying the weight of the floors, or non-load-bearing, serving
as partitions between rooms.

-Staircase and Elevators: staircases and elevators are vertical circulations elements that allow people
to move between different levels of the building. Staircases can be made of concrete, metal, or other
materials while elevators use mechanical systems to transport passengers/ occupants.

-Façade: the façade refers the exterior of the building. It only provides an aesthetic appearance but also
protects the building from weather conditions. Facades can be made of various materials such as glass,
concrete, bricks, or metal.

-Roofing systems: the roofing systems is the uppermost part of the building, protecting it from rain,
snow, and other environmental elements it can be sloping or flat roof, and materials such as tiles,
metals, or asphalt are commonly used. The design and combination of the elements ensures the
stability, functionality, and safety of the structure.
THE CONSTRUCTION
The construction of multi-stroyed building is dependent on available materials, the level of
construction technology and the availability of services such as elevators necessary for the use
in the building. 90% of the new multi-storeyed buildings in London are built of steel-composite
framed construction. Buildings in the 100-storeys range are invariably erected with steel or
steel-concrete composites in the west. A look at the world- class high-rise steel-framed
buildings constructed in various parts of world shown below.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MULTI-STOERY BUILDING

Classifications of multi-storey buildings include:

•Low-rise: a building which is not tall enough to be classified as high-rise.

•Mid-rise: buildings of five to ten storeys, equipped with lifts.

•High-rise: more than 7 to 10 storeys.

•Skyscraper: 40 storeys or more.

•Super tall: exceeding 300 m.

•Mega tall: exceeding 600 m.

STRUCTURAL TYPES
The basic types of multi-storey structure (which may be used in combination) include:

Framed structure
Network of columns and connecting beams form the structural 'skeleton' of the building and carry loads
to the foundations.

Propped structure

Uses a cantilever slab or platform as the seating for columns. It utilises an internal core and external
propped columns.

Suspended structure

Has an internal core and horizontal floors which are supported by high-strength steel cables hung from
cross beams at the top.

Cantilever structure

Has an internal core from which beams and floors cantilever. This removes the necessity for columns.

Braced structure
Bracing is used to give stability so that columns can be designed as pure compression members. The
beams and columns that form the frame carry vertical loads, and the bracing system carries the lateral
loads. Braced frames reduce lateral displacement, as well as the bending moment in columns, they are
economical, easily erected and have the design flexibility to create the strength and stiffness required.

For more information, see Braced frame structures.

Shear wall structure

Composed of stiff braced (or shear) panels which counter the effects of lateral and wind pressures. The
pressures are transmitted to the shear walls by the floors.

For more information, see Shear wall.

Core structure
Utilises a stiff structural core which houses lifts, stairs, and so on. Wind and lateral pressures are
transmitted to the core by the floors.

For more information, see Shell and core.

Hull core structure

Also known as ‘tube-in-tube’ and consists of a core tube inside the structure which holds services such
as utilities and lifts, as well as a tube system on the exterior. The inner and outer tubes interact
horizontally as the shear and flexural components of a wall-frame.
Braced frame structures

What is a braced frame structure?

A braced frame is a very strong structural system that is commonly used in structures subject to lateral
loads such as wind and seismic pressure. The members in a braced frame are generally made of
structural steel, which can work effectively both in tension and compression. The beams and columns
that form the frame carry vertical loads, and the bracing system carries the lateral loads. The positioning
of braces, however, can be problematic as they can interfere with the design of the façade and the
positioning of openings. Buildings adopting high-tech or post-modernist styles have responded to this by
expressing the bracing as an internal or external architectural feature.

Vertical and horizontal bracing systems

The resistance to horizontal forces is provided by two bracing systems; vertical and horizontal bracing:

Vertical bracing
Bracing between column lines (in vertical planes) provides load paths for the transference of horizontal
forces to ground level. Framed buildings require at least three planes of vertical bracing to brace both
directions in plan and to resist torsion about a vertical axis.

Horizontal bracing
Bracing at each floor (in horizontal planes) provides load paths for the transference of horizontal forces
to the planes of vertical bracing. Horizontal bracing is needed at each floor level, however, the floor
system itself may provide sufficient resistance. Roofs may also require bracing.

Types of bracing
Some of the more common forms of bracing are listed below.

Single diagonals

Cross- bracing

Cross-bracing (or X-bracing) uses two diagonal members crossing each other. These only need to be
resistant to tension, one brace at a time acting to resist sideways forces, depending on the direction of
loading. As a result, steel cables can also be used for cross-bracing. However, cross bracing on the
outside face of a building can interfere with the positioning and functioning of window openings. It also
results in greater bending in floor beams.
K-Bracing

K-braces connect to the columns at mid-height. This frame has more flexibility for the provision of
openings in the facade and results in the least bending in floor beams. K-bracing is generally discouraged
in seismic regions because of the potential for column failure if the compression brace buckles.

Two diagonal braces

Two diagonal members forming a V-shape extend downwards from the top two corners of a horizontal
member and meet at a center point on the lower horizontal member (left-hand diagram). Inverted V-
bracing (right-hand diagram, also known as chevron bracing) involves the two members meeting at a
centre point on the upper horizontal member.

Both systems can significantly reduce the buckling capacity of the compression brace so that it is less
than the tension yield capacity of the tension brace. This can mean that when the braces reach their
resistance capacity, the load must instead be resisted in the bending of the horizontal member.

Centric bracing is commonly used in seismic regions. It is similar to V-bracing, but bracing members do
not meet at the centre point. This means there is a space between them at the top connection. Bracing
members connect to separate points on the horizontal beams. This is so the 'link' between the bracing
members absorbs energy from seismic activity through plastic deformation. Eccentric single diagonals
can also be used to brace a frame.

Shear wall
A shear wall is a structural panel that can resist lateral forces acting on it.

Lateral forces are those that are parallel to the plane of the wall, and are typically wind and seismic
loads. In simple terms, lateral forces could push over parallel structural panels of a building were it not
for perpendicular shear walls keeping them upright.

When a structural member experiences failure by shear, two parts of it are pushed in different
directions, for example, when a piece of paper is cut by scissors.

Shear walls are particularly important in large, or high-rise buildings, or buildings in areas of high wind
and seismic activity.

Shear walls are typically constructed from materials such as concrete or masonry. Shear forces can also
be resisted by steel braced frames which can be very effective at resolving lateral forces but may be
more expensive.

Shear walls can be positioned at the perimeter of buildings or they may form a shear core – a structure
of shear walls in the centre of a building, typically encasing a lift shaft or stairwell.

Lateral pressures tend to create a rotational force on the shear wall which, due to the shear wall acting
as one member, produces a compression force at one corner and a tension force at another. When the
lateral force is applied from the opposite direction, this ‘couple’ is reversed, meaning that both sides of
the shear wall need to be capable of resolving both types of forces.