Unit IV

Unit-IV
A. Air Pollution Control

Air pollution control mechanism
• Natural self- Cleansing properties of the
Environment:
– Dispersion
– Gravitational setting with or without flocculation of
particles
– Absorption including washout and scavenging
– Rainout and
– adsorption
Controlling Air Pollution from
Stationary Sources by installing
Engineering Devices
• Replacement of burning fuel by electricity or
solar energy
• Use of better quality of fuels and efficient
engines (LPG-Liquid Petroleum Gas and LNG-
Liquefied Natural Gas)
• Replacement of old obsolete processes
• Mechanical Devices
Control of particulate Pollutants in
industries
• Gravitational Settling Chambers
• Centrifugal Collector- Cyclone collectors and
dynamic precipitators
• Wet Scrubbers (Collectors)- spray towers, wet
cyclone scrubbers and venturi-scrubbers
• Electrostatic Precipitators
• Fabric filters
Gravitational Settling Chambers
• To remove large, abrasive particles from gas
streams
• Require simple maintenance
• The particulate matter is settled by its own weight
by lowering the flue gas velocity.
• It essentially consists of a chamber in which the
velocity of the carrier gas is decreased so that
particles in the gas settle down by gravity.
• Velocity of a gas is reduced by expanding the
ducting into a chamber of a suitable dimension so
that a low gas velocity is obtained. Its efficiency can
be increased by providing plates or baffles
CYCLONE SEPARATOR
• Used for the separation of solids from fluids
• Separation based both on particle size and particle
density
• It uses centrifugal force to effect the separation
• It consists essentially a short vertical cylinder
closed at the top and by a conical bottom. The air
with its load of solid introduced tangentially at the
top, solids particles drop into the hopper and
outlet air pass through the top central portion.
• Widely used for the collecting of wood chips
,heavy and coarse dusts
Advantages and Limitations
• Best at removing relatively coarse particulates
• Achieve 90% of efficiencies for particles larger
than about 20 micrometers.
• They are typically used as pre-cleaners and are
followed by more efficient air-cleaning
equipment such as electrostatic precipitators
and baghouses
FABRIC FILTERS OR BAGHOUSES
• Fabric collectors use filtration to separate dust particulates
from dusty gases.
• The most efficient and cost effective types of dust collectors
available and can achieve a collection efficiency of more than
99% for very fine particulates.
• Dust-laden gases enter the bag house and pass through fabric
bags that act as filters. The bags can be of woven or felted
cotton, synthetic, or glass-fiber material in either a tube or
envelope shape.
• Their advantages include retention of finest particles,
collection of particulates in dry form and low pressure drop
• A fabric-filter dust collector can remove very nearly 100
percent of particles as small as 1 μm and a significant fraction
of particles as small as 0.01 μm.
Scrubbers
Spray-tower scrubbers can remove 90 % of particulates larger than

about 8μm.
Electrostatic precipitators
• Give electric charge to particulate
• Remove particulates by electric field
• 1,00,000 Volts DC current is used for charging
particles
• can remove particulates as small as 1 μm with
an efficiency exceeding 99 percent.
• The effectiveness of electrostatic precipitators in
removing fly ash from the combustion gases of
fossil-fuel furnaces accounts for their high
frequency of use at power stations.
Control of Gaseous Matter
• Absorption
• Adsorption
• Incenration
ABSORPTION
• It includes transfer of a gaseous pollutant from the air
into a contacting liquid, such as water.
• The liquid must be able either to serve as a solvent for
the pollutant or to capture it by means of a chemical
reaction.
• Wet scrubbers similar to those described above for
controlling suspended particulates may be used for gas
absorption.
• Gas absorption can also be carried out in packed
scrubbers, or towers, in which the liquid is present on a
wetted surface rather than as droplets suspended in
the air
ADSORPTION
• When a gas or vapor is brought into contact with a solid, part of
it is taken up by the solid. The molecules that disappear from the
gas either enter the inside of the solid, or remain on the outside
attached to the surface. The former phenomenon is termed
absorption (or dissolution) and the latter adsorption.
• The most common industrial adsorbents are activated carbon,
silica gel, and alumina, because they have enormous surface
areas per unit weight.
• Activated carbon is the universal standard for purification and
removal of trace organic contaminants from liquid and vapor
streams.
• Carbon adsorption systems are either regenerative or non-
regenerative.
- Regenerative system usually contains more than one
carbon bed. As one bed actively removes pollutants, another bed is
being regenerated for future use.
• Non-regenerative systems have thinner beds
of activated carbon. In a non-regenerative
adsorber, the spent carbon is disposed of
when it becomes saturated with the pollutant.

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Unit-IV

A. Air Pollution Control

Spray-tower scrubbers can remove 90 % of particulates larger than

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