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Fifth Edition
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
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DOI: 10.1201/9781003207184
Typeset in Minion
by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
Preface xxxiii
Acknowledgements xxxv
Disclaimer xxxvii
List of Contributors xxxix
Eponymous Microvignette xli
v
Differential Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen 7
Key points 7
Differential diagnosis of epigastric pain 7
Differential diagnosis of right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain 11
Differential diagnosis of LUQ pain 11
Differential diagnosis of umbilical pain 12
Differential diagnosis of right/left flank pain 12
Differential diagnosis of diffuse abdominal pain 12
Differential diagnosis of right iliac fossa (RIF) pain 12
Differential diagnosis of left iliac fossa (LIF) pain 14
Differential diagnosis of suprapubic pain 14
Surgical Incisions/Scars 16
Drains 17
Key points 17
Complications 17
Types of drains 18
Medications in Surgery 21
Pre-operative drug alterations 21
Patients on warfarin 21
Reversing warfarin 22
vi Contents
Chapter 2 HERNIAS 31
General Principles 33
Definition 33
Incidence (relative) 33
Uncommon hernia types 33
General pathology 34
Inguinal Hernia 34
Epidemiology 34
Types of inguinal hernia 35
Surgical anatomy 36
Clinical presentation 37
Differential diagnosis 37
Investigations 37
Management 37
Complications of inguinal hernia repair 38
Femoral Hernia 38
Epidemiology 38
Surgical anatomy 39
Clinical features 39
Differential diagnosis 39
Management 39
Umbilical Hernia 40
Aetiology 40
Types of umbilical hernia 40
Management 40
Incisional Hernia 40
Aetiology 40
Clinical presentation 41
Management 41
Spigelian Hernia 41
Key points 41
Obturator Hernia 42
Key points 42
Contents vii
Pathophysiology 45
Clinical features 45
Investigations 45
Management 46
Complications 46
Barrett’s Oesophagus 46
Definition 46
Aetiology 47
Management 47
Hiatus Hernia 47
Definition 47
Key facts 48
Investigations 48
Management 49
Complications of hiatus hernia 49
Peptic Ulcer Disease 50
Definition 50
Key facts 50
Aetiology 50
Clinical features 50
Investigations 51
Management 51
Complications 51
Managing complications of peptic ulcer disease 52
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding 53
Definition 53
Key facts 53
Clinical presentation 53
Physical exam 53
Investigations 54
Management of unstable upper GI bleed 54
Rockall score 55
Dysphagia and Odynophagia 55
Definition 55
Causes of dysphagia 55
Causes of odynophagia 56
Oesophageal Motility Disorders 57
Primary 57
Secondary 57
Achalasia 57
Definition 57
Key facts 58
viii Contents
Epidemiology 58
Pathogenesis and aetiology 58
Investigations 58
Complications 59
Management 59
Diffuse Oesophageal Spasm 59
Presentation 59
Investigations 59
Management 59
Chagas Disease 59
Definition 59
Key facts 59
Scleroderma and Oesophageal Dysmotility 60
Key points 60
Oesophageal Cancer 60
Key facts 60
Adenocarcinoma 60
SCC 60
Clinical features 61
Investigations 61
Management 62
Gastric Cancer 63
Key facts 63
Classification and aetiology 63
Pathophysiology 63
Risk factors for adenocarcinoma 64
Investigations 64
Management 64
Partial/total gastrectomy complications 65
Prognosis 66
Consent for Oesophago-Gastro-Duodenoscopy 66
Explain to patient what the procedure involves 66
Intravenous sedation used 67
Preparation for the OGD 67
Risks associated with OGD 67
Contents ix
Investigations 73
Management 75
Prognosis 76
Gallstone Disease 76
Key facts 76
Aetiology 76
Pathophysiology of gallstones 76
Asymptomatic Gallstones 78
Key points 78
Biliary Colic 78
Pathogenesis 78
Clinical features 78
Investigations 79
Management 79
Acute Cholecystitis 79
Definition 79
Pathophysiology 80
Clinical presentation 80
Investigations 80
Management 80
Gallbladder Empyema 81
Definition 81
Presentation 81
Investigations 81
Management 82
Gangrene of the Gallbladder 82
Presentation 82
Diagnosis 82
Management 82
Perforated Gallbladder 82
Clinical presentation 82
Investigations 83
Management 83
Chronic Cholecystitis 83
Presentation 83
Investigations 83
Management 83
Complications 83
Mucocoele 83
Aetiology 83
x Contents
Presentation 84
Management 84
Gallstone Ileus 84
Aetiology 84
Clinical presentation 84
Diagnosis 84
Treatment 84
Obstructive Jaundice 84
Pathophysiology 84
Clinical presentation 85
Diagnosis 85
Management 85
Ascending Cholangitis 85
Definition 85
Aetiology 85
Pathophysiology 85
Clinical presentation 86
Investigations 86
Treatment 86
Prognosis 87
Acute Pancreatitis 87
Definition 87
Key facts 87
Aetiology 87
Pathophysiology 88
Clinical presentation 88
Differential diagnosis 88
Investigations 89
Risk scoring 89
Complications 90
Management 91
Prognosis 92
Chronic Pancreatitis 92
Definition 92
Key facts 92
Aetiology 92
Pathophysiology 93
Differential diagnosis 93
Investigations 93
Management 94
Prognosis 95
Pancreatic Cancer 95
Key points 95
Contents xi
Aetiology 95
Pathophysiology 95
Differential diagnosis 96
Investigations 96
Management 96
Prognosis 97
xii Contents
Staging 109
Pathological staging 110
Management 110
Potentially curative treatment 110
Surgical options based on tumour location 110
Chemotherapy 110
Palliative treatment 111
Follow-up 111
Bowel Obstruction 111
Definition 111
Classification 111
Obstruction can be complicated or uncomplicated 111
Clinical presentation 112
Aetiology 112
Other causes of bowel obstruction 113
Investigations 113
Management 114
Specific management 114
Perianal Disorders 114
Key anatomical facts 114
Haemorrhoids 115
Definition 115
Aetiology 115
Four degrees of haemorrhoids 115
Complications 115
Investigations 116
Management 116
Anal Fissure 117
Definition 117
Aetiology 117
Types of anal fissure 117
Clinical features 117
Examination 117
Acute anal fissure 117
Chronic fissure 118
Management 118
Anorectal Abscess 118
Definition 118
Classification 118
Clinical features 118
Investigations 119
Management 119
Contents xiii
Anal Fistula 119
Definition 119
Key facts 119
Aetiology 119
Clinical features 119
Investigations: examination 119
Clinical assessment 119
Types of anal fistula (Parks’ classification) 120
Management 121
Surgical management options 121
Pilonidal Sinus and Abscess 121
Definition 121
Aetiology 121
Pathogenesis 121
Clinical features 122
Examination 122
Investigations 122
Management 122
Acute 122
Definitive 122
Anal Cancer 123
Risk factors 123
Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) 123
Anatomy of the anal canal defining the types of tumours 123
Lymphatic drainage 123
Types of anal canal tumours 123
Clinical features 123
Investigations 124
Management 124
Treatment 124
Stomas 124
Definition 124
Loop Ileostomy 124
Clinical features 124
Clinical relevance 125
Associated Colorectal Surgery 125
End Ileostomy 126
Clinical features 126
Associated colorectal surgery 126
End Colostomy 127
Clinical features 127
Associated colorectal surgeries 127
xiv Contents
Loop Colostomy 128
Key points 128
Defunctioning Stoma 128
Stoma Complications 128
Stoma Stenosis 129
Definition 129
Aetiology 129
Clinical presentation 129
Management 129
Stoma Retraction 129
Definition 129
Aetiology 129
Clinical features 129
Management 130
Necrosis 130
Aetiology 130
Clinical features 130
Management 130
Parastomal Hernia 130
Definition 130
Aetiology 130
High-Output Stoma 131
Definition 131
Aetiology 131
Complications 131
Management 132
Skin Complications 132
Key facts 132
Aetiology 132
Management 132
Contents xv
Extraintestinal manifestations of CD and UC 140
Investigations 140
Management 141
Surgical Management of UC 142
Types of surgery for UC 143
Surgical Management of CD 143
Pre-operative preparation 144
xvi Contents
Complications 158
Diagnosis and investigations 158
Trendelenburg test 159
Management 159
Complications of surgery 159
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) 160
Definition 160
Aetiology 160
Risk factors 160
Clinical features 160
Investigations 161
Prophylaxis 161
Management 161
Thrombolysis 161
Carotid Artery Disease 162
Definitions 162
Clinical features of symptomatic carotid artery disease 162
Investigations 162
Management 162
Carotid endarterectomy 163
Leg Ulcers 163
Definition 163
Causes 165
The Diabetic Foot 165
Features of the diabetic foot 165
Aetiology 166
Risk factors 166
Clinical features 166
Investigations 166
Management 166
Neuropathic ulcers 167
Contents xvii
Triple assessment 173
Surgical management 175
Medical management 177
Thyroidectomy 189
Thyrotoxicosis 189
Definition 189
Investigation of thyrotoxicosis 190
General management of thyrotoxicosis 191
Definitive management of thyrotoxicosis 191
xviii Contents
Papillary Thyroid Cancer 194
Pathological features 194
Metastatic activity 194
Prognostic factors 194
Follicular Thyroid Cancer 195
Pathological features 195
Metastatic activity 195
Medullary Thyroid Cancer 195
Definition 195
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer 196
Definition 196
Aetiology 196
Treatment 196
Investigations 196
Treatment 196
Primary Hyperparathyroidism 197
Aetiology 197
Diagnosis 197
Treatment 198
Presentation 198
Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism 199
Phaeochromocytoma 199
Definition 199
Aetiology 199
Presentation 200
Investigations 200
Treatment 200
Cortisol Excess and Cushing’s Disease 200
Causes 201
Investigations 201
Treatment 201
Post-operative management 201
Conn’s Syndrome (Primary Hyperaldosteronism) 202
Definition 202
Investigations 202
Treatment 203
Contents xix
JJ ureteric stent 209
Urostomy or ileal conduit 210
Acute Urinary Retention (AUR) 211
Epidemiology 211
Aetiology 211
Clinical presentation 211
Investigations 212
Treatment 212
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 213
Definition 213
Key facts 213
Clinical presentation 213
Investigations 214
Treatment 214
Complications of surgery 215
Urinary Tract Stones 215
Aetiology 215
Clinical presentation 216
Investigations 217
Complications of urolithiasis 217
Management of acute episode 217
Surgical 218
Emergency 218
Renal Cell Carcinoma 219
Epidemiology 219
Aetiology 219
Clinical presentation 219
Symptoms 219
Signs 219
Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with RCC 219
Investigations 220
Treatment 221
Bladder Cancer 221
Epidemiology 221
Aetiology 221
Clinical presentation 222
Investigations 222
Treatment 223
Prognosis 223
Prostate Cancer 223
Epidemiology 223
Aetiology 223
Clinical presentation 224
xx Contents
Investigations 224
Histology grading 224
Treatment 224
Testicular Tumours 225
Epidemiology 225
Aetiology 225
Clinical presentation 226
Investigations 226
Treatment 226
Prognosis 227
Acute Testicular Pain 227
Differential diagnosis 227
Testicular Torsion 227
Epidemiology 227
Clinical presentation 227
Management 227
Torsion of the Appendix Testis/Hydatid of Morgagni 228
Aetiology 228
Clinical presentation 228
Management 228
Acute Epididymo-Orchitis 228
Definition 228
Aetiology 228
Clinical presentation 229
Investigations 229
Management 229
Renal Transplant 229
Key facts 229
Aetiology 229
Contraindications to renal transplant 229
Pre-transplant workup 230
During heterotopic transplant 230
Maintenance immunosuppressive therapy 230
Complications of renal transplant 231
Signs of acute rejection 231
xxii Contents
Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax 243
Aetiology 243
Notes on thoracic surgery 243
Chest Tube Insertion 243
Definition 243
Key facts 244
Chest tube insertion technique 244
Confirmation of tube placement 244
Contents xxiii
Basal Cell Carcinoma versus Squamous Cell Carcinoma 268
Burns 270
Aetiology 270
Emergency burn care 270
Severity of burn injury depends on multiple factors 270
Assessing depth of the burn 270
Burn resuscitation 271
Management 272
Complications 273
xxiv Contents
Complications 285
Kanavel’s cardinal signs 285
Management 285
Trigger Finger (Stenosing Flexor Tenosynovitis) 286
Key points 286
Management 286
Complications from surgery 286
Contents xxv
Scaphoid Fracture 300
Key facts 300
Lower Limb Injuries 301
Hip Fracture 301
Key facts 301
Presentation 301
Complications 302
Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis (SUFE) 303
Key facts 303
Clinical presentation 303
X-ray features 303
Management 304
Ankle Fractures 304
Key facts 304
Clinical presentation 304
Classifications 304
Maisonneuve fracture 306
Complications of ankle fractures 306
Tibial Fracture 307
Key facts 307
Treatment 307
Open Fractures 307
Definition 307
Key points 308
Management 308
Compartment Syndrome in Orthopeadics 308
Key facts 308
Clinical features 309
Symptoms 309
Signs 309
Treatment 309
Pelvic Fractures 309
Key facts 309
Types 310
Initial management 310
Complications 310
Septic Arthritis 311
Key facts 311
Investigations 311
Treatment 311
Back Pain 312
Key facts 312
xxvi Contents
Cauda Equina Syndrome 312
Definition 312
Clinical presentation 312
Diagnosis 312
Treatment 312
Sciatica 313
Defintion 313
Clinical presentation 313
Investigations 313
Management 313
Osteoarthritis 313
Key facts 313
Clinical presentation 314
Investigations 314
Characteristics of osteoarthritis on radiographs 314
Management 314
Total hip arthroplasty (THA) 314
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) 315
Contents xxvii
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (SAH) 328
Definition 328
Investigations (non-traumatic) 328
Management of aneurysmal SAH 329
Spinal Injury 329
General principles 329
General anatomy pointers 330
Assessment of injuries to vertebral column 330
Clinical examination 330
Spinal Cord Injury 332
Spinal cord syndromes 332
Initial management of spinal injuries 334
Brain Tumours 334
Key facts 334
Clinical presentation 335
Clinical presentation of supratentorial tumours 335
Clinical presentation of infratentorial tumours (posterior fossa tumours) 335
Pathogenesis 337
Investigations 337
Pathophysiology 337
Management 338
xxviii Contents
Pinna (Auricular) Haematoma 348
Key facts 348
Clinical presentation 349
Management 349
Contents xxix
Cholesteatoma 353
Definition 353
Key facts 353
Classification 353
Aetiology 353
Clinical presentation 353
Symptoms 353
Signs 353
Investigations 354
Management 354
Acoustic Neuroma 355
Definition 355
Key facts 355
Clinical presentation 355
Investigations 355
Management 356
Rhinology 356
Epistaxis 356
Local causes 356
Systemic causes 356
Clinical presentation 356
Symptoms 356
Signs 356
Blood vessels involved 356
Investigations 357
Management 357
Allergic Rhinitis 357
Definition 357
Key facts 357
Typical allergens 357
Clinical presentation 358
Symptoms 358
Signs 358
Investigations 358
Management 358
Nasal Polyps 358
Key facts 358
Clinical presentation 358
Symptoms 358
Signs 358
Investigations 359
Management 359
xxx Contents
Sinusitis 359
Key facts 359
Local causes 359
Acute Rhinosinusitis 359
Definition 359
Key facts 359
Clinical presentation 360
Symptoms 360
Signs 360
Investigations 360
Management 360
Chronic Rhinosinusitis 360
Definition 360
Key facts 360
Clinical presentation 360
Symptoms 360
Signs 360
Investigations 361
Management 361
Complications of sinusitis 361
Head and Neck Anatomy 361
Oral cavity subsites 361
Larynx (voice box) 362
Pharynx 362
Risk factors 362
Aetiological factors 363
Human Papilloma Virus 363
Key facts 363
Investigations 364
Nutritional status 364
Airway concerns 364
Speech rehabilitation 364
Staging 364
Management 365
Laryngeal Cancer 365
Function of the larynx 365
Histological subtypes 365
Management 366
Surgical options 366
Oral Cancer 366
Histological subtypes 366
Treatment 367
Contents xxxi
Oropharyngeal Cancer 367
Key facts 367
Management 367
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) 368
Definition 368
Key facts 368
Clinical presentation 368
Staging 368
Investigation 368
Management 368
Surgical Procedures 368
Tonsillectomy 368
Indications 368
Complications 369
Management of tonsillectomy bleed 369
Ventilation (Tympanostomy) Tubes 369
Definition 369
Indications 369
Types 369
Complications 370
Mastoidectomy 370
Definition 370
Indications 370
Types 370
Complications 371
Parotidectomy 371
Indications for superficial parotidectomy 371
Indications for total parotidectomy 371
Complications 371
Neck Dissection 372
Definition 372
Key facts 372
Types 372
Complications 373
Index 395
xxxii Contents
PREFACE
The Handbook of Clinical Surgery is designed for RCSI medical students in their final year
attending the three RCSI medical schools in Dublin, Bahrain and Malaysia to address the
knowledge and skills that a student needs to pass surgery final medical year exams. These
core knowledge and skills are the same needed to be a competent doctor in clinical practice.
There has been excellent feedback from the book’s four editions from students in RCSI, other
Irish medical schools and internationally.
Several experts reviewed this new edition of the RCSI Handbook of Clinical Surgery for
Finals. We have also added relevant surgical anatomy, videos and multiple-choice questions
for self-assessment to the chapters that will be useful and add context to your reading. This
RCSI Handbook of Clinical Surgery for Finals should be used as an adjunct to all clinical
placements and formally taught programme material. It has been designed as a handbook,
rather than a textbook, to be helpful at the patient bedside and in the library. We are proud
to be part of the RCSI Handbook of Clinical Surgery for Finals and wish you the best of luck
with your final exams.
Gozie Offiah and Arnold Hill
xxxiii
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The editors are grateful for the contribution of colleagues to the fifth edition of the book. We
would like to thank all the patients who consented to use their images in this handbook. We
would also like to extend our gratitude to the RCSI graduate-entry students who provided
feedback via a survey and focus group sessions. This has formed a vital part of our endeavour
to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date text.
xxxv
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
DISCLAIMER
The information in this book is the opinion of many different authors and contributors and
is derived from multiple references at each contributing author and reviewer’s discretion.
Clinical surgery and medicine are ever-changing fields. The editors, authors and contribu-
tors to the RCSI Handbook of Clinical Surgery for Finals have made every effort to provide
accurate and complete information as of the date of publication. However, given the rapid
changes occurring in medical science and the possibility of human error, there may be some
technical inaccuracies, typographical or other errors. The information contained herein is
provided “as is” and without warranty of any kind. The contributors to this book, including
the RCSI, disclaim responsibility for any errors or omissions or results obtained from the use
of the information contained herein.
SENIOR EDITORS
ASSISTANT EDITORS
EDITORIAL ADVISORS
xxxvii
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http://taylorandfrancis.com
CONTRIBUTORS
xxxix
Dr Nauar Knightly Dr Carolyn Power
Dr Cyrille Payne
xl Contributors
EPONYMOUS MICROVIGNETTE
A 42-year-old man gets struck in Beck’s Triad Claude Schaeffer Beck was a
the chest with a baseball bat of Cardiac pioneer American cardiac surgeon,
during an assault. He presents to Tamponade famous for innovating various
the Emergency Department, and cardiac surgery techniques and
it is noted that he has decreased performing the first defibrillation
heart sounds on auscultation, in 1947.
hypotensive and distension of
the JVP is noted in the neck.
A 35-year-old woman presents to Charcot’s A French neurologist and professor
the Emergency Department Cholangitis Triad of anatomical pathology. Charcot
with RUQ pain. She is of has been referred to as ‘the father
increased adiposity, is noted to of French neurology and one of the
have scleral icterus and has world’s pioneers of neurology.’
been complaining of some His name has been associated with
recent fevers and intermittent at least 15 medical eponyms.
chills at home.
A 50-year-old man presenting Murphy’s sign of An American physician and
with RUQ pain for the last cholecystitis abdominal surgeon noted for
24 hours. Upon examining his advocating early surgical
abdomen, the doctor firmly intervention in appendicitis
placed a hand at the costal appendectomy.
margin in the right upper In addition to general surgical
abdominal quadrant and asked operations, such as appendectomy,
him to take a deep breath in. cholecystostomy, bowel resection
However, this caused the for intestinal obstruction and
patient to catch his breath due mastectomy, he performed and
to pain. described innovative procedures in
neurosurgery, orthopaedics,
gynaecology, urology, plastic
surgery, thoracic surgery and
vascular surgery.
A 20-year-old man presented McBurney’s point Charles Heber McBurney, MD,
with generalised abdominal was an American surgeon who
pain, nausea and vomiting over described the point of most
12 hours localised to the right significant tenderness in
iliac fossa. Upon examination, appendicitis, which is now known
the physician pressed on a point as McBurney’s point.
1/3 the way on a line from the
ASIS to the umbilicus, which
elicited a pain response.
xli
Vignette Sign Who were they?
An 82-year-old elderly woman Colles’ fracture Abraham Colles (23 July 1773–16
presented after falling on an November 1843) was professor of
outstretched hand, having anatomy, surgery and physiology at
tripped getting out of her pew the Royal College of Surgeons in
in church. Ireland.
On examination, she had a His teaching career was highly
‘Dinner fork deformity’ of her successful and drew crowds of
left wrist. students to RCSI. He enhanced the
An X-ray confirmed an surgical profession’s reputation so
extracapsular fracture of the that it was no longer considered
distal radius with dorsal inferior to medicine. This was the
angulation (apex volar). era of surgery before anaesthesia,
antisepsis and antibiotics, so
treatments were relatively crude
with high mortality from bleeding
and infections.
A 37-year-old woman presented Pemberton’s sign Dr Hugh Pemberton, an English
to the clinic with symptoms physician who was a pioneer for
of fatigue, constipation and diabetes, thyrotoxicosis and
weight gain. She had also peripheral vascular disease in
noticed a central neck lump England in the 1920s.
which has been getting more
prominent over the last few
months and has become
quite large.
On examination, the surgeon
asked her to raise her hands
over her head and hold them
there. After about 1 minute, the
woman’s neck veins began to
protrude, her face became
flushed, and she became short
of breath.
A 62-year-old man presented to Baker’s cyst William Morrant Baker was an
the orthopaedic clinic with pain, English physician and surgeon.
swelling and stiffness behind Baker became Sir James Paget’s
his right knee. assistant for many years, perfecting
There was a visible and his trade.
palpable mass in the popliteal He resigned from his post as a
fossa and some joint line surgeon in 1892 due to his
tenderness on examination. locomotor ataxia condition.
Ultrasound confirmed a
popliteal cyst.
II.
A házasság a trón fényében és árnyában