782 Principles of Radiology

PRINCIPLES OF RADIOLOGY
Dr. Gitanjali Khorwal

Radiology
• Means Science of radioactive substances and high energy radiations.
• Is a branch of medicine concerned with use of radiant energy or radioactive

material in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
Discovery of X Rays by…
WC Roentgen
In the year…
1895
Classification of radiological procedures
• Diagnostic radiology
• Interventional radiology
• Computed tomography (CT)
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Ultrasonography (USG)
• Mammography
• Interventional radiology
X ray generator
Diagnostic radiology
• Plain radiography
• Fluoroscopy
• Observing moving body structures
Plain radiography
• A/k/a X Rays/ Skiagrams/ Radiographs
• Radiosensitive film
• Negative- black and white
• Farther the structure – image is magnified but borders are less sharp.
• Only 2D representation.
• For skeletal system and internal organs.
• Not much use in soft tissue injuries and abnormalities eg. tendon, ligament
etc.
Fundamental principles for radiography
• Radio-opacity
• Positioning
• Different body tissues have different

capacity to block or absorb X Rays
depending on density of structure.
Positioning
A P View
Lateral View
P A View
Radiological features of skeletal system
General features of long bone
• Compact bone-- thick , homogenous calcified
band
• Nutrient canal-- oblique radiolucent line
passing through compact bone
• Cancellous bone– network with spaces , clear
at ends of shaft.
• In young-- uncalcified epiphyseal plate-
irregular radiolucent band.
• Metaphysis– calcified epiphyseal plate and
new bone near it.
General features of Joints
• Articular disc-- not visible.
• Joint space– interval between epiphyseal areas of
adjacent bones.
Skeletal maturity
• Based on ossification centres and their fusion.
• Varies in sexes, race, geographical location and nutritional status.

Fluoroscopy
• Real time observation of moving organs.
• Image is created by striking X rays on a fluorescent screen coated with
phosphor and recorded electronically.
• High radiation exposure and low resolution of image.
Role of contrasts
• To differentiate structures of same density.
• Barium contrasts for diagnosis of abnormal constrictions and growths
of gut tube.
• Intravenous pyelogram
• Hysterosalpingography
Iodinated contrasts for
• arteriograms,
• venograms,
• myelograms.
Digital subtraction angiograms

Vascular interventions
• Peripheral vascular disease– Balloon angioplasty
• Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
• Stent placement
Prevent Avascularity
• Blood clot dissolving drugs are pushed into the artery through a
catheter.
Vascular interventions
• Aneurysms- Coils, Stents
• Haemorrhage- Embolisation- eg. gelfoam
• Varicose veins :RF Ablation
• Thrombectomy – pulmonary embolus

Non-Vascular interventions
• Drainage of pus/fluids from thorax or abdomen.
• Insert feeding tubes- gastrostomy, jejunostomy
• Uterine fibroids, heavy bleeding (DUB): PVA, glue, Gelfoam
• Renal and Gall stones fragmentation followed by drainage.
• Tumour ablation RF
• Pressure relief from cancer masses.

Computerized Axial Tomography (CT Scan)
• Principle: construction of cross sectional image by passing Xrays in multiple
directions along a 36 degree arc.
• 3mm -1cm slice
• Patient can not move
• High radiation
• Uses :
• Trauma- fractures, clots,
• Rupture of vessel in brain.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Alignment of polarised molecules in the body when placed in strong
magnetic field.
• Subjected to radio waves- alignment is displaced (depends on

chemical environment).
• When returning to aligned position the energy emitted is detected.
• Series of images is collected by computer application.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Subjected to radio waves- alignment is displaced (depends on
chemical environment).
• When returning to aligned position the energy emitted is detected.
• Series of images is collected by computer application.
Drawbacks
• Pacemakers, stents etc. contraindicated
• Patient movement degrade quality of image,
Ultrasonography
• Short bursts of high frequency
sound waves.
• Uses:
• Evaluation of organs such as
kidney, pancreas, GB, spleen etc.
• Obstetrics
• Heart
• Needle biopsy
• Drainage tube insertion
• Doppler studies
Mammography
• Parallel-plate compression
• evens out the thickness of breast tissue
• increase image quality
• reducing amount of x-rays to penetrate,
• decreasing the amount of scattered
• holding the structure to prevent motion

blur.
Positron emission tomography
(PET) scan
Some ques..
1. Ultrasonography works on principle of….
piezoelectric effect
2. X rays are electromagnetic radiation of ……… wavelength

Short
An area on a scan has an associated measurement of 900HU, it is most
likely to be composed of
A. Bone
B. Fat
C. Air
D. Water

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PRINCIPLES OF RADIOLOGY

Dr. Gitanjali Khorwal

• Is a branch of medicine concerned with use of radiant energy or radioactive

Discovery of X Rays by…

• Computed tomography (CT)

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

• Different body tissues have different

• Articular disc-- not visible.

• Joint space– interval between epiphyseal areas of

• Varies in sexes, race, geographical location and nutritional status.

Digital subtraction angiograms

• Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

• Haemorrhage- Embolisation- eg. gelfoam

• Varicose veins :RF Ablation

• Thrombectomy – pulmonary embolus

• Insert feeding tubes- gastrostomy, jejunostomy

• Uterine fibroids, heavy bleeding (DUB): PVA, glue, Gelfoam

• Renal and Gall stones fragmentation followed by drainage.

• Pressure relief from cancer masses.

• 3mm -1cm slice

• Patient can not move

• Trauma- fractures, clots,

• Rupture of vessel in brain.

• Subjected to radio waves- alignment is displaced (depends on

• When returning to aligned position the energy emitted is detected.

• Series of images is collected by computer application.

• When returning to aligned position the energy emitted is detected.

• Series of images is collected by computer application.

• evens out the thickness of breast tissue

• increase image quality

• reducing amount of x-rays to penetrate,

• decreasing the amount of scattered

• holding the structure to prevent motion

2. X rays are electromagnetic radiation of ……… wavelength

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