a. Many They are also a. They are a. Inert has a. Low a. porcelain ceramics have governed by chemically inert no thermal exhibit the high melting their specially in the interaction diffusivity best temperature due structure: oral environment. with b. (Excellent) to the strong a. The strong This is because: surrounding Coefficient esthetic primary bonds. ionic and i. They are soft tissue Of thermal quality, and b. They are heat covalent formed primarily (biocompati expansion colour and electrical bond imparts by oxidation ble) similar or matching b. insulators. brittleness to processes slightly Difficult to be Unlike metals, the material. therefore they are higher than stained there are b. Their maximally to that of relatively no compressive satisfied. enamel and free electrons strength is ii. They are dentine, not available for the higher than strongly bonded exhibit conduction of their tensile therefore they do microleakag electricity or strength this not leach out any e (acrylic 4 – heat, therefore, is because of their 6 more). they are often strength of constituents in the used as brittle oral cavity. refractories as in materials is b. They are investment governed by chemically materials. a presence of indestructible, to c. The optical small flaws dissolve them properties range or cracks. strong acids such from transparent c. They have as hydrofluoric (i.e. amorphous low fracture acid can be used. glass), toughness. Thus they are translucent (with d. they are relatively some crystalline hard. indestructible in inclusions and the oral cavity. porosity) to opaque ceramics (highly crystalline). Classification of different types of dental porcelain: 3) Polycrystalline ceramics.
TYPES OF DENTAL CERAMICS Three main divisions of ceramics:
Best mimic the optical properties of enamel and dentine: Glassy material Glasses: 3D network of atoms having no regular pattern to the spacing between nearest atoms, thus they are amorphous or without form. Derived principally from a group of minerals called FELDSPAR: based on silica and alumina: Aluminosilicate glasses. Resistant to crystallization during firing, long firing ranges, biocompatible.
2) Particle filled glasses---- Glass ceramics
Filler particles are added to the base glass composition to improve mechanical properties and to control optical effects like Opalescence, Color, and opacity. This filler was added to create porcelains that could be successfully fired on metal susbstructure. Adding 17-25% Leucite filler (feldspar forms crystalline mineral Leucite, potassium aluminum-silicate mineral with large coefficient of thermal expansion, when mixed with metal oxides & fired to high temperature) to base glass creates porcelains that are thermally compatible with dental alloys. Moderate strength increases can also be achieved with appropriate fillers added and uniformly dispersed: “Dispersion Strengthening”
1 https://codental.uobaghdad.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2019/04/dental-porcelain-14th-year-19.pdf 3) Polycrystalline ceramics No glassy components, atoms are densely packed, regular network: Crack propagation difficult. Tougher and stronger than glassy ceramics. Difficult to process, CAD-CAM. Relatively opaque, core substructure . E.g. Aluminum oxide, partially stabilized Zirconia.
2- According Microstructural Classification of ceramic:2
At a microstructural level, we can define ceramics by the nature of their composition of glass-to- crystalline ratio. There can be infinite variability of the microstructures of materials, but they can be broken down into four basic compositional categories,: Composition Category 1—Glass-based systems (mainly silica) Composition Category 2—Glass-based systems (mainly silica) with fillers, usually crystalline (typically leucite or, more recently, lithium disilicate) Composition Category 3—Crystalline-based systems with glass fillers (mainly alumina) Composition Category 4—Polycrystalline solids (alumina and zirconia)
3-According to fusing temperature of ceramic:
Dental porcelains are classified by manufacturers according to their firing temperatures with the following being a typical classification (Anusavice, 2003):3 • a.High fusing – 1300 °C (2372 °F) Usually used for manufacture of porcelain denture teeth and aluminous cores production • b.Medium fusing – 1101–1300 °C (2013–2072 °F) 2 https://www.aegisdentalnetwork.com/id/2009/10/many-different-types-of-ceramic-systems-have-been- introduced-in-recent-years-for-all-types-of-indirect-restorations 3 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9781845692049500235 Usually used for porcelain jacket crown & porcelain inlay and onlay • c.Low fusing – 850–1100 °C (1562–2012 °F) Usually used for porcelain fused to metal restoration • d.Very low fusing – < 850 °C (1562 °F)
4-According to their clinical applications4
1) Core porcelain: Used to form the basal layer of jacket crown 2) Dentine or Body porcelain: More translucent, used to build the body of crowns 3) Enamel porcelain: The most translucent, used to form the incisal edges
