English II

UNIT I

Information
Technology and
Management

2018
 English II Unit I

Ficha Técnica:

Título: Information Technology and Management

Autor: Faculdade de Gestão, Economia e Contabilidade

Revisor: Faculdade de Gestão, Economia e Contabilidade

Execução gráfica e paginação: Instituto Superior Monitor

1ª Edição: 2010

Readaptação por Instituto Superior Monitor: Junho de 2018

© Instituto Superior Monitor

Todos os direitos reservados por:

Instituto Superior Monitor

Av. Samora Machel, n. º 202 – 2.º andar

Caixa Postal 4388 Maputo

MOÇAMBIQUE

Nenhuma parte desta publicação pode ser reproduzida ou transmitida por qualquer forma ou por
qualquer processo, electrónico, mecânico ou fotográfico, incluindo fotocópia ou gravação, sem
autorização prévia e escrita do Instituto Superior Monitor. Exceptua-se a transcrição de pequenos textos
ou passagens para apresentação ou crítica do livro. Esta excepção não deve de modo nenhum ser
interpretada como sendo extensiva à transcrição de textos em recolhas antológicas ou similares, de onde
resulte prejuízo para o interesse pela obra. Os transgressores são passíveis de procedimento judicial.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

1
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
UNIT I – INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Dear Student: The English II discipline will be taught in 3 units. In this 1st unit, the student will be
able to:
 Define information technology (IT), network and management;
 Outline and describe computer components and their functions;
 Use and explain networking concepts and describe the importance of networking;
 Distinguish types of networks suitable for internet connection and other online
transmissions;
 Outline and describe management functions and power;
 Distinguish management and administration;
 Describe motivation at the workplace; and
 Explain `ubuntu management´.

Each unit corresponds to about 5 weeks of study. At the end of each unit of study you will find an
evaluation test that should be answered and sent to ISM by post, direct delivery to the institution or by
email to: [email protected]. The tests must be submitted after every 5 weeks of study, in order to
guarantee the timely awareness of the results. Do not hand in the 3 tests at the same time, as you will
not keep up with your progress, your mistakes and the necessary improvements for your success.

You will find all contacts on the ISM website www.ismonitor.ac.mz. Be always attentive to the contacts
of your course direction, the coordination and the tutor for each of the disciplines that you attend.

At the end of each unit a list of bibliography and references on the internet is provided for you to consult.
The ISM virtual library includes digitalized books, articles, websites and other important references for
this and other subjects that you should use in case studies. The virtual library can be accessed on the
ISM website.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

2
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
Table of contents
UNIT I – INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT..........................................2
CHAPTER I – COMPUTER COMPONENTS ...........................................................................4
1.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................4
1.2 MAJOR COMPUTER COMPONENTS.......................................................................5
1.2.1 MEMORY .................................................................................................................6
1.2.2 PROCESSOR ............................................................................................................6
1.2.3 HARD DISK DRIVE ................................................................................................7
1.2.4 MOTHERBOARD ....................................................................................................8
EXERCISE 1.1 .........................................................................................................................8
1.3 MINOR COMPUTER COMPONENTS .......................................................................8
1.3.1 MONITOR.................................................................................................................9
1.3.2 KEYBOARD .............................................................................................................9
1.3.3 MOUSE ...................................................................................................................10
1.3.4 PENDRIVE..............................................................................................................10
1.3.5 CD-ROM AND DVD-ROM....................................................................................10
EXERCISE 1.2 .......................................................................................................................11
STUDENT’S TASK 1 ............................................................................................................12
CHAPTER II – COMPUTER NETWORKS .........................................................................13
2.0 NETWORKS ...............................................................................................................13
2.1 ETHERNET ................................................................................................................13
2.2 INTERNET..................................................................................................................13
2.4 E-LEARNING .............................................................................................................15
2.5 INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND ENTERPRISES .................................................15
2.6 BUSINESS APPLICATIONS .....................................................................................15
EXERCISE 2.1 .......................................................................................................................16
EXERCISE 2.3 .......................................................................................................................16
STUDENT’S TASK 2 ............................................................................................................17
1.0 DEFINITION OF MANAGEMENT ..........................................................................17
1.1 MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS .................................................................................17
1.2 MANAGEMENT POWER .........................................................................................18
1.3 MCGREGOR´S THEORIES.......................................................................................19
1.4 MOTIVATION AT THE WORKPLACE...................................................................20
1.5 UBUNTU MANAGEMENT.......................................................................................22
STUDENT’S TASK 3 ............................................................................................................23
ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES......................................... Erro! Marcador não definido.
SUMMARY ...........................................................................................................................31
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................1

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

3
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
CHAPTER I – COMPUTER COMPONENTS

1.1INTRODUCTION
All over the world organizations have Information Technology (IT) departments. IT departments
employ people who manage computers. A computer is a programmable machine. It has a central
processing unit (CPU) that processes data. The computer can execute programs. The programs
respond to new instructions that the computer is given. The computer can be networked or
unnetworked. Unnetworked means that the computer is not connected to other computers. Figure
1.1 shows an unnetworked computer.

FIGURE 1.1 UNNETWORKED COMPUTER

Figure 1.2 shows a networked computer.

FIGURE 1.2 NETWORKED COMPUTER

What is ´Information Technology (IT)? There are many definitions. Some authors define it as
computer hardware. Some define it as computer software. Some define it as networking. Others
define it as the internet and all its communication technology. Information Technology (IT) is
about the computer and its technologies. We can define Information Technology (IT) as computer
hardware, software, networking, internet and all its communication technology including people
who work with computer technology. Which IT jobs or positions exist in organizations? Study
Table 1.1. Table 1.1 shows IT job descriptions and positions. The position is the job that a
candidate can fill in.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

4
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I

Table 1.1: IT Job descriptions and positions

Job Description Job / Position
Trouble shooting Trouble shooter
Network administration Network administrator
Web development Web developer
Computer programming Computer programmer
Computer engineering Computer engineer
Technical support Technical
Computer designing Computer designer

1.2 MAJOR COMPUTER COMPONENTS

A computer is made up of components. Computer components are the physical parts of a computer.
Major components are the main parts of a computer which are basically internal. The term
computer often refers to the desktop or laptop. Computers have many brands such as Dell, Acer,
IBM, Asus, Compaq, Lenovo, Fujitsu etc. Figure 1.3 shows a desktop and Figure 1.4 shows a
laptop.

FIGURE 1.3 DESKTOP

FIGURE 1.4 LAPTOP

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

5
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
When referring to a desktop, the word “computer,” technically refers to the major computer
components such as:
 Memory (ROM and RAM);
 Processor (CPU);
 Motherboard; and
 Hard disk drive.

1.2.1 MEMORY
Computer memory refers to either RAM or ROM. RAM and ROM stores information temporarily
or permanently.
RAM is the abbreviation for Random Access Memory. RAM is attached to the motherboard. It
runs certain basic programs and functions that make the computer operate correctly, and functio ns
only when it receives power. Programs you use on the computer are written in RAM temporarily
while the computer is processing them. When you close or shut down a program, the program
disappears from RAM.
ROM refers to Read Only Memory. This is unchangeable memory. ROM is used for critica l
computer instructions such as how to start up your computer. Because, it contains critica l
instructions, it is difficult to remove without ripping out the motherboard, and adding any data to
it is equally difficult. You would rather move on to use another computer or motherboard than
take out ROM. Figure 1.5 shows desktop memory.

FIGURE 1.5 COMPUTER MEMORY

1.2.2 PROCESSOR
The processor is an internal major computer component. It controls all operations in a computer.
The processor executes or processes instructions initiated by the user. Every click of the mouse or
press of a key is sent to the processor. The processor executes the instruction and returns output
which the user can view on the screen. Processing instructions means doing all computations such
as additions, subtractions, multiplications et cetera. The processor is also called the
Microprocessor, Central Processing Unit (CPU) or Computer tower. Computer tower means a
computer box which looks like a tower. The processor can be a microchip.
CPU speed is a measure of computer efficiency. It refers to how quickly a computer processes
data and it’s measured in Megahertz (e.g. 300 MHz), or in Gigahertz (e.g. 2 GHz). CPU speed

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

6
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
depends on RAM. Faster RAM yields1 a higher CPU speed. For optimal efficiency RAM speed
must equal CPU speed. Figure 1.6 shows a processor.

FIGURE 1.6 PROCESSOR

1.2.3 HARD DISK DRIVE

The hard disk drive (HDD) is also called the hard drive (Figure 1.7). It is a non-volatile2 computer
storage device containing magnetic disks or platters rotating at high speeds. It is an internal major
computer component and a secondary storage device used to store data permanently. Random
Access Memory (RAM) is the primary memory device.
Most hard drives operate on high speed interfaces using serial ATA (SATA) or serial attached
technology. All data is stored magnetically, allowing information to be saved when power is shut
off. A hard drive is divided into one or more partitions, which can be further divided into logica l
drives or volumes. There are also external hard drives.

FIGURE 1.7 HARD DISK DRIVE

1Yields- a verb used with a subject- third person singular. It means to produce something
positive e.g. profits or information.
2 Non-volatile means data is retained when the computer is turned off.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

7
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
1.2.4 MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard is the main electrical circuit board of the computer (Figure 1.8). It is also called
the systems board. Computers depend on power supply. The main switchboard supplies power to
the motherboard. The motherboard supplies energy or power to the computer components. The
motherboard consists of electrical connectors, capacitors, transformers; resistors and switches
which make the motherboard function with other parts of the computer. It uses tiny electrica l
paths called buses to connect everything together. The larger the quantity of buses the higher the
efficiency of the main board. The motherboard basically makes everything in the computer work.

FIGURE 1.8 MOTHERBOARD

EXERCISE 1.1
a) Define `major component.´
b) Write four major computer components.
c) What is the difference between desktop and laptop?
d) What is the function of computer memory?
e) Write four differences between RAM and ROM.
f) What is the function of a processor?
g) Computer speed is measured in what units?
h) Define ´motherboard. ´
i) What is the function of the motherboard?
j) What is the function of the hard disk drive?
k) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a computer? Use your creativity.

1.3 MINOR COMPUTER COMPONENTS

Minor computer components are not the main parts of a computer. They are basically external.
They do not stop the computer from functioning if they are absent. Minor computer components
are input or output devices or both. They are often referred to as peripherals. A peripheral is an
external device that is not part of the computer but can be connected to the computer to input or
output data. An input device sends data to the computer for processing. Examples of input devices
are: mouse, keyboard, microphone, touchscreen, joystick, modem, scanner et cetera. An output
device receives or reproduces data from a computer. Examples of output devices are: monitor,
speaker, printer, head phone, projector, plotter, et cetera. Examples of both input and output
devices are: modems, network cards, touchscreen, pedrive, facsimile (FAX), audio/sound card et
cetera.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

8
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I

1.3.1 MONITOR
The monitor is also called computer screen or terminal (Figure 1.9). It is an output device or
peripheral. It displays output from a computer. Technically, the screen is the visual display part of
a monitor. You can adjust settings to change colour of the monitor or computer screen. The monitor
or computer screen size is measured diagonally. It is the diagonal length3 from one corner of
viewable4 screen to another. Most computer screen sizes range from 17 to 24 inches 5 . A monitor
or computer screen can be CRT or LCD (flat or all-in-one touch screen).

FIGURE 1.9 MONITOR

1.3.2 KEYBOARD
A key board is an input device or peripheral. It inputs data through the keys like a typewriter
(Figure 1.9). Keys or buttons have engraved6 characters. Each pressed key generally produces a
single written letter, number or symbol. Simultaneous key presses can produce actions or
commands. The keyboard can be corded or wireless. We have regular and special keyboards.
Special keyboards are for computer games. Keyboard sizes include standard, laptop and thumb
sized. All keyboard operations are controlled by software. Figure 2.0 shows a keyboard.

FIGURE 2.0 KEYBOARD

3Length- a noun which refers to the longest side of an object. Other related words are width and
height.
4 Viewable- an adjective which describes something that can be seen.
5Inches- (poligados) a plural noun which means units of measurement of length. An inch
corresponds to 2.54 centimetres.
6 Engraved- to have words or pictures written on a surface such as metal or stone in such a way
that the words become difficult to erase.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

9
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I

1.3.3 MOUSE
The mouse is an input device which has left to right options or buttons. It controls the cursor
(Figure 2.1). The cursor is the pointer or arrow on the monitor. The cursor points to what you
want on the screen. You can put it on a picture or icon and double click to open a window. Clicked
once or double the mouse opens a program or file.
Computer mouses come in different brands, shapes, sizes and types. We have the mechanical
mouse which uses a ball to move the cursor (the mouse has a ball under); an optical mouse (serial
and USB mouse) which uses a sensor or laser; and a cordless mouse that uses infrared, radio
signal or Bluetooth to move the cursor. Figure 2.1 shows a mouse.

FIGURE 2.1 MOUSE

1.3.4 PENDRIVE
A pendrive or USB flash drive is a data storage device read by a USB port (Figure 2.2). USB ports
can be in front or at the back or rear of a computer. The pendrive can be both an input and output
device. The pendrive is portable, removable, rewritable and light (less than 30 grammes).
Pendrives replaced floppy disks around 2005. Figure 2.2 shows a pendrive.

FIGURE 2.2 PENDRIVE

What is the function of a USB Pendrive?

1.3.5 CD-ROM AND DVD-ROM

CD/DVD-ROM is an input device. It is a CD/DVD read by the CD/DVD-ROM drive of a
computer (Figure 2.4). CD/DVD-ROM means Compact Disk Read Only Memory. DVD-ROM
means DVD Read Only Memory. The CD/DVD is only read. There is no altering or writing any
data on it. CD/DVD-ROM stores programs and data as text, graphics or hi-fi stereo sound. Today,
CD/DVD-ROM drive has been modified to CD/DVD-RW. This means CD/DVD-ROM is read on
MultiRead CD and DVD drive. Figure 2.3 shows a CD/DVD-ROM drive.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

10
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I

FIGURE 2.3 CD/DVD-ROM AND DVD DRIVE

What is the title of the CD-ROM in Figure 2.3?

What is the function of a CD/DVD drive?

NOTE: People usually make a mistake when they write ‘cdrom.’ Proper presentation is CD-ROM.
You write the acronym in capital letters with a hyphen between CD and ROM. The same applies
to ‘dvdrom.’

EXERCISE 1.2
Study the images 1-5.

1.
a) Identify computer components 1-5.
b) Which of the image (s) 1-5 are major computer components?
c) Which of the images 1-5 are minor computer components?

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

11
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I

2.
a) Define:
 Peripheral
 Input device with examples
 Output device with examples
b) Which of the images 1-5 are input or output devices?

3. What is the function of computer components 1-5?

STUDENT’S TASK 1

1.
a) What is a computer?
b) What is information technology?
c) Write the abbreviation for information technology.

2. Timothy Hardy watches television (TV) at home. His TV screen also functions as a
computer monitor. He needs a computer mouse. He goes to a computer shop. At the
computer shop, Timothy Hardy sees three types of mouses: the mechanical, optical and
cordless mice.

a) Define:
 Mechanical mouse;
 Optical mouse; and
 Cordless mouse.
b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a mechanical mouse? Use
your creativity.
 Mechanical mouse;
 Optical mouse; and
 Cordless mouse.
c) Which type of mouse would you recommend Timothy Hardy to buy? Justify your
answer.
d) What type of keyboard would you recommend Timothy Hardy to buy? Justify your
answer.
e) When you connect a mouse to a computer you need an interface. What is an
interface? Use your creativity.
f) What types of computer mouse interfaces exist on the computer? Use your
creativity.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

12
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I

CHAPTER II – COMPUTER NETWORKS

2.0 NETWORKS
A network is a connection by cables or signals between and among computers or servers. The
purpose of networking is to share devices, data and access other resources e.g. internet and on-line
transmission. Shared data can be business or non-business. Networking entails 7 network
development, network maintenance and network administration.
LAN, MAN and WAN are acronyms.
 LAN stands for Local Area Network is a small network e.g. network coverage within a
building
 MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. MAN is a LAN that covers two or more
buildings e.g. a university campus
 WAN stands for Wide Area Network. WAN is a very big network across several cities or
continents.
These are types of network. Depending on the connection method networks can be wired or
WIRELESS (W). This means that we can have WLAN, WMAN and WWAN.

NOTE: Networking excludes any connections to dumb terminals. Dumb terminals do not
compute or process data.

2.1 ETHERNET
Ethernet is an installed LAN technology that improves internet and online transmission. Ethernet
connects several computers within the same building by direct cabling and signalling. This enables
one computer to share a printer, file, photocopier with another or other computers. To have Internet
access, a network protocol, TCP/IP is required. Ethernet works inside TCP/IP protocols to allow
faster Internet connections. Ethernet is used by Internet providers to offer a fast connection (1000
megabytes per second) to internet subscribers.

2.2 INTERNET
LAN, MAN and WAN combined with specific protocols enable Internet access. Internet usually
refers to three types of networks:
 Internet – this is a global network for public access;
 Intranet – this is a private internal network restricted to an organization; and
 Extranet – this is a private internal network that allows access to selected external partners.
For example, the ISM network has an internet where the public can access the ISM Website from
any part of the world to get information about the ISM courses. It also has an intranet because
internal staff (lecturers, coordinators, directors) can log-in to exchange information internally, and
an extranet because it allows students to log-in to check test and exam results or download study
materials.

7 Entails- a verb used with the subject-third person singular which means to involve something.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

13
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
You need good search engines to find information on the Internet. Examples of search engines are:
google.com, yahoo.com and altavista.com.
You can narrow8 your search on any web address or URL by typing in the key words.
How do we surf the internet? Click the Web page, Home page or Web browser icon on the
computer screen, for example, Internet Explorer. Internet Explorer opens up a Web page with an
Address bar. A Web address or URL is typed on the Address bar. Figure 2.4 shows an address
bar and URL.

FIGURE 2.4 INTERNET EXPLORER ADDRESS BAR

What is the URL shown in Figure 2.4?

NOTE: The Internet also supports other network enabled communication technologies like
electronic mail, online chat, VOIP, blogs, facebook, forums, apart from file sharing and www.

A URL has four parts. For example, the Web address: http://www.ismonitor.ac.mz has the
following parts:
 http:// - This refers to the Protocol (HTTP) used;
 www - This indicates that this site is on the World Wide Web;
 ismonitor - The web server is at ismonitor;
 ac - Stands for academic;
 mz – Location e.g. Mozambique.

Some other common extensions are:

.com (commercial)
.edu (education)
.gov (government)
.mil (military)
.net (network)
.org (organisation)

Some foreign addresses add a country code at the end of the address:
.au (Australia)
.ca (Canada)
.fr (France)
.it (Italy)
.us (United States of America)

2.3 E-COMMERCE

8 Narrow- an adjective which describes short distance between entities.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

14
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
E-commerce refers to the buying of goods and services on the internet. E-commerce or electronic
commerce is online business. It is also known as ecommerce, e-comm, e-business, e-tailing.

Two major forms of e-commerce are:

 Business-to-Customer (B2C); and

 Business-to- Business (B2B).

To do business online one requires e-commerce Web sites. Examples of e-commerce Web sites
are Amazon.com, Buy.com and eBay. E-commerce also includes a wider range of communicatio n
technologies such as email, mobile devices and telephones.

2.4 E-LEARNING
E-learning is self-directed learning using a computer, handheld device or internet. E-learning,
online education or online learning, elearning, eLearning, Computer-Based Training (CBT),
Internet-Based Training (IBT) or Web-Based Training (WBT) all refer to E-learning.
E-learning is a form of distance education or learning. In distance education or learning the student
has great autonomy or responsibility over his studies. He chooses appropriate time and place for
serious study; makes use of available resources and references; and does evaluation tests, exercises
and examinations at his own pace.
E-learning requires a specific e-learning software or program made available by an educationa l
institution. The student can access the e-learning software or program using any of the available
technologies (cell phone, computer, telephone).

2.5 INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND ENTERPRISES

Enterprises function better with effective communication. Communication is flow of informatio n
and ideas. Information systems refer to effective flows of information and ideas between and
among users within a business or non-business enterprise. Traditionally, communication has been
manual and tended to be less effective. Information technology has been incorporated into the
system of communication to improve efficiency and effectiveness. Examples of IT related
information systems are Management Information Systems (MIS), Decision Support System
(DSS) and Executive Support System (ESS).

2.6 BUSINESS APPLICATIONS

Business applications are computer programs that suit operations of business. The business
operations can be government, education, military, banking, insurance, health etc. When a
business installs computers, there is need to buy a compatible business application. The computer
applications or programs are sold on the market. Microsoft Office is an example of a widely used
business application. Microsoft Office has a package of programs like Microsoft Word for typing
business documents, reports, letters; Microsoft Excel for spread sheets; Microsoft Access;
Microsoft PowerPoint and Microsoft Visio Professional.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

15
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
EXERCISE 2.1

1. What is networking?
2. Define:
 LAN
 MAN
 WAN
 DUMP TERMINAL
 Ethernet
 Internet
 Intranet
 Extranet

3. The following sentences (a-j) are about ten advantages of networking. Fill in the gaps (1-10)
with the correct preposition from the box.

with / to / in / to / of / to / by / from / on/ between

a) A network can be upgraded using ethernet 1._______ boost9 efficiency;

b) Networking enables sharing of data, e.g. a file, 2._______ and among different computers
and users;
c) Networking enables sharing 3._______ computer hardware e.g. a printer, scanner or
photocopier.
d) Sharing computer hardware reduces cost of buying several printers or scanners. One printer
or scanner can be used 4._______ many computer users.
e) Networking enables more efficient communication 5.________ the form of Management
Information Systems (MIS), Decision Support System (DSS) and Executive Support
System (ESS);
f) Networking enables internet supported www, so users can have a graphic interface on the
computer to read, upload and download data 6._______ web sites.
g) Networking enables internet supported communication technologies such as electronic
mail, online chat, online telephone, blogs, facebook and forums, so computer users can
communicate easily 7._______ each other.
h) Networking is easy and fast. Computers and users are easily connected 9._______ a LAN;
i) Networking enables online business e.g. e-commerce and e-learning. Users are able do
shopping and study 8.________ the internet.
j) A network connection can be local, regional or global giving a much wider access to the
user, e.g. the user is easily connected 10._______ LAN, MAN or WAN.

EXERCISE 2.2
1. What is E-commerce?

9 Boost- a verb which means to improve or increase something.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

16
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of E-commerce?
3. What is e-learning?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of e-learning?
STUDENT’S TASK 2
Josefina Fumo is a student at a culinary school in the city. She has a laptop at home but the
laptop is not connected to the Internet. She wants to study. She wants to surf the internet for
information about culinary.

1. Explain how Josefina Fumo can have internet at home to access information about
culinary.
2. Write five advantages and five disadvantages of the internet.

What is the use of the following packages to a business?

Microsoft Professional:
Microsoft Access;
Microsoft PowerPoint;
Microsoft Visio Professional;

CHAPTER III – MANAGEMENT

3.0 DEFINITION OF MANAGEMENT

(Mondy et a1., 1980:3) defines management as the process of getting things done through other
people. This means that management is continuous, has a purpose and requires resources. We can
have financial management, human resource management, asset management, business
management, project management, time management et cetera. These are specific areas where the
concept management can be applied. Management is often confused with administratio n.
Management deals with policies while administration deals with implementation of policies
designed by management. The success or failure of any organisation depends mostly on the quality
of management.

3.1 MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

Study the Figure 2.5. Figure 2.5 is about management functions.

FIGURE 2.5 MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

17
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I

Writers generally agree that key management functions include planning and organising; leading
(influencing) and controlling. Planning is the formulation of an organisation’s mission, goals,
objectives and plan of action. All other management functions depend on planning (Cronje et al.,
1993:83).
Organising is the putting together of resources to achieve goals. Organising and putting a plan
into operation requires a structure. You need to intergrate tasks with resources. The resources are:
 Financial - meaning money invested into a business;
 Human - meaning people employed to work;
 Materials - meaning things like machinery; and
 Time - meaning hours needed to do the work.
Leading means influencing subordinates to work towards goals. It may be through 10 charisma,
11 motivation or exercising power or authority.

Controlling is evaluating what has been done. When evaluating you check whether objectives are
achieved or not. If the objectives are not achieved, there is need for corrective action.

3.2 MANAGEMENT POWER

Management power refers to management ability to make subordinates work to achieve goals.
This depends on the type of management power. The Figure 2.6 shows types of management
power.
FIGURE 2.6 MOTHERBOARD

10Charisma- having influence because the leader has characteristics that people like e.g. fluent
speech.
11 Motivation- interest in doing something.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

18
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I

 Coercive power – this is the power of using fear and punishment;

 Referent power- this is the power of charisma (fluency, honesty, motivation etc)
 Reward power-this is the power of money and other benefits
 Expert power – this is the power of knowledge, skill and experience
 Legitimate power – this is the power of a person´s official position in the organogram

EXERCISE 3.1
1. Define:
 Management
 Planning
 Organising
 Leading
 Controlling

3.3 MCGREGOR´S THEORIES

Douglas Mcgregor lived from 1906 to 1964. He was a professor of management. He developed
two motivation theories, Theories X and Y. The Figure 2.7 summarises Theories, X and Y.

FIGURE 2.7 THEORIES X AND Y

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

19
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I

3.4 MOTIVATION AT THE WORKPLACE

Motivation is the willingness, interest or reason for doing something. (Robbins, 1984:307)
describes motivation as ‘willingness to do something ...conditioned by... ability to satisfy
some need for the individual.’ This means motivation is based on human needs. Abraham
Maslow (1943) classified human needs as hierarchical. Look at Figure 2.8.

FIGURE 2.8 MASLOW´S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

20
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I

 Self-actualization needs - this refers to the need to develop your abilities to the maximum;
 Esteem needs - this is the need to be respected;
 Belonging needs (self-affiliation) – this refers to the need to be loved and belong to a
group;
 Safety needs - this is the need for protection; and
 Physiological needs – this refers to the need food, water, shelter etc.

EXERCISE 3.2
You are a worker or employee at a company called Pequeno Negocio Ltd, a construction
company. Explain with examples the:

 Physiological needs of workers;

 Safety needs of workers;
 Belonging needs of workers;
 Esteem needs of workers; and
 Self-actualization needs of workers.

Do managers motivate workers? Do workers motivate themselves? Do workers require

motivation? What does research say about motivation at the workplace? There are four kinds of
motivation, namely, intrinsic, extrinsic positive and negative. Study the diagram.

Some writers think that managers demotivate workers because motivation is intrinsic, and not
extrinsic. Workers are self-motivated. Drucker (1977) believed that workers or employees
naturally enjoy work. They work enthusiastically to achieve goals, but managers destroy this
motivation.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

21
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
Some writers think that workers do not require any motivation because they are naturally lazy.
What the workers need is force or coercion, and not motivation. Workers must be forced or coerced
to work. Mcgregor’s Theory X, states that workers naturally dislike work, so managers must
coerce, direct, control and threaten (instil fear in someone) workers with punishment to achieve
organisational goals.
However, management seems to play a very small part in terms of human motivat ion at the
workplace. According to current research:
 about 50% of human motivation is derived from genes;
 40% from human choices; and
 10% is related to human circumstances (management).
This shows that about 90% of human motivation comes from the worker or employee, and not the
manager. Managers only contribute a very small part, 10%.

EXERCISE 3.3

1. Summarise
 Theory X
 Theory Y
2. Define:
 Motivation
 Intrinsic motivation
 Extrinsic motivation
3. You are a manager. How can you motivate workers using Theory Y?

3.5 UBUNTU MANAGEMENT

Ubuntu is an African word which means `humanity to others´. It also means `I am what I am
because of who we all are´. Ubuntu management is the blending of management ideas with African
traditions such as tribal loyalty.
Ubuntu management has various names. Francophone (French speaking) anthropologists (people
who study the origin and development of man) call it paternalism. Anglophone (English speaking)
anthropologists call it ‘the affective economy.’ South Africans call it ‘ubuntu management.’
Ubuntu management is different from the western management models (scientific, human
relations, systems, theory Z and quantitative models) about how to effectively manage businesses.
Current research by anthropologists, however, reveals that paternalism or ubuntu management is
common in the informal sector in West Africa. (Hernandez, 1998; 2000) as cited in João Feijo’s
2010 article: Relations with People and Relations with Things: management of human resources
in African companies,’ describes the following characteristics of paternalism or ubuntu
management:
 The employer looks after the employees as his children;
 The employer looks after the domestic life (housing, food, education, health) of the
employees;
 The employees accept low wages in exchange for employer provided social security
benefits. The social benefits motivate the employees to work;

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

22
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
 Contracts are based on mutual understanding (they may not be written);
 The employer recruits kinsmen (relatives, friends and friends of friends) as potential
workers. This may be out of sympathy, but the recruitment is a safeguard against dissent
and strikes;
 There is low productivity but high investment in durable social relations;
 The employer’s business thrives on social connections both religious and political.

EXERCISE 3.4
Study the image, read the text and answer questions 1-8.

Rui Alfonso is a businessman with an extended family. He owns a car wash which employs six
relatives. The employees do not sign any contracts.
At least, he got money to start a business. Banks did not give Rui Alfonso money to start business.
Banks said Rui Alfonso had no collateral security. Family, friends, and a relative who had politica l
connections supplied the money. The money had to be paid back with no interest, but there was
nothing written.
Rui Alfonso’s manager is called Alberto. Alberto is Rui’s nephew, the first born of Rui Alfonso’ s
sister.
Sometimes the car wash makes profit. The whole extended family is happy. Sometimes it does
not. The employees get no salary, but remain employed. The employees do not strike. They
understand. Rui Alfonso looks after them. He buys food for them. Rui Alfonso is a happy
businessman.
1. Who is Rui Alfonso?
2. What is Rui Alfonso´s business?
3. Who does Rui Alfonso employ?
4. Why did the banks not give him money?
5. Who gave him money to start business?
6. Who is Rui Alfonso´s manager?
7. Does Rui Alfonso´s car wash use ubuntu management? Justify your answer.
8. Write three advantages and three disadvantages of Rui Alfonso´s business.

STUDENT’S TASK 3
1.
a) Define:
 Management

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

23
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
 Administration

b)
i) What is planning?
ii) How can a manager demonstrate good planning? Use your creativity.

2. Match the words (a-e) to the images (1-5).

a) Coercive power
b) Referent power
c) Legitimate power
d) Reward power
e) Expert power

3.

a) What is `ubuntu? ´
b) What is ubuntu management?

4. Are the following sentences W - western management or U - ubuntu management?

a) The reason for work and profit is individual or self- interest.

b) The reason for work and profit is community interest.
c) Work and social needs are inseparable.
d) Work and social needs are separable.
e) People work to achieve organizational objectives.
f) People work to achieve community objectives.
g) Profits should not be shared. Profits are for the employer.
h) Profits should be shared between employer and employee.
i) Decisions about how to manage the business should be by consensus between employer
and employee.
j) Decisions about how to manage the business are the responsibility of the employer and
management.
k) The employer-employee relations are personal, fatherly, brotherly or cordial.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

24
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
l) The employer-employee relations are impersonal.
m) Confrontation is inevitable when there is breach of contract.
n) Confrontation is minimal even when there is breach of contract, and is absorbed within the
social solidarity fabric.
o) Contracts may not exist.
p) The employer gives the employee a contract.
q) Recruitment of workers is often not based on merit.
r) Recruitment of workers is often based on merit.
s) The business exists for the wider society: the social, religious and political groups.
t) The business exists for the individual: the entrepreneur.

ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1.1
a) A major component is the main part of a computer which is basically internal.
b) Memory, processor, motherboard and harddrive.
c) Depends on the student. A desktop is not one unit. It separates the computer and its
peripherals such as mouse, monitor and keyboard. A laptop forms one unit. It combines
its peripherals. A desktop is less portable than a laptop.
d) The function of computer memory is to store data and information temporarily or
permanently.
e) Depends on the student. Data in RAM can be easily edited, deleted or added unlike that in
ROM. RAM data depends on power supply unlike that of ROM. If you destroy ROM, you
destroy the computer. This is not the same with RAM. RAM is temporary while ROM is
permanent.
f) The processor controls and executes or processes instructions initiated by the user.
g) Computer speed is measured in Megahertz (e.g. 300 MHz) and Gigahertz GHz).
h) The motherboard is the main electrical circuit board of the computer
i) The motherboard supplies energy or power to the computer components.
j) The hard disk drive is a storage device. It stores data permanently.
k) Depends on the student.

Advantages

 Can access internet

 Can access web enabled communication tools e.g. email, facebook, online chat,
Sktype etc
 Can send and receive information and documents faster
 Can do online banking
 Can do online studies and get a degree
 Can look for a job

Disadvantages

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

25
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I

 Depends on reliable internet

 Requires your computer to be networked, this calls for specialists and you incurr
costs
 Requires power supply
 Problems of viruses and hackers
 Computers can be stolen because of high demand
 Need to update software to get support

EXERCISE 1.2

1.
a) 1- Motherboard
2- Pendrive
3-CD-ROM drive/DVD-ROM drive
4-Speakers
5-CD-ROM/DVD-ROM

b) 1- Motherboard;

c) 2- Pendrive
3- CD-ROM drive/DVD-ROM drive
4-Speakers
5-CD-ROM/DVD-ROM

2.
a)
 Peripheral- an external device that is not part of the computer but can be
connected to the computer to input or output data.
 Input device - a device that sends data to the computer for processing. For example :
mouse, keyboard, microphone, touchscreen, joystick, modem and scanner
 Output device - a device that receives or reproduces data from a computer. For
example: monitor, speaker, printer, head phone, projector, plotter, et cetera.
b)
2- Pendrive - input/output
4-Speakers - output
5-CD-ROM/DVD-ROM-input

3.
1- Motherboard-supplies energy or power to the computer
2- Pendrive-stores data or information
3- CD-ROM drive/DVD-ROM drive-reads a CD-ROM /DVD-ROM
4-Speakers-to hear sound played by a computer

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

26
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
5-CD-ROM/DVD-ROM –to store data or information

ANSWERS TO STUDENT’S TASK 1

1.
a) A computer is a programmable machine.
b) Information Technology is computer hardware, software, networking, internet and all
its communication technology including people who work with computer technology.
c) IT
2.
a)
 A mechanical mouse is a mouse that uses a ball to move the cursor on the monitor.
 An optical mouse is a mouse which uses a sensor or laser to move the cursor.
 A cordless mouse is a mouse which uses infrared, radio signals or Bluetooth to move
the cursor.
b)
 A mechanical mouse is slow and is without precision. It is easily affected by dust. It
needs a flat and smooth surface to run on, hence, it needs a mouse pad. It usually uses
a cord or cable which is fixed on the computer. It is an old type of mouse. However, a
mechanical mouse is cheaper to buy.
 An optical mouse has a choice of two types: serial or USB mouse. It uses a sensor or
laser instead of a ball to move the cursor. It is more efficient in terms of speed and
precision. It does not need a mouse pad, so is usable on any surface. You can plug in
and play and this calls for extra effort. It is usable on many interfaces on the computer,
e.g. in front or at the rear. It can fit on any interface using serial or USB connectors.
However, it is more expensive.
 A cordless mouse is more efficient. The user is not disturbed by the cord, so has more
space. It is more convenient especially when travelling or relaxing at home. It is usable
within 2-10 metres. However, it is more expensive to buy and does not operate beyond
a distance of 10 metres.
c) Serial and USB
d) Cordless or wireless. It is more flexible. Timothy Hardy can shift his sitting position. Given
that some of the space is already occupied by the Television, he will still be within range
of connectivity if he shifts his sitting position. He works with the computer and Televis io n
monitor conveniently as there is no cord to disturb him and he does not have a cable or
cord to plug in and play. He relaxes better.

EXERCISE 2.1
1. A network is a connection by cables or signals between and among computers or servers.
2.
 LAN - Local Area Network is a small network e.g. network coverage within a building
 MAN - Metropolitan Area Network. MAN is a LAN that covers two or more buildings
e.g. a university campus

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

27
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
 WAN - Wide Area Network. WAN is a very big network across several cities or
continents.
 DUMP TERMINAL - a device consisting of monitor and keyboard without any data
processing ability.
 Ethernet - Ethernet is an installed LAN technology that improves internet and online
transmission.
 Internet – this is a global network for public access;
 Intranet – this is a private internal network restricted to an organization; and
 Extranet – this is a private internal network that allows access to selected external
partners.
3.
 A network can be upgraded using ethernet to boost12 efficiency;
 Networking enables sharing of data, e.g. a file, between and among differe nt
computers and users;
 Networking enables sharing of computer hardware e.g. a printer, scanner or
photocopier.
 Sharing computer hardware reduces cost of buying several printers or scanners. One
printer or scanner can be used by many computer users.
 Networking enables more efficient communication in the form of Management
Information Systems (MIS), Decision Support System (DSS) and Executive Support
System (ESS);
 Networking enables internet supported www, so users can have a graphic interface on
the computer to read, upload and download data from web sites.
 Networking enables internet supported communication technologies such as electronic
mail, online chat, online telephone, blogs, facebook and forums, so computer users
can communicate easily with each other.
 Networking is easy and fast. Computers and users are easily connected to a LAN;
 Networking enables online business e.g. e-commerce and e-learning. Users are able to
do shopping and study on the internet.
 A network connection can be local, regional or global giving a much wider access to
the user, e.g. the user is easily connected to LAN, MAN or WAN.

EXERCISE 2.2
1. Depends on the student. E-commerce refers to the buying of goods and services on the
internet.
2. Depends on the student
Depends on the student. Simão Matavele must visit a japan used car dealer website e.g.
Beforward.com He selects his car and contact details of the seller or agent especially the used
car dealer email address. He must also create his email address to communicate directly with

12 Boost- a verb which means to improve or increase something.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

28
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
the agent to avoid fraud. Through this communication he gets all information about the terms
of payment, delivery date insurance etc.

ANSWERS TO STUDENT’S TASK 2

1. Depends on the student
Position: Clerk
Qualifications: grade 12; two years experience; Computer skills-MS
Word and MS Excel.
Salary: competitive and commensurate 13 with qualifications, negotiable
Contact: Mr Gerald Martins, [email protected]
2.
a) MS Word. You might also need MS Excel, PowerPoint depending on the type
and purpose of the business letter.
b) Click start, Menu appears, Click MS Word - a blank page or window appears
on the screen.
c) Click Tools option, click spelling and grammar, then select language, and edit
your document.
d) Click File icon, click save as, select an option: My Documents, My Recent
Documents, Desktop, My Computer (in case you want to save in a USB flas h
drive), My Network Places then click the save icon
3. Click Start, Menu, Shared Networks then Click the file or document to open.

EXERCISE 3.1
1.
 Management is the process of getting things done through other people.
 Planning is the formulation an organisation’s mission, goals, objectives and plan of action.
 Organising is the putting together of resources to achieve goals.
 Leading is the influencing of subordinates to work towards goals.
 Controlling is evaluating what has been done.

EXERCISE 3.2
 Physiological needs of workers-Workers need food e.g. breakfast and lunch. They need a
dispensary with enough medication, medical kit and a qualified nurse. They need eight
hours of work, eight hours of rest and eight hours of entertainment. They need a uniform.
 Safety needs of workers – Workers must have safety helmets. There must be an evacuatio n
plan in case of fire and other accidents.
 Belonging needs of workers – Workers must belong to a Workers Union which fights for
their rights and better conditions of service. The company can have a social club where
workers can meet for lunch and to play games such as darts
 Esteem needs of workers – Exceptional workers must be promoted and given better salaries
and benefits. Workers must be treated respectifully and not like slaves.

13 Commensurate- an adjective which means appropriate for something.

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

29
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
 Self actualization needs of workers – Workers must develop within the company. They
must be trained and given jobs suitable for them

EXERCISE 3.3
1.
 Theory X states that workers naturally dislike work, so managers must coerce, direct,
control and threaten (instil fear in someone) workers with punishment to achieve
organisational goals.
 Theory Y states that that workers or employees naturally enjoy work. They work
enthusiastically to achieve goals, but managers destroy this motivation.
2.
 Motivation is the willingness, interest or reason for doing something.
 Intrinsic motivation is the motivation that comes from within.
 Extrinsic motivation is the motivation that comes from outside.

3. Depends on the student. You can:

 Give the workers more challenging work like research:
 Give the workers more responsibility such as HODs;
 Give them better salaries and benefits;
 Give the workers training for more challenging tasks;
 Engage the workers in decision-making;
 Give them extended holidays etc.

EXERCISE 3.4
1. Rui Alfonso is a businessman with an extended family
2. Rui Alfonso´s business is car wash.
3. Rui Alfonso employs his relatives.
4. Because he does not have collateral security.
5. Family, friends, and a relative who had political connections gave him money to start
business.
6. Rui Alfonso´s manager is called Alberto.
7. Depends on the student
8. Depends on the student.

Advantages
 Less conflict
 Collective effort
 Sharing of ideas and profits
 Provides basics to the family
 Equality

Disadvantages

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

30
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
 No collateral security
 Lack of skills
 Not all members may be hard-working
 Low profits
 Low incomes

ANSWERS TO STUDENT´S TASK 3

1.
a)
 Management is the process of getting things done through other people
 Administration is the implementation of policies designed by management.
b)
i) What is planning is the formulation of an organisation’s mission, goals, objectives and plan
of action.

ii) Depends on the student.

 Clear mission statement  Clear policies

 Clear goals  Clear deadlines
 Clear objectives  Clear evaluation methods
 Clear plan of action

2.
a) Coercive power 2
b) Referent power 3
c) Legitimate power 4
d) Reward power 5
e) Expert power 1
3.
a) `Ubuntu´ is an African word which means `humanity to others.´
b) Ubuntu management is the blending of management ideas with African traditions such as
tribal loyalty.

SUMMARY
 Memory;
Major computer  Processor;
components  Motherboard;
 Hard disk drive.

Minor computer  Monitor;

components  Keyboard;

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

31
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I
 Mouse;
 Pendrive;
 CD-ROM/DVD-ROM.
 Etc.

 LAN; MAN; WAN and ETHERNET

 Internet, intranet and extranet
Networks
 E-commerce
 E-learning

Information  Information systems: MIS, DSS and ESS

Technology Software  Business application: Microsoft Office.

 Management definition: process of getting things

done through other people
 Management functions
Management
 Management power
 McGregor´s theories
 Motivation at the workplace
 Ubuntu management

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Weiss, E.H. (2005) The Elements of International English Style: A Guide to Writing
Correspondence, Reports, Technical Documents and Internet Pages for a Global Audience.
M.E. Sharpe, Inc. New York.
2. Sawaya, M.R. (1999). Dicionário de Informática and Internet: Inglês/Português. Nobel
CEETEPS FATEC-SP. Sao Paulo.
3. Champlain, J.J. (2003). Auditing Information Systems. 2 nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
New Jersey.
4. Bidgoli, H. (2004) The Internet Encyclopedia Vol. 2. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New Jersey.
5. Wasson, C.S. (2006) System Analysis, Design and Development: Concepts, Principles and
Practices. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New Jersey.
6. Cronje, G.J. de J. et al (1993). Introduction to Business Management. 2 nd Edition, Southern
Book Publishers. Pretoria.
7. Knoptler, P. (1988). Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementing and Control.
Englewood Cliffs. Prentice-Hall Inc.
8. Bovee, C.L. (1989). Business Communication Today. Random House. New York.

Weblinks:

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

1
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ
 English II Unit I

http://www.creative-wisdom.com/teaching/network/network.html

http://benefitof.net/benefits-of- networking/

http://benefitof.net/benefits-of-ethernet/

http://www.techterms.com/definition/ecommerce

http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/projects/devglossary/_e-commerce.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E- learning

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5288/hard-disk-drive

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR MONITOR

2
WWW.ISMONITOR.AC.MZ