NE 2016 Solved

Nursing Ethic (2016) solved by Muhammad Shahzaib
Q1) Define informed consent, types and the general rules

Ans Definition
Informed consent: is a process by which patients are informed of the possible
outcomes, alternatives and risks of treatments and are required to give their
consent freely. It assures the legal protection of a patient’s right to personal
autonomy in regard to specific treatments and procedures. Informed consent will
be discussed in detail in selected legal facts of nursing practice.
Types
1. Screening
2. Enrollment
3. Off-site visits
4. Specimen storage
5. In depth interviews/focus groups
General rules
1. Investigator must give the subject sufficient time and opportunity to
consider whether they want to participate or not
2. Investigator must make all efforts to minimize the possibility of coercion or
undue influence.
3. Information must be presented in language that the subject can
understand
4. There must be no exculpatory language through which the subject is made
to waive any legal rights or releases the investigator, sponsor, or institution
from liability for negligence.
Q2) Discuss the transplantation of human organs bill 2007 in Pakistan.

Ans The intervention by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in July 2007, an
ordinance to regulate organ transplantation and curb the burgeoning kidney trade
was drafted by the Ministries of Health and Law. The Transplantation of Human
Organs and Tissues Ordinance 2007 was then promulgated by the President of
Pakistan, regulating the removal, storage and transplantation of human organs
and tissues for therapeutic purposes and related procedural matters all over the
country.
1) Donation of organ or tissue by a living person
The ordinance stipulated that a donor should not be less than 18 years of age,
donation should be a voluntary act and that donation should be permissible to a
living person genetically and legally related, i.e. a close blood relative.
2) Donations of human organs or tissues after death

The ordinance instructed that any person not less than 18 years of age may,
before his or her death, in writing duly signed by the evaluation committee,
donate any of his or her organs or tissues, and may also assign a medical
institution or hospital recognized by the monitoring authority for transplantation.
3) Evaluation committees
Evaluation committees were constituted through the legislation and consisted of
surgical, medical and transplantation specialists, nephrologists, a neuro
physician and an intensivist where available, along with two local notables with a
good record of social service.
Q3) Write the relation of nursing ethics to standards of nursing practice.

Ans Relation Of Nursing Ethics To Standards Of Nursing Practice
1. Patients depend on a nurse’s honesty and faithfulness to ethical standards
of ethics.
2. A nurse should develop trust with patients while presenting compassion
(kindness) and empathy.
3. Nurses can never go against on a patient’s human rights.
4. Nurses must also set boundaries with patients to remain professional.
5. They must be sensitive to a patient’s cultural and religious beliefs, values,
language, lifestyle and literacy level while caring for them.
6. Patients trust nurses to resolve conflicts, keep them safe and concentrate
on their needs, all while telling the truth and upholding ethics in nursing
Q4) Write the elements of ethical code

Ans Elements of ethical code
1. Independence
a. SAI is not involved in the management of the organizations they
audit.
b. SAI personnel do not develop too close a relationship with the
entities they audit
2. Integrity
a. SAI has a code of ethics, based on official documents of INTOSAI,
International Federation of Accountants, or recognized standard-
setting bodies.
b. SAI actively promotes ethical behaviour throughout the organisation
3. Trust, confidence and credibility
a. Auditors conduct themselves in a manner which promotes
co-operation and good relations between auditors and within the
profession
b. Auditors deal with fellow auditors in a fair and balanced way
4. Objectivity and impartiality
a. There is objectivity and impartiality in all work conducted by auditors,
particularly in their reports, which should be accurate and objective.
b. Audit conclusions are based
5. Confidentiality
a. Auditors should not use information received in the performance of
their duties for personal benefits to harm others
b. provide unfair or unreasonable advantage to other individuals or
organizations
6. Competence
a. Auditors must not undertake work they are not competent to perform
b. Auditors should know and follow applicable auditing, accounting, and
financial management standards, policies, procedures and practices
Q5) Define medical malpractice elements and prevention of malpractices

Ans Elements of Medical Malpractice
1. Duty: The duty of care owed to patients.
2. Dereliction: Or breach of this duty of care.
3. Direct cause: Establishing that the breach caused injury to a patient.
4. Damages: The economic and noneconomic losses suffered by the patient
as a result of their injury or illness.
Prevention of Malpractices
1. Listen to Your Patients
2. Communicate, Communicate, Communicate
3. Proper Informed Consent
4. Better Recordkeeping (Accurate and Complete Documentation
5. Think Like a Patient
6. Stay Current
7. Inadequate Follow Up
8. Be Familiar with the Specialty Involved or Do Not Handle the Case
9. Variations in Policies and Procedures
10. Remember Your Hippocratic Oath
Q6) What are the functions of Pakistan Nursing Council

Ans Pakistan Nursing Council
The Pakistan Nursing Council (PNC) is a regulatory body established in 1948 by
the Pakistan Nursing Council Act (1952, 1973).
PNC is empowered to license nurses, midwives, lady health visitors (LHVs) and
nursing auxiliaries to practice throughout the country.
Functions Of Pakistan Nursing Council

1. PNC sets the curriculum for the education of Nurses, Midwives, LHVs and
Nursing Auxiliaries.
2. PNC inspects educational institutions for approval based on established
standards.
3. PNC provides registration (license) to practice.
4. PNC maintains standards of education and practice.
5. PNC works closely with the four Provincial Nursing Examination Boards
(NEBs).
6. PNC plays an advisory role for the overall benefits of nurses, Midwives,
LHVs and Nursing in the country.
7. PNC also conducts PNC Licensure examinations.
8. PNC maintains an advisory role for the Federal and Provincial
Governments regarding nursing education and nursing services.
9. PNC communicates policy decision regarding nursing education and the
welfare of nurses, taken in council meeting, to governments Nursing
institutions NEBs and Armed Forces Nursing services for implementation.
10. PNC prescribes penalties for fraudulent registration by the intention of
pretense and removes the person from the register for professional
misconduct.
Q7) Write the twelve components of patient's bill of rights.

Ans Twelve Components Of Patient's Bill Of Rights
1. Receive considerate and respectful care
2. Receive complete current information concerning his/her diagnosis,
treatment, and prognosis.
3. Receive information necessary to give informed consent prior to the start of
any procedure and/or treatment.
4. Refuse treatment to the extent permitted by law.
5. Receive every consideration of his or her privacy. HIPAA (Health
Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
6. Be assured of confidentiality.
7. Obtain reasonable responses to requests for services.
8. Obtain information about his or her health care.
9. Know whether treatment is experimental.
10. Expect reasonable continuity of care.
11. Examine his/her bill and have it explained.
12. Know which hospital rules and regulations apply to patient conduct.

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Nursing Ethic (2016) solved by Muhammad Shahzaib

Q1) Define informed consent, types and the general rules

Q2) Discuss the transplantation of human organs bill 2007 in Pakistan.

2) Donations of human organs or tissues after death

Q3) Write the relation of nursing ethics to standards of nursing practice.

Q4) Write the elements of ethical code

Q5) Define medical malpractice elements and prevention of malpractices

Q6) What are the functions of Pakistan Nursing Council

Functions Of Pakistan Nursing Council

Q7) Write the twelve components of patient's bill of rights.

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