www.nucleuseducation.

in

IIT MATHEMATICS
CIRCLE
WORKBOOK

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005
Call: 0744-2799900 Mob. 97831-97831, 70732-22177, 0744-2423333
 RESULTS OF BEST MENTORSHIP BY THE NUCLEUS TEAM

AIR-1 AIR-3 AIR-6 AIR-8

CHITRAANG MURDIA GOVIND LAHOTI NISHIT AGARWAL AMEY GUPTA
Gen. Category - 2014 Gen. Category - 2014 Gen. Category - 2012 Gen. Category - 2014

JEE MAIN RESULTS 2020 (January Attempt) OF NUCLEUS EDUCATION

100 Percentile 100 Percentile 100 Percentile 100 Percentile 100 Percentile 100 Percentile
(Physics) (Maths & Physics) (Physics) (Maths) (Maths) (Maths)
DAKSH KHANDELWAL VAIBHAV SAHA ANISH MOHAN ARCHIT PATNAIK SWAPNIL YASASVI PARSHANT ARORA
2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020

JEE ADVANCED RESULTS OF NUCLEUS EDUCATION

AIR-10 AIR-12 AIR-23 AIR-24 AIR-37 AIR-42 AIR-66 AIR-98

LAKSHAY SHARMA YATEESH AGRAWAL ABHEY GOYAL TUSHAR GAUTAM PIYUSH TIBAREWAL SATVIK MAYANK DUBEY HRITHIK
Gen. Category - 2017 Gen. Category - 2017 Gen. Category - 2017 Gen. Category - 2017 Gen. Category - 2017 Gen. Category - 2017 Gen. Category - 2017 Gen. Category - 2017

AIR-20 AIR-27 AIR-32 AIR-61 AIR-67 AIR-78 AIR-61 AIR-91

SHASHANK AGRAWAL RAAGHAV RAAJ SHREYA PATHAK SIDDHANT CHOUDAHRY ANISWAR S KRISHNAN AAYUSH KADAM SARTHAK BEHERA ANDREWS G. VARGHESE
Gen. Category - 2018 Gen. Category - 2018 Gen. Category - 2018 Gen. Category - 2018 Gen. Category - 2018 Gen. Category - 2018 Gen. Category - 2018 Gen. Category - 2018
DLP *SDCCP *SDCCP

AIR-2 AIR-19 AIR-33 AIR-48 AIR-51 AIR-53 AIR-86

HIMANSHU GAURAV SINGH VIBHAV AGGARWAL S. PRAJEETH SOHAM MISTRI SAYANTAN DHAR GAURAV KRISHAN GUPTA SATVIK JAIN
Gen. Category - 2019 Gen. Category - 2019 Gen. Category - 2019 Gen. Category - 2019 Gen. Category - 2019 Gen. Category - 2019 Gen. Category - 2019
*SDCCP *SDCCP DLP DLP DLP
 CIRCLE
1.(A) DEFINITION: Converse: If two chords of a circle are
A circle is the locus of a point which moves in equal then their corresponding arcs are
a plane in such a way that its distance from a congruent.
fixed point (in the same given plane) remains (ii) Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent
constant. The fixed point is called the centre of circles) subtend equal angles at the centre.
the circle and the constant distance is called the
Converse : If the angle subtended by two
radius of the circle.
chords of a circle (or of congruent circles)
Equation of a circle : at thecentre are equal, the chords are equal.
The curve traced by the moving point is called Theorem 2 :
its circumference i.e. the equation of any circle (i) The perpendicular from the centre of a
is satisfied by co-ordinates of all points on its circle to a chord bisects the chord.
circumference.
or Converse: The line joining the mid point of a
The equation of the circle means the equation chord to the centre of a circle is perpendicularto
of its circumference.
the chord.
or
(ii) Perpendicular bisectors of two chords of
It is the set of all points lying on the circumference
a circle intersect at its centre.
of the circle. Chord and diameter - the line joining
any two points on the circumference is called a
chord. If any chord passing through its centre is
called its diameter.
AB = chord, PQ = diameter Theorem 3 :
C = centre (i) There is one and only one circle passing
(B) BASIC THEOREMS & RESULTS OF through three non collinear points.
CIRCLES : (ii) If two circles intersects in two points, then
(a) Concentric circles : Circles having
the line joining the centres is perpendicular
same centre.
bisector of common chords.
(b) Congruent circles :Iff their radii are
equal.
(c) Congruent arcs :Iff they have same
degree measure at the centre. Theorem 4 :
Theorem 1:
(i) Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent
(i) If two arcs of a circle (or of congruent
circles) are equidistant from the centre.
circles) are congruent, the corresponding
Converse : Chords of a circle (or of congruent
chordsare equal.
circles) which are equidistant from thecentre
are equal in length.
Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 1
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
 (ii) If two equal chords are drawn from a (d) Cyclic Quadrilaterals :
point on the circle, then the centre of A quadrilateral is called a cyclic
circle will lieon angle bisector of these quadrilateral if its all vertices lie on a
two chords. circle.
(iii)Of any two chords of a circle larger will
Theorem 1 :
be near to centre.
The sum of either pair of opposite angles of
Theorem 5 :
a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°
(i) The degree measure of an arc or angle
OR
subtended by an arc at the centreis
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral
double the angle subtended by it at any
are supplementary.
point of alternate segment.
Converse: If the sum of any pair of
opposite angle of a quadrilateral is 180°,
then the quadrilateralis cyclic.
Theorem 2 :
(ii) Angle in the same segment of a circle
If a side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced,
are equal.
then the exterior angle is equal to the interior
opposite angle.
Theorem 3 :
(iii)The angle in a semi circle is right angle. The internal angle bisectors of a cyclic
Converse : The arc of a circle subtending a quadrilateral form a quadrilateral which is
right angle in alternate segment is semi circle. also cyclic.

Theorem 6 : Theorem 4 :
If two sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are
Any angle subtended by a minor arc in the
parallel then the remaining twosides are
alternate segment is acute and any angle
equal and the diagonals are also equal.
subtended by a major arc in the alternate
segment is obtuse. OR
A cyclic trapezium is isosceles and its
Theorem 7 :
diagonals are equal.
If a line segment joining two points
Converse : If two non-parallel sides of a
subtends equal angles at two other points
trapezium are equal, then it is cyclic.
lying on the sameside of the line segment,
the four points are concyclic, i.e. lie on the OR
same circle. An isosceles trapezium is always cyclic.

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 2
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
 Theorem 5 :
When the opposite sides of cyclic quadrilateral
(provided that they are not parallel) are
produced, then the exterior angle bisectors
intersect at right angle.
OR
Area of the rectangle formed by the two
(C) TANGENTS TO A CIRCLE :
segments of a chord isequal to the area of the
Theorem 1 :
square of side equal to the length of thetangent
A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the
from the point on the circle.
radius through the point of contact.
Theorem 5 :
Converse : A line drawn through the end point If a chord is drawn through the point of contact
of a radius and perpendicular to it is a tangent of a tangent to acircle, then the angles which
to the circle. this chord makes with the given tangentare
Theorem 2 : equal respectively to the angles formed in the
If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an correspondingalternate segments.
external point, then :

(i) they are equal.

(ii) they subtend equal angles at the centre, BAQ = ACB and BAP = ADB
(iii)they are equally inclined to the segment, Converse :
joining the centre to that point. If a line is drawn through an end point of a
Theorem 3 : chord of a circle so that the angle formed with
If two chords of a circle intersect inside or the chord isequal to the angle subtended by the
outside thecircle when produced, the rectangle chord in the alternate segment, then the line is a
formed by the twosegments of one chord is tangent to thecircle.
equal in area to the rectangleformed by the two 2. STANDARD EQUATIONS OF THE
segments of the other chord.PA × PB = PC × PD CIRCLE :
(a) Central Form :
If (h, k) is the centre and r is the radius
of the circle then its equation is
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
Theorem 4 :
If PAB is a secant to a circle intersecting the Special Cases :
circle at A and B and PT is tangent segment, (i) If centre is origin (0,0) and radius is 'r'
then PA × PB = PT2 then equation of circle is x2 + y2 = r2and
this is called the standard form.

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 3
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
 (ii) If radius of circle is zero then equation of Note : Centre of the circle may exist in any
circle is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = 0.Such circle quadrant hence for general cases use ± sign
is called zero circle or point circle.
(iii)When circle touches x-axis then equation before h & k.
of the circle is (b) General equation of circle
(x–h)2 + (y–k)2 = k2. x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. whereg,f,c are
constants and centre is (–g,–f)
 coefficient of x coefficient of y 
i.e.   , 
 2 2 
and radius r  g 2  f 2  c
(iv) When circle touches y-axis then equation
of circle is (x–h)2 + (y–k)2 = h2. Note :
(i) If (g2 + f2 – c) > 0, then r is real and positive
and the circle is a real circle.
(ii) If (g2 + f2 – c) = 0, then radius r = 0 and circle
is a point circle.
(iii)If (g2 + f2 –c) < 0, then r is imaginary then
(v) When circle touches both the axes circle is also an imaginary circle with real
(x-axis and y-axis) then equation of centre.
circle (x–h)2 + (y–h)2 = h2.
(iv) x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, has three
constants and to get the equation of the
circle at least three conditions should be
known A unique circle passes through
three non collinearpoints.
(v) The general second degree in x and
(vi) When circle passes through the origin y, ax2 + by2 + 2hxy + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
and centre of the circle is (h, k)then represents a circle if :
radius h 2  k 2  r and intercept cut • coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2 or
on x-axis OP =2h, and intercept cut on a=b0
y-axis is OQ = 2k and equation of circle is • coefficient of xy = 0 or h = 0
(x–h)2 + (y–k)2 = h2 + k2
• (g2 + f2 – c)  0 (for a real circle)
or
2 2
x + y – 2hx – 2ky = 0 (c) Intercepts cut by the circle on axes:
The intercepts cut by the circle x2 + y2 +
2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on:
(i) x  axis  2 g 2  c

(ii) y  axis  2 f  c
2

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 4
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
Note: (e) Equation of circle in parametric forms:
(i) If the circle cuts the x-axis two distinct (i) The parametric equation of the circle
x2 + y2= r2 are x = r cos, y = r sin;
point, then g2 – c > 0 [0, 2) and (r cos , r sin ) are
(ii) If the circle cuts the y-axis at two distinct called the parametric co-ordinates.
(ii) The parametric equation of the circle
point, then f2 – c > 0
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 is x = h + r cos ,
(iii) If circle touches x-axis then g2 = c. y = k + r sin where is parameter.
(iv) If circle touches y-axis then f2 = c. (iii)The parametric equation of the circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 are
(v) Circle lies completely above or below the
x  g  g 2  f 2  c cos ,
x-axis then g2<c
(vi) Circle lies completely to the right or left to y = – f + g 2  f 2  c sin  where  is
parameter.
the y-axis, then f2< c.
(vii) Intercept cut by a line on the circle Note: Equation of a straight line joining two
point &  on the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 or length of      
x cos  ysin  a cos .
2 2 2
chord of the circle  2 a  P where a is
2 2
Illustration 1 : Find the centre and the radius of
the radius and P is the length of the circles
perpendicular from the centre of the chord. (a) 3x2 + 3y2 – 8x – 10y + 3 = 0
(b) x2 + y2 + 2x sin + 2y cos – 8 = 0
(c) 2x2 + xy + 2y2 + ( – 4) x + 6y – 5 = 0,
for some .
Solution : (a) We rewrite the given equation is
8 10
x 2  y2  x  y  1  0
3 3
(d) Equation of circle in diameter form:
4 5
If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are the end points  g   , f = – ,c  1
3 3
of the diameter of the circle and P(x, y) is
 4 5
the point other then A and B on the circle then Hence the centre is  ,  and the radius is
 3 3
from geometry we know the APB = 90º. 16 25 32 4 2
 1   units
 (Slope of PA) × (Slope of PB) = – 1 9 9 9 3
 y  y1   y  y 2  (b) x2 + y2 + 2x sin + 2ycos – 8 = 0. Centre
     1 of this circle is (–sin, – cos)
 x  x1   x  x 2 
Radius = sin 2   cos2   8  1  8  3
 (x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0
units
Note: This will be the circle of least radius (c) 2x2 + xy + 2y2 + ( – 4)x + 6y – 5 = 0
passing through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) We rewrite the equation as

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 5
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
  4 5 (A) 15 (x2 + y2) – 94x + 18y – 55 = 0
x  xy  y 2  
2
 x  3y   0 (B) 15 (x2 + y2) – 94x + 18y + 55 = 0
2  2  2
(C) 15(x2 + y2) + 94x – 18y + 55 = 0
….(i)
(D)None of these
Since, there is no term of xy in the Solution : Let the circle be
 x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 …(i)
equation of circle  = 0  = 0
2 Hence, substituting the points, (1, –2) and (4, –3)
So, equation (i) reduces to in equation (i)
5 5 + 2g – 4f + c = 0 …(ii)
x2 + y2 – 2x + 3y –  0 25 + 8g – 6f + c = 0 …(iii)
2
centre (–g, –f) lies on line 3x + 4y = 7
 3 Hence –3g – 4f = 7
  centre is 1,  
 2 Solving for g, f, c, we get
47 9 55
9 5 23 Here g  ,f  ,c 
Radius = 1    units. 15 15 15
4 2 2
Hence the equation is
15 (x2 + y2) – 94x + 18y + 55 = 0 Ans.(B)
Illustration 2 : If the lines 3x – 4y + 4 = 0 and Illustration 5 : A circle has radius equal to
6x – 8y – 7 = 0 are tangents to a circle, then the 3 units and its centre lies on the line y = x – 1.
radius of the circle is- Find the equation of the circle if it passes
(A) 3/2 (B) 3/4 through (7, 3).
(C) 1/10 (D) 1/20 Solution : Let the centre of the circle be (, ).
Solution: The diameter of the circle is perpendicular It lies on the line y = x – 1
distance between the parallel lines (tangents)  = – 1. Hence the centre is (,  – 1).
7 the equation of the circle is
3x – 4y + 4 = 0 and 3x  4y   0 and so it is
2 (x – )2 + (y –  + 1)2 = 9
47/ 2 3 It passes through (7, 3) (7 – )2 + (4 – )2 = 9
equal to  . 22 – 22 + 56 = 0
9  16 2
2 – 11 + 28 = 0
3
Hence radius is . Ans. (B) ( – 4) ( – 7) = 0
4
 = 4, 7
Hence the required equation are
Illustration 3 : If y = 2x + m is a diameter to x2 + y2 – 8x – 6y + 16 = 0 and
the circle x2 + y2 + 3x + 4y – 1 = 0, then find m x2 + y2 – 14x – 12y + 76 = 0. Ans.
Solution : Centre of circle = (–3/2, –2). This
Illustration 6 : Let L1 be a straight line through
lies on diameter y = 2x + m
the origin and L2 be the straight line x + y = 1.
 –2 = (–3/2) × 2 + m m = 1 If the intercepts made by the circle x2 + y2 – x +
3y = 0 on L1& L2 are equal, then which of the
Illustration 4 : The equation of a circle which following equations can represent L1 ?
passes through the point (1, –2) and (4, –3) and (A) x + y = 0 (B) x – y = 0
whose centre lies on the line 3x + 4y = 7 is (C) x + 7y = 0 (D) x – 7y = 0

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 6
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
Solution : Let L1 be y = mx (b) The greatest & the least distance of a point
Lines L1& L2 will be at equal distances from A from a circle with centre C & radius r is
1 3 AC + r & |AC – r| respectively.
centre of the circle centre of the circle is  ,  
2 2
1 3 1 3 4. POWER OF A POINT W.R.T. CIRCLE:
m  1
2 2 2 2 (m 3) 2 Theorem: The power of point P(x1, y1) w.r.t.
   8
1  m2 2 (1  m 2 ) the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is S1
 7m2 – 6m – 1 = 0 (m – 1) (7m + 1) = 0 where S1  x12  y12  2gx1  2fy1  c
1
 m = 1, m = –  y = x, 7y + x = 0
7 Note: If P outside, inside or on the circle then
Ans. (B,C) power of point is positive, negative or zero
respectively.
Do yourself -1 If from a point P(x1, y1), inside or outside the
(i) Find the centre and radius of the circle
circle, a secant be drawn intersecting then circle
2x2 + 2y2 = 3x – 5y + 7
in two points A & B, then PA. PB = constant.
(ii) Find the equation of the circle whose centre The product PA. PB is called power of point
is the point of intersection of the lines P(x1, y1) w.r.t. the circle S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy +
2x – 3y + 4 = 0 & 3x + 4y – 5 = 0 and c = 0, i.e. for number of secants
passes through the origin
PA.PB = PA1. PB1 = PA2 . PB2 = …= PT2 = S1
(iii) Find the parametric form of the equation of
the circle x2 + y2 + px + py = 0
(iv) Find the equation of the circle the end points
of whose diameter are the centres of the
circles
x2 + y2 + 16x – 14y = 1 & x2 + y2 – 4x + 10y = 2 Illustration 7 : If P(2, 8) is an interior point of
3. POSITION OF A POINT W.R.T CIRCLE: a circle x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y – p = 0 which neither
(a) Let the circle is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 touches nor intersects the axes, then set for p is-
and the point is (x1, y1) then- (A) p< – 1 (B) p < – 4
Point (x1, y1) lies outside the circle or on (C) p > 96 (D) 
the circle or inside the circle according as Solution : For internal point
 x12  y12  2gx1 + 2fy1 + c >, = ,< 0 or p(2, 8), 4 + 64 – 4 + 32 – p < 0 p > 96
S1> , = , < 0 And x intercept = 2 1  p therefore 1 + p < 0

 p< – 1 and y intercept = 2 4  p

 p < – 4 Ans.(D)

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 7
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
 a > 5  1 or a   5 1, a  2 5 15
Do yourself -2
(i) Find the position of the points (1, 2) & (6, 0) or a  2 5  15
w.r.t. the circle x2 + y2 – 4x + 2y – 11 = 0 Hence common values of 'a' are
(ii) Find the greatest and least distance of a point (2 5  15,  5  1).
P(7, 3) from circle x2 + y2 – 8x – 6y + 16 = 0.
Also find the power of point P w.r.t. circle. Illustration 9 : The equation of a circle whose
centre is (3, –1) and which cuts off a chord of
length 6 on the line 2x– 5y+ 18 = 0
5. TANGENT LINE OF CIRCLE :
When a straight line meet a circle on two
coincident points then it is called the tangent of
the circle.
(a) Condition of Tangency:
The line L = 0 touches the circle S = 0 if P
(A) (x – 3)2 + (y + 1) 2 = 38
the length of the perpendicular from the
(B) (x + 3) 2 + (y – 1) 2 = 38
centre to that line and radius of the circle r
(C) (x – 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 38
are equal i.e. P = r.
(D) none of these
Solution : Let AB(= 6) be the chord intercepted
by the line
2x – 5y + 18 = 0 from the circle and let CD be
the perpendicular drawn from centre (3, –1) to
the chord AB.
2.3  5(1)  18
Illustration 8 : Find the range of parameter 'a' i.e., AD = 3, CD   29
for which the variable line y = 2x + a lies 22  52
between the circles x2 + y2 – 2x – 2y + 1 = 0 Therefore, CA2 = 32 + ( 29) 2 = 38
and x2 + y2 – 16x – 2y + 61 = 0 without Hence required equation is (x – 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 38
intersecting or touching either circle. Ans. (A)
Solution : The given circles are
Illustration 10: The area of the triangle formed
C1 : (x – 1)2 + (y – 1)2 = 1 and
by line joining the origin to the points of
C2 : (x – 8) 2 + (y – 1) 2 = 4 intersection(s) of the line x 5  2y  3 5 and
The line y – 2x – a = 0 will lie between these circle circle x2 + y2 = 10 is
if centre of the circles lie on opposite sides of the
line, i.e. (1 – 2 – a)(1 – 16 – a) < 0  a  (–15, –1)
Line wouldn't touch or intersect the circles if,
1 2  a |1  16  a |
 1, 2
5 5 (A) 3 (B) 4
 a  5,|15  a | 2 5 (C) 5 (D) 6
Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 8
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
Solution : Length of perpendicular from origin Note : To get the equation of tangent at the
to the line x 5  2y  3 5 is point (x1, y1) on any second degree curve we
replace xx1 in place of x2, yy1 in place of y2,
3 5 3 5
OL    5 x  x1 y  y1
in place of x, in place of y,
( 5)2  22 9
2 2
xy1  yx1
Radius of the given circle = 10 = OQ = OP in place of xy and c in place of c.
2
PQ = 2QL = 2 OQ2  OL2  2 10  5  2 5 (c) Length of tangent ( S1 ) :
Thus area of OPQ
1 1
  PQ  OL   2 5  5  5 Ans. (C)
2 2

(b) Equation of the tangent (T = 0) :

The length of tangent drawn from point
(i) Tangent at the point (x1,y1) on the circle
(x1,y1) out side the circle
x2 + y2 = a2 is xx1 + yy1 = a2. S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is,
(ii) (1) The tangent at the point (acos t, asin t)
PT  S1  x12  y12  2gx1  2fg1  c
on the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is xcos t + ysin t =
a (2) The point of intersection of the Note : When we use this formula the coefficient of
tangents at the points P() and Q() x2 and y2 must be 1.
(d) Equation of Pair of tangents (SS1 = T2) :]
     
 a cos a sin
is  2 , 2 .
    
 cos cos 
 2 2 
(iii)The equation of tangent at the point (x1,y1)
Let the equation of circle S  x2 + y2 = a2
on the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
and P(x1,y1) is any point outside the circle.
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0
From the point we can draw two real and
(iv) If line y = mx + c is a straight line
distinct tangent PQ & PR and combine
touching the circle x2 + y2 = a2, then
equation of pair of tangents is-
c  a 1  m2 and contact points are
(x2 + y2 – a2) (x12 + y12 – a2) = (xx1 + yy1 –
 am a   a 2m a 2  a2)2 or SS1 = T2
  , ±  or  ,± 
 1 + m2 1 + m2   c c 
and equation of tangent i Illustration 11 : Let A be the centre of the
circle x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 20 = 0 and B(1, 7)
y = mx ± a 1+ m2
and D(4, –2) are points on the circle then, if
(v) The equation of tangent with slope m of the
tangents be drawn at B and D, which meet at C,
circle (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a2 is
then area of quadrilateral ABCD is -
(y – k) = m(x – h) ± a 1 + m2 (A) 150 (B) 75
(C) 75/2 (D) none of these
Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 9
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
Solution :

(a) Equation of normal at point (x1,y1) of circle

Here centreA(1, 2) and Tangent at (1, 7) is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
x.1 + y.7 – 1(x + 1) – 2(y + 7) – 20 = 0 or y = 7  y +f 
y - y1 =  1  (x - x1 )
.......... (i)
 x1 + g 
Tangent at D(4, –2) is 3x – 4y – 20 = 0 (b) The equation of normal on any point (x1,y1)
.......... (ii)
y y1
Solving (i) and (ii), C is (16, 7) of circle x2 + y2 = a2 is  .
x x1
Area ABCD = AB × BC = 5 × 15 = 75 units.
(c) If x2 + y2 = a2 is the equation of the circle then
Ans. (B)
at any point 't' of this circle (a cos t, a sint),
Do yourself-3 the equation of normal is
(i) Find the equation of tangent to the circle xsint – ycost = 0.
x2 + y2 – 2ax = 0 at the point (a(1 + cos),
Illustration 12: Find the equation of the normal
asin).
to the circle x2 + y2 – 5x + 2y – 48 = 0 at the
(ii) Find the equations of tangents to the circle point (5, 6).
x2 + y2 – 6x + 4y – 12 = 0 which are Solution: Since normal to the circle always passes
parallel to the line 4x – 3y + 6 = 0 through the centre so equation of the normal will
5 
(iii)Find the equation of the tangents to the be the line passing through (5, 6) &  , 1
2 
circle x2 + y2 = 4 which are perpendicular 7  5
to the line12x – 5y + 9 = 0. Also find the i.e. y 1   x    5y  5  14x  35
5/ 2 2
points of contact. 14x – 5y – 40 = 0
(iv) Find the value of 'c' if the line y = c is a
tangent to the circle x2 + y2 – 2x + 2y – 2 = 0 Illustration 13 : If the straight line ax + by = 2;
a, b  0 touches the circle x2 + y2 – 2x = 3 and
at the point (1, 1)
is normal to the circle x2 + y2 – 4y = 6, then the
6. NORMAL OF CIRCLE : values of a and b are respectively
Normal at a point is the straight line which is (A) 1, –1 (B) 1, 2
4
perpendicular to the tangent at the point of (C)  ,1 (D) 2, 1
3
contact.
Solution : Given x2 + y2 – 2x = 3
Note : Normal at point of the circle passes
centre is (1, 0) and radius is 2
through the centre of the circle.
Given x2 + y2 – 4y = 6

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 10
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
centre is (0, 2) and radius is 10 . Since line Do yourself -4
ax + by = 2 touches the first circle (i) Find the equation of the normal to the circle
| a(1)  b(0)  2 | x2 + y2 = 2x, which is parallel to the line
  2  Or
a 2  b2 x + 2y = 3.

| (a  2) | [2 a 2  b2 ] …..(i)
7. CHORD OF CONTACT (T = 0)
Also the given line is normal to the second A line joining the two points of contacts of
circle. Hence it will pass through the centre of two tangents drawn from a point P outside
the second circle. the circle, is called chord of contact of the
 a(0) + b(2) = 2 or 2b = 2 or b = 1 point.
Putting this value in equation (i) we get |a – 2|

= 2 a  1 or (a – 2)2 = 4(a2 + 1)
2 2

or a2 + 4 – 4a = 4a2 + 4 or 3a2 + 4a = 0
4
or a (3a + 4) = 0 or a = 0,  (a  0)
3 If two tangents PT1& PT2 are drawn from
 4  the point P(x1, y1) to the circle
values of a and b are   ,1 . Ans. (C)
 3  S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 , then the
equation of the chord of
Illustration 14 : find the equation of a circle contact T1T2 is :
having the lines x2+ 2xy + 3x + 6y = 0 as its xx1 + yy1 + g (x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0
normal and having size just sufficient to (i.e. T = 0 same as equation of tangent).
contain the circle x(x – 4) + y(y– 3) = 0.
Remember :
Solution : Pair of normals are (x + 2y)(x + 3) = 0
Normals are x + 2y = 0, x + 3 = 0. (a) Length of chord of contact
Point of intersection of normals is the centre of 2LR
T1 T2 =
required circle i.e. C1(–3, 3/2) and centre of given R 2  L2
(b) Area of the triangle formed by the pair of the
9 5
circle is C2(2, 3/2) and radius r2 = 4  RL3
4 2 tangents & its chord of contact = ,
R 2  L2
Let r1 be the radius of required circle where R is the radius of the circle & L is the
2 length of the tangent from P(x1, y1) on S = 0.
 r1  C1C2  r2  ( 3  2) 2      
3 3 5 15
2 2 2 2 (c) Angle between the pair of tangents from

P(x1, y1) = tan –1  2

Hence equation of required circle is x2 + y2 + 2RL 
2 
6x – 3y – 45 = 0 L R 
(d) Equation of the circle circumscribing the
triangle PT1 T2 or quadrilateral CT1PT2is :
Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 11
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
 (x – x1) (x + g) + (y – y1) (y + f) = 0. Do yourself -5
(e) The joint equation of a pair of tangents (i) Find the equation of the chord of contact of
drawn from the point A (x1 , y1) to the the point (1, 2) with respect to the circle
circle x2 + y2 + 2x + 3y + 1 = 0
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is : SS1 = T2. (ii) Tangents are drawn from the point P(4, 6)
to the circle x2 + y2 = 25.Find the area of
Where S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c ;
the triangle formed by them and their chord
S1 x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
of contact
T  xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c.
8. EQUATION OF THE CHORD WITH
GIVEN MIDDLE POINT (T = S1):
Illustration 15 : The chord of contact of
The equation of the chord of the circle S  x2 +
tangents drawn from a point on the circle
y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0in terms of its point M
x2 + y2 = a2 to the circle x2 + y2 = b2 touches the
x g
circle x2 + y2 = c2. Show that a, b, c are in GP. (x1, y1) is y – y1 =  1 (x – x1). This on
y1  f
Solution :
simplification can be put in the form
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = x12 + y12
+ 2fx1 + 2fy1 + c which is designated by T= S1.

Note that : The shortest chord of a circle

passing through a point 'M' inside circle, is one
chord whose middle point is M.
Illustration 16 : Find the locus of middle
Let P(acos, asin) be a point on the circle
points of the circle x2 + y2 = a2, Which subtend
x2+ y2 = a2.
right angle at the point (c, 0)
Then equation of chord of contact of tangents Solution : Let N(h, k) be the middle point of
drawn from any chord AB,which subtend a right angle at
P(acos, asin) to the circle x2 + y2 = b2 is P(c, 0)
axcos + aysin = b2 ..... (i)
This touches the circle x2 + y2 = c2 ..... (ii)
Length of perpendicular from (0, 0) to
(i) = radius of (ii)
| 0  0  b2 |
  c or
(a 2 cos 2   a 2 sin 2 )
b2 = ac a, b, c are in GP. Since APB = 90º
 NA = NB = NP
(Since distance of the vertices from middle
point of the hypotenuse are equal)

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 12
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
or (NA)2 = (NB) 2 = (h – c) 2 + (k – 0) 2 ..... (i) Do yourself -6
But also BNO = 90° (i) Find the equation of the chord of x2 + y2 –
 (OB)2 = (ON)2 + (NB)2 6x + 10 – a = 0 which is bisected at (–2, 4).
 – (NB)2 = (ON) 2 – (OB) 2 (ii) Find the locus of mid-point of chord of x2 +
 –[(h – c)2 + (k – 0)2] = (h2 + k2) – a2 y2 + 2gx + 2ƒy + c = 0 that pass through the
or 2(h2 + k2) – 2ch + c2 – a2 = 0 origin
 Locus of N(h, k) is 2(x2 + y2) – 2cx + c2 – a2 = 0
Ans. 9. DIRECTOR CIRCLE:
The locus of point of intersection of two
Illustration 17 : Let a circle be given by perpendicular tangents to a circle is called
2x(x – a) + y(2y – b) = 0 (a  0, b  0) director circle. Let p(h, k) is the of intersection
Find the condition on a and b if two chords, of two tangent drawn on the x2 + y2 = a2. Then
each bisected by the x-axis, can be drawn to the the equation of the pair of tangents is SS1 = T2
circle from (a, b/2). i.e.(x2 + y2 – a2) (h2 + k2 –a2) = (hx + ky – a2)2
Solution : The given circle is as lines are perpendicular to each other then.
2x(x – a) + y(2y – b) = 0 coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0
or x2 + y2 – ax – by/2 = 0 [(h2 + k2– a2) – h2] + [(h2 + k2– a2) – k2] = 0
Let AB be the chord which is bisected by x-axis  h2 + k2 = 2a2
at a point M. Let its co-ordinates be M(h, 0).  locus of (h, k) is x2 + y2 = 2a2
and S  x2 + y2– ax – by/2 = 0 director circle is a concentric circle whose
 Equation of chord AB is T = S1
radius is 2 times the radius of the circle.
a b Note: The director circle of x2 + y2+ 2gx + 2fy
hx + 0 – (x  h)  (y  0)  h 2  0  ah  0
2 4 + c = 0 is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + 2c – g2 – f2 = 0
since it passes through (a, b/2) we have
Illustration 18 : Let P be any moving point on
2
a b the x2 + y2 – 2x = 1, form this point chord of
ah – (a+h) – =h2 –ah
2 8 contact is drawn w.r.t. the circle x2 + y2 – 2x =
3ah a 2 b2 0. Find the locus of the circumcentre of the
h2 –   0 triangle CAB, C being center of the circle and
2 2 8
A, B are the point of contact.
Now there are two chordbisected by the x-axis,
Solution : The two circle are
so there must be two distinct real roots of h. (x – 1) 2 + y2 = 1 …(i)
 2
B – 4AC > 0 2 2
(x – 1) + y = 2 …(ii)
so the second circle is the director circle of the
 3a   a 2 b2 
2

  4.1.    0 a > 2b Ans. first. So APB = /2

2 2

 2  2 8 Also ACB = /2
Now circumcentre of the right angled triangle
CAB would lie on the mid point of AB So let
the point be M  (h, k)
Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 13
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
 Let PQR is a chord which passes through
1
Now, CM = CB sin45° = the point p(x1, y1) which intersects the
2
circle at point Q and R and the tangents are
2
 1  drawn at points Q and R meet at point
So, (h – 1)2 + k2 =  
 2 S(h,k) then equation of QR the chord of
1 contact is x1h + y1k = a2 locus of point
So, locus of M is (x – 1) 2 + y2 =
2 S(h, k) is xx1 + yy1 = a2 Which is the
Do yourself -7 equation of the polar.
(i) Find the equation of the director circle of
the circle (x – h) 2 + (y – k) 2 = a2. Note:
(ii) If the angle between the tangents drawn to (i) The equation of the polar is the T = 0, so
 the polar of point (x1, y1) w.r.t circle
x2 + y2 + 4x + 8y + c = 0 from (0, 0) is ,
2 x2 +y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is xx1 + yy1 +
then find value of 'c' g(x + x1) + f(y+ y1) + c = 0
(iii)If two tangents are drawn from a point on the (ii) If point is outside the circle then equation
circle x2 + y2 = 50 to the circle x2 + y2 = 25, of polar and chord of contact is same. So
then find the angle between the tangents. the chord of contact is polar.
10. POLE AND POLAR : (iii) If point is inside the circle then chord if
contact doesnor exist but polar exist.
(iv) If point lies on the circle then polar, chord
of contact and tangent on that point are
same.
(v) If the polar of P w.r.t. a circle passes
through the point Q, then the polar of
Let any straight line the given point A(x1, y1) P point Q will pass through P and hence P
& Q are conjugate points of each other
intersect the given circle S = 0 in two point P
w.r.t. the given circle.
and Q and if the tangent of the circle at P and Q
(vi) If pole of a line w.r.t. a circle lies on
meet at the point R then locus of point R is
second line. Then pole of second line lies
called polar of the point A and point A is called on first line and hence both lines are
the pole, with respect to the given circle. conjugate lines of each other w.r.t. the
(a) The equation of the polar of point (x1, y1) given circle
w.r.t. circle x2 + y2 = a2 (T = 0).

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 14
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
(vii) If O be the center of a circle and P be any (c) The equation of a family of circle passing
point, then OP is perpendicular to the polar through two given points (x1, y1) & (x2, y2)
of P.
can be written in the form :
(viii)If O be the center of a circle and P any
(x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) + K
point, then if OP (product, if necessary)
meet the polar of P in Q, then OP. OQ =
(radius)2
(b) Pole of a given line with respect to a circle
To find the pole of a line we assume the
x y 1
coordinates of the pole then from these
x1 y1 1  0 where K is a parameter.
coordinates we find the polar. This polar and
x2 y2 1
given line represent the same line. Then by
comparing the coefficients of similar terms we (d) The equation of a family of circles touching
can get the coordinates of the pole. a fixed line
the pole of lx + my + n = 0 y – y1 = m (x – x1) at the fixed point (x1, y1) is
 a ma 
2 2
w.r.t. circle x2 + y2 =a2will be  ,  (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 + K[y – y1 – m(x – x1)] = 0,
 n n 
where K is a parameter.
11. FAMILY OF CIRCLE :
(a) The equation of the family of circle passing
through the points of intersection of two
circle

(e) Family of circle circumscribing a triangle

whose sides are given by
L1 = 0 ; L2 = 0 & L3 = 0 is given by ;
S1 = 0 & S2 = 0 is : S1 + K S2 = 0
L1L2 +  L2L3 +  L3L1 = 0
(K  –1).
(b) The equation of the family if circles passing provided coefficient of xy = 0 & coefficient
through the point of intersection of a circle of x2 = coefficient of y2.
S = 0 & a line L = 0 is gives by S + KL = 0.

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 15
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
(f) Equation of circle circumscribing a quadrilateral Do yourself -8
whose sides in order arerepresented by the (i) Prove that the polar of a given point with
lines L1 = 0, L2 = 0, L3 = 0 & L4 = 0 is respect to any one of circles
L1L3 + L2L4 = 0 provided coefficient of x2 + y2 – 2kx + c2 = 0,
x2 = coefficient of y2 and coefficient of xy = 0. where k is a variable, always passes
through a fixed point, whatever be the value
of k.
(ii) Find the equation of the circle passing
through the points of intersection of the
circle x2 + y2 – 6x + 2y + 4 = 0 & x2 + y2 +
Illustration 19 : The equation of the circle 2x – 4y – 6 = 0 and with its centre on the
through the points of intersection of x2 + y2 – 1 = 0, line y = x.
x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 1 = 0 and touching the line (iii)Find the equation of the circle through the
x + 2y = 0, is - points of intersection of the circles
(A) x2 + y2 + x + 2y = 0 x2 + y2 + 2x + 3y– 7 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 3x –
(B) x2 + y2 – x + 20 = 0 2y – 1 = 0 and passing through the point (1, 2).
(C) x2 + y2 – x – 2y = 0
(D) 2(x2 + y2) – x – 2y 12. DIRECT AND TRANSVERSE COMMON
Solution : Family of circles is TANGENTS :
x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 1 + (x2 + y2 – 1) = 0 Let two circles having centre C1 and C2 and
(1 + ) x2 + (1 + ) y2 – 2x – 4y + (1 – ) = 0 radii, r1 and r2 and C1C2 is the distance between
2 4 1  their centres then :
x 2  y2  x y 0
1  1  1  (a) Both circles will touch :
 1 2  (i) Externally if C1C2 = r1 + r2 i.e. the
Centre is  ,  and radius
 1  1   distance between their centres is equal to
sum of their radii and point
 1   2  1  4  2
2 2

      P & T divides C1C2 in the ratio r1 : r2

 1     1    1   |1   |
(internally & externally respectively). In
Since it touches the line x + 2y = 0, hence
this case there are three common
Radius = Perpendicular distance from centre to
tangents.
the line.
1 2
2
1    4    5  4  2
2
i.e., 1  
12  22 |1   |
(ii) Internally if C1C2 = |r1–r2| i.e. the
 = ± 1 distance between their centres is equal
= –1 cannot be possible in case of circle. So  = 1 to difference between their radii and
Thus, we get the equation of circle. Ans.(C) point P divides C1C2 in the ratior1 : r2

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 16
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
 externally and in this case there will be Note : Length of direct common tangent
only one common tangent.
= (C1C2 )2  (r1  r2 ) 2

Length of transverse common tangent

= (C1C2 )2  (r1  r2 ) 2

(b) The circles will intersect :

when |r1 – r2| < C1C2< r1 + r2 in this case Illustration 20 : Prove that the circles
there are x2 + y2 + 2ax + c2 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2by + c2 = 0
1 1 1
touch each other, if 2
 2  2,
a b c
Solution : Given circle are
x 2  y2  2ax  c2  0 ………(1)
two common tangents.
and x  y  2by  c  0
2 2 2
(c) The circles will not intersect : ………(2)
(i) One circle will lie inside the other circle
Let C1 and C2 be the centre of circle (i) and (ii),
if C1C2< | r1 –r2| In this case there will be no
common tangent. respectively r1and r2be their radii, then
C1 = (–a, 0), C2= (0, –b),

r= a 2  c2 r2 = b2  c2
Here we find the two circle touch other
(ii) When circle are apart from each other
then C1C2 > r1 + r2 and in this case therewill internally or externally.
be four common tangents. or indirect or for touch, |C1C2| = |r1 ± r2|
internal common tangents and these lines
meet line C1C2 on T1 and T1 divides the line or (a 2  b2 ) | (a 2  c2 )  (b2  c2 )
C1C2 in the ratio r1 : r2 internally and lines On squaring a2 + b2 = a2 – c2 + b2 – c2
AB & CD are called direct or external
± 2 (a 2  c2 ) (b2  c2 )
common tangents. These lines meet C1C2
produced on T2. Thus T2 divides C1C2 or c2   a 2b2  c2 (a 2  b2 )  c4
externally in the ratio r1 : r2. Again squaring, c2 = a2b2 – c2 (a2 + b2) + c4
or c2 (a2 + b2) = a2b2
1 1 1
or 2
 2  2
a b c

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 17
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
 14. RADICAL AXIS OF THE TWO CIRCLES
Do yourself -9
(S1 – S2 = 0) :
(i) Two circle with radius 5 touches at the
(a) Definition:The locus of a point, which
point (1, 2). If the equation of common
moves in such a way that the length of
tangent is 4x + 3y = 10 and one of the circle
tangents drawn from it to the circlesare
is x2 + y2 +6x + 2y – 15 = 0. find the
equal and is called the radical axis. If two
equation of other circle.
circles are -
(ii) Find the number ofcommon tangents to the S1 x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0
circle x2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y + 6 = 0.
S2 x2 + y2 +2g2x + 2f2y + c2 =0]
Let P(h,k) is a point and PA,PB are length
13. THE ANGLE OF INTERSECTION OF
of two tangents on the circle from point P,
TWO CIRCLES :
Then from definition -
Definition : The angle between the tangents of
two circle at the point if intersection of the two h 2  k 2  2g1h  2f1k  c1
circle is called angle of intersection of two
 h 2  k 2  2g 2 h  2f1k  c2
circle. If two circles are
or 2(g1 – g2)h + 2(g1 – g2)k + c1 + c2 = 0
locus of (h,k)
2x(g1 – g2) + 2y(f1 – f2)y + c1 – c2 = 0
S1 – S2 = 0
Which is the equation of radical axis.
Note:
S1 x2 + y2 + 2g1x + 2f1y + c1 = 0 S2x2 + y2 + (i) To get equation of the radical axis first of
2g2x + 2f2y + c2 = 0 and  is the acute angle all make the coefficient of x2 and y2 =1
between them (ii) If circles touch each other then radical axis
is the common tangent to both the circles.
2g1g 2  2f1f 2  c1  c2
then cos =
2 g12  f12  c1 g 22  f 22  c2 (iii) When the two circles intersect on real
points then common chord is the radical
 r2  r2  d2 
or cos    1 2  axis of the two circles.
 2r1r2  (iv) The radical axis of the two circles is
Hence r1 and r2 are the radii of the circles and d perpendicular to the line joining the centre
is the distance between their centers. of two circles but not always pass through
If the angle of intersection of the two circles is mid point of it.
a right angle then such circle are called (v) Radical axis (if exist) bisects common
"Orthogonal circle" and conditions for the tangent to two circles.
circle to be orthogonal is - (vi) The radical axes of three circles (taking
2g1g2+ 2f1f2 = c1 + c2 two at a time) meet at a point.

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 18
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
(vii) If circles are concentric then the radical (iv) If two circles are orthogonal, then the polar
axis does not always exist but if circles are of a point 'P' on first circle w.r.t. the second
not concentric then radical axis always circle passes through the point Q which is
exists.
(viii) If two circles are orthogonal to the third the other end of the diameter through P.
circle then radical axis of both circle passes Hence locus of a point which moves such
through the centre of the third circle. that its polars w.r.t. the circles S1 = 0 , S2 =
(ix) A system of circle, every pair of which 0 & S3 = 0 are concurrent is a circle which
have the same radical axis, is called a is orthogonal to all the three circles.
coaxialsystem of circles. Illustration 21 : A and B are two fixed points
and P moves such PA = nPB where n  1.Show
(b) Radical centre :
that lacus of P is a circle and for different
The radical centre of three circles is the
values of n all the circles have common
point from which length of tangents on
radicaln axis.
three circles are equal i.e. the point of
Solution : Let A  (a, 0), B  (–a, 0) and P(h, k)
intersection of radical axis of the circles is
so PA = nPB
the radical centre of the circles.To get the
(h – a2) + k2 = n2 [(h +a) 2 + k2]
radical axis of three circles S1 = 0, S2= 0,
(1 – n2)h2 + (1 – n2)k2 –2ah(1 + n2)
S3= 0 we have to solve any two
+ (1 – n2)a2 = 0
S1 –S2 = 0, S2–S3 = 0, S3–S1= 0
 1 n2  2
Note: h2 + k2 – 2ah  2 
a 0
 1 n 
(i) The circle with centre as radical centre and
Hence locus of P is
radius equal to the length of tangent from
 1 n2  2
radical centre to any of the circle, will cut x2 + y2 – 2ax  2 
 a  0 , which is a circle
the three circles orthogonally.  1 n 
of different value of n.
Let n1 and n2 are two different value of n so
their radical axis is x = 0 i.e. y–axis. Hence for
different value of n the circle have a common
radical axis.

Illustration 22 : Find the equation of the circle

(ii) If three circles are drawn on three sides of a through the points of intersection of the circles
triangle taking them as diameter then its x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y –12 = 0 and x2+y2 + 6x + 4y –
orthocenter will be its radical centre. 12 = 0 and cutting the circle x2 + y2 – 2x – 4 =
0 orthogonally.
(iii)Locus of the centre of a variable circle
Solution : The equation of the circle
orthogonal to two fixed circles is the radical
through the intersection of the given circles is
axis between the two fixed circles.

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 19
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
 x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 + (–10x – 10y) = 0 Hence (3, 2) is the center and 27 is the radius
.......... (i) of the circle intersection then orthogonally.
where (–10x – 10y = 0) is the equation of
Its equation (x – 3) 2 + (y – 2) 2 = r2 = 27
radical axis for the circle
x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0 and  x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y – 14 = 0
x2 + y2 + 6x + 4y – 12 = 0. Alternative Method :
Equation (i) can be re-arranged as Let x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 be the equation
x2 + y2 – x(10 + 4) – y(10 + 6) – 12 = 0 of the circle cutting the given circles
It cuts the circle x2 + y2 – 2x – 4 = 0 orthogonally.
orthogonally. 3
2g   + 2f(1) = c + 1 or 3g + 2f = c + 1
Hence 2gg1 + 2ff1 = c + c1 2
2(5 + 2)(1) + 2(5 + 3)(0) = – 12 – 4 ……. (1)
= – 2  1
Hence the required circle is 2g    + 2f(3) = c + 5 or –g + 6f = c + 5
 2
x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 – 2(–10x – 10y) = 0
……. (1)
i.e., x2 + y2 + 16x + 14y – 12 = 0
5
Illustration 23 : Find the radical centre of and 2g   +2f(–4) = c + 15 or 5g – 8f = c +15
2
circles x2 + y2 + 3x + 2y + 1 = 0, x2 + y2 – x +
……. (1)
6y + 5 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 5x – 8y + 15 = 0. Also
Solving (i), (ii) and (iii)we get g = –3, f = –2
find the equation of the circle cutting them
and c = –14
orthogonally.
Solution : Given circles are equation of required circle is
S1 x2 + y2 + 3x + 2y + 1 = 0 x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y – 14 = 0

S2 x2 + y2 – x + 6y + 5 = 0 Ans.
Do yourself -10 :
S3 x2 + y2 + 5x – 8y + 15 = 0
(i) Find the angle of intersection of two circle
Equations of two radical axes are
S : x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y + 11 = 0 & S' : x2 + y2
S1 – S2 4x – 4y – 4 = 0 or x – y – 1 = 0
–2x + 8y + 13 = 0
and
(ii) Find the equation of the radical axis of the
S2 – S3 – 6x + 14y – 10 = 0
circle x2 + y2 – 3x –4y + 5 = 0 and
or 3x – 7y + 5 = 0
3x2 + 3y2 – 7x – 8y + 11 = 0
Solving them the radical centre is (3, 2). Also,
(iii)Find the radius center three circles
if r is the length of the tangent drawn from the
described on the three sides 4x – 7y + 10 = 0,
radical centre (3, 2) to any one of the given
x + y – 5 = 0 and 7x + 4y – 15 = 0 of a
circles, say S1, we have
triangle as diameters.
S1  32  22  3.3  2.2  1  27

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 20
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
 15. SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS TO Solution : Solving the equations
REMEMBER : (2 + c)x + 5c2y = 1 and 3x + 5y = 1
(a) If the circle S1 = 0, bisects the  1  3x 
then (2 + c)x + 5c2   1
circumference of the circle S2 = 0, then  5 
their common chord will be the or (2 + c)x + c2 (1 – 3x) = 1
diameter of the circle S2 = 0 1  c2
 x
(b) The radius of the director circle of a 2  c  3c2
(1  c)(1  c) 1 c
given circle is 2 times the radius of the or x 
giver circle. (3c 2)(1  c) 3c  2
(c) The locus of the middle point of a chord 1 c 2
 x  lim or x 
c1 3c  2 5
of a circle subtend a right angle at a
given point will be a circle. 6
1
1  3x 5  1
(d) The length of side of an equilateral  y 
triangle inscribed in the circle x2 + y2 = a2 5 5 25
Therefore the centre of the required circle is
is 3a
(e) If the lengths of tangents from the  2 1 
 ,  but circle passes through (2, 0)
 5 25 
points A and B to a circle are 1 and  2
 Radius of the required circle
respectively, then if the points A and B
2 2

=   2      0  
are conjugate to each other, then 2 1 64 1 1601
 
(AB)2 = 12   22  5   25  25 625 625
(f) Length if transverse common tangent is Hence the required equation of the circle is
2 2
less then length of direct common  2  1  1601
x   y  
tangent.  5  25  625
2 2
Do yourself -11 : or 25x + 25y – 20x + 2y – 60 = 0
(i) When the circle x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y + 3 = 0 Ans.
and 2(x2 + y2) + 6x + 4y + c = 0 intersect
Illustration 25 : Two straight lines rotate about
orthogonal, then find the value of c is
two fixed points. If they start from their
(ii) Write the condition so that circles
position of coincidence such that one rotated at
x2 + y2 + 2ax + c = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2ay + c = 0
the rate double that of the other. Prove that the
touch externally.
locus of their point of intersection is a circle.
Solution : Let A  (–a, 0) and B  (a, 0) be two
Miscellaneous Illustrations :
fixed points.
Illustration 24 : Find the equation of a circle Let one line which rotates about B an angle 
which passes through the point (2, 0) and
with the x-axis at any time t and at that time the
whose centreis the limit of the point of
second line which rotates about A make an
intersection of the lines 3x + 5y = 1 and
angle 2 with x-axis.
(2 + c)x + 5c2y = 1 as c  1.
Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 21
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
Now equation of line through B and A are S1 x2 + y2 – 4y – 5 = 0
respectively S2 x2 + y2 + 12x + 4y + 31 = 0
S3 x2 + y2 + 6x + 12y + 36 = 0
Solution : For S1, centre = (0, 2) and radius = 3
For S2, centre = (–6, –2) and radius = 3
y – 0 = tan (x – a) ...... (i) For S3, centre = (–3, –6) and radius = 3
and y – 0 = tan2(x + a) ...... (ii) let P(a, b) be the centre of the circle passing
From (ii), through the centers of the three given circles,
2 tan 
y (x  a) then
1  tan 2 (a – 0)2 + (b – 2) 2 = (a + 6) 2 + (b + 2) 2
 2y   (a + 6) 2 – a2 = (b – 2) 2 – (b + 2) 2
 (x  a) 
 (2a + 6)6 = 2b(–4)
2  (x  a) (from(i))
1  y  2  6(a  3) 3
b   (a  3)
 (x  a) 
2
8 2
2y(x  a)(x  a) again (a–0) + (b– 2) = (a + 3) 2 + (b + 6)2
2 2

 y
(x  a) 2  y 2  (a + 3) 2 – a2 = (b – 2)2 – (b + 6)2
(2a + 3)3 = (2b + 4) (– 8)
 (x – a) 2 – y2 = 2(x2 – a2)
x2 + y2 + 2ax – 3a2 = 0  3 
or (2a + 3)3 = –16   (a  3)  2
which is the required locus.  2 
Illustration 26 : If the circle 6a + 9 = –8(–3a – 5)
x2 + y2 + 6x – 2y + k = 0 bisects the 6a + 9 = 24a + 40
circumference of the circle 18a = –31
x2 + y2 + 2x – 6y –15 = 0, then k = 31 23
a   ,b  
(A) 21 (B) –21 18 12
(C) 23 (D) –23 radius of the required circle
Solution : 2g2 (g1 – g2) + 2f2 (f1 – f2) = c1 – c2 2 2
 31   23  5
2(1) (3 – 1) + 2 (–3) (–1 + 3) = k + 15 =3+        2  3 949
 18   12  36
4 – 12 = k + 15 or –8 = k + 15  k = –23
 equation of the required circle is
Ans. (D) 2 2 2
 31   23   5 
 x     y    3
Illustration 27 : Find the equation of the circle 949 
of minimum radius which contains the three  18   12   36 
circles.
Illustration 28 : Find the equation of the image
of the circle x2 + y2 + 6x – 24y + 183 = 0 by the
line mirror 4x + 7y + 12 = 0
Solution : Centre of given circle = (–8, 12),
radius = 5

Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 22
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
the given line is 4x + 7y + 13 = 0
let the center of required circle is (h, k)
since radius will not change, so radius of
required circle is 5.
Now (h, k) is the reflection of center (–8, 12) in
the line 4x + 7y + 13 = 0
Also center of given circle is (3, 5) and circle
does not touch or intersect the coordinate axes
 r < CA & r < CB
CA = 5
CB = 3
 r<5 & r<3
 8  h 12  k 
Co-ordinates A   ,   r<3 & r2 < 9
 2 2 
r2 = 9 + 25 – k
4(8  h) 7(12  k)
   13  0  34 – k < 9
2 2
k > 25
– 32 + 4h + 84 + 7k + 26 = 0
 k(25, 29)
4h + 7k + 78 = 0 .….(i)
k  12 7
Also  Illustration 30 : The circle
h 8 4
x2 + y2 – 4x – 8y + 16 = 0 rolls up the tangent
4k – 48 = 7h + 56
4k = 7h + 104 ….(ii) to it at (2 + 3 ,3) by 2 units, find the equation
solving (i) & (ii) of the in the new position.
h = –16, k = –2 Solution :
 required circle is Given circle is x2 + y2 – 4x – 8y + 16 = 0
(x + 16) 2 + (y + 2) 2 = 52

Illustration 29 : The circle

x2 + y2 – 6x – 10y + k = 0 does not touch or
intersect the coordinate axes and the point
(1, 4) is inside the circle. Find the range of the
value of k.
Solution : since (1, 4) lies inside the circle let P  (2 + 3 ,3)
 S1 < 0 Equation of tangent to the circle at
 (1) 2 + (4)2 – 6(1) –10(4) + k < 0 P(2 + 3 ,3) will be
 k< 29
or (2 + 3 )x +3y – 2(x + 2 + 3 ) –4(y + 3) +
16 = 0
or 3x  y  2 3  0
Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 23
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
slope = 3 tan = 3  = 60° ANSWER FOR DO YOURSELF
line AB is parallel to the tangent at P
 3 5 3 10
coordinates of point B 1 : (i) Centre  ,   , Radius
= (2 + 2cos60°, 4 + 2sin60°) 4 4 4
thus B = (3, 4 + 3) (ii) 17(x2 + y2) + 2x – 44y = 0
p
radius of circle = 2  4  16  2
2 2
(iii) x = (1  2 cos ) ;
 equation of required circle is 2
p
(x – 3) 2 + (y – 4 – 3 )2 = 22 y = (1  2 sin )
2
Illustration 31 : A fixed circle is cut by a (iv) x + y2 + 6x – 2y –51 = 0
2

family of circles all of which, pass through two 2 : (i) (1, 2) lie inside the circle and the point
given points A(x1, y1)and B(x2, y2). Prove that (6 ,0) lies circle
the chord of intersection of the fixed circle with (ii)min = 0, max = 6, power = 0
any circle of the family passes through a fixed 3 : (i) xcos + ysin = a(1 + cos)
point.
Solution : Let S = 0 be the equation of fixed (ii) 4x – 3y + 7 = 0 & 4x – 3y – 43 = 0
circle  10 24 
(iii) 5x + 12y = ±26 ;   , 
 13 13 
(iv) 1
4 : (i)x + 2y = 1
405 3
5 : (i) 4x + 7y + 10 = 0 (ii) sq. units
52
let S1 = 0 be the equation of any circle through 6 : (i) 5x – 4y + 26 = 0
A and B (ii) x2 + y2 + gx + fy = 0
which intersect S = 0 in two points. 7 : (i) (x – h)2 + (y – k) 2 = 2a2
L S – S1 = 0 is the equation of the chord of (ii) 10
intersection (iii) angle between the tangents = 90°
of S = 0 and S1 = 0 10x 10y 12
8 : (ii) x 2  y2    0
let L1 = 0 be the equation of line AB 7 7 7
2 2
let S2 be the equation of the circle whose (iii) x + y + 4x – 7y + 5 = 0
diametrical ends are A(x1, y1) & B(x2, y2) 9 : (i) (x – 5) 2 + (y – 5)2 = 25 (ii) 4
thenS1 S2 –L1 = 0 10 : (i) 135° (ii) x + 2y = 2
 L  S – (S2 – L1) = 0 (iii) (1, 2)
or L  (S – S2) + L1 = 0 11 : (i) 18 (ii) a–2 + b–2 = C–1
or L L' + L1 = 0 ........(i)
(i) implies each chord of intersection passes
through the fixed point, which is the point of
intersection of lines L' = 0 & L1 = 0. Hence
proved.
Corporate Office: NAIVEDHYAM, Plot No. SP-11, Old INOX, Indra Vihar, Kota (Raj.) 324005 24
Call: 0744-2799900 Online Partner UNACADEMY
 2019

100 Percentile 99.99 Percentile 99.98 Percentile 99.98 Percentile 99.97 Percentile 99.97 Percentile 99.96 Percentile 99.96 Percentile
HIMANSHU GAURAV SINGH GAURAV KRISHAN GUPTA SARTHAK ROUT VIBHAV AGGARWAL RITVIK GUPTA BHAVYA JAIN AYUSH PATTNAIK SAYANTAN DHAR
2019 (*SDCCP) 2020 (DLP) 2020 (CCP) 2019 (CCP) 2020 (DLP) 2020 (CCP) 2019 (CCP) 2020 (DLP)