vi E D IT O R S N O T E ’

l o g i c mon ge r s the g r e a t bu l k of the el em en ta ry t ex t book s of

-

,
-

m a th em a ti c s h av e u n co n s c i o u sl y ass u m ed a v e r y r e pe l l en t fo r m
s ome t h i n g si m il a r to w h at i s t e r med in the t h eo r y of pr o t ec t i v e
m i m i c r y in b i o l o g y the t e r r i fy i n g fo r m “
A n d i t is m a i n l y to .

t h i s fo r m i dabl en e ss an d t o u c h m e n o t c h a r a ct e r o f e x t e r i o r co n
- -

ce al in g w i th a l a h a r m l es s bo dy t h a t th e u n du e n eg l ec t o f t ypi c al
,

m a th e m ati cal st u di e s i s to be at tr i b u t e d .

T o t h i s c l ass o f bo ok s the pr es en t w o r k fo r m s a no t a b l e e x
c eptio n . I t w as o ri g i nal l y i ss ue d a s n u m be r s 1 3 5 an d 1 4 0 o f th e
L i b r ar y o f U s ef u l Kn o w l edge an d i s u s u al l y b o u n d u p w i t h

D e M o r g an s l a r g e Trea t is e o n th e D if eren t za la n d I n t eg ra l
' ’

Cal cu l us I ts st y l e i s flu en t an d f a m il i a r ; the t r e a t men t

c o n ti n u o u s an d u n do g m a ti c T he m ai n di ffi cu l ti e s w h i c h e n co m
.

pass the e a r l y s t u dy O f th e C al cu l u s are a n al y s ed an d di s cu sse d in

c o n n e x i o n w i t h pr a c ti c a l an d h ist o r i c a l il l u str a ti o n s w h i c h in po i n t

o f si m pl i c i t y an d c l e a r n e ss l e a v e l i ttl e to b e de si r e d N o on e w ho .

w il l r e a d the b oo k t h r o u g h pen c i l in h a n d w i l l r i s e f r o m i ts pe r u
, ,

sal w i th ou t a c l e a r pe r cepti o n o f the aim an d the si m pl e r fu n da

men t alpri n c i pl e s of the C a l cu l u s o r w i t h o u t fi n di n g t h at the pro ,

fo u n der s t u dy o f t he s c i e n ce in the m o r e a dv a n ced an d mo r e

m e t h o di cal t r e a tis e s h a s b een g r eatl y f a ci l i t a t e d .

T he bo o k h a s be e n r epri n t ed s u b st a n ti a l l y as i t st ood in i ts
o ri g i n al fo r m ; b u t th e t ypo g r a p h y h as b een g r e a tl y i m pr o v ed an d ,

in o r de r to r e n de r the s u bj e c t m at t e r m o r e s y n o ti c in fo r m and
p
-

m o r e capa b l e o f s u r v ey th e t e x t h a s b ee n re pa r a gra ph ed an d a
.
-

g r eat n u m be r o f de s cr i pti v e su b h eadi n g s h a v e been i n tr o du ced a -

l i s t o f w h i c h w i l l be fo u n d in t he C on t en ts o f the bo ok An i n de x .

al so h as been a dde d .

P ers on s de si r o u s o f co n ti n u i n g t h e ir st u di e s in th is b r an c h o f
m a th e m a ti c s w il l find a t th e en d o f th e t e x t a b i b l i o g r a ph y o f th e
,

pr i n c i pa l E n g l is h F r en c h an d G e r m a n w o r k s o n the s u bj
, , ec t as ,

w el la s o f the m ai n C o l l ec ti o n s o f E x a m pl e s F r o m the i nfo r m a .

t i o n t h e r e g i v en t h ey may be ab l e to s el
, ec t w h a t w i l l s u i t th e i r

s pec i a l n eeds .

T H O MAS M C C OR M AC K .

LA S AL L E , I l A u g u st
l .
, , 1 8 99 .
 C ON TEN TS

O n t he R a ti o or P ropo r ti o n o f T wo M ag n i t u des
O n th e R a ti o o f M a g n i t u de s t h a t V an i s h T o g e th e r
O n t he R a ti o s of C o n ti n u o u sl y I n c r e a si n g o r D ec r e a si n g Qu an
ti ti e s
T he N o ti o n o f I n fin ite l y S m a l l Qu a n ti ti e s
O n F u n c ti o n s .

I nfin i te S er ies .

C o n v e r g en t an d D i v e r g en t S e r i e s
T ay l o r s T h eo r e m D e r i v ed F u n c ti o n s
’
.

D ifiere n tial
l
C o e ffic i en ts
The N o t ati o n o f the D i ffe r en ti a C al cu lu s
A l g eb r a i calG eo m e try
O n th e C o n n e x i o n o f the S i g n s o f A l g ebr a i ca l an d the D i rc e
ti on s o f G eo me t ri c a l M a g n i t u de s .

T he D r aw i n g o f a T an g e n t t o a C u rv e
R a ti o n al E x pl an a ti o n o f the L an g u a g e o f L ei bn i tz
O r ders o f I n fin i t y
A G eo m e tr i c a l I l l u st r a ti o n : L i m i t of the I n t e r s ecti o n s o f T w o
C o i n c i di n g S tr ai g h t L i n e s
T he S am e P r o b l e m S ol v ed by the P rin cip les o f L e i bn i t z

A n I l l u str a ti o n f r o m D y n a m i cs ; V e l o c i t y A cce l e r a ti o n e tc
, , .

S i mple H a r m on i c M o ti o n .

T he M e t h o d o f F l u x i o n s
A ccel era t ed M o ti o n .

L i m i ti n g R ati os o f M a g n i t u de s t h a t I n cr ease Wi th o u t L i m i t .

R ec a pi t u l a ti on of R e s u l ts R e a c h ed in the T h eo r y of F u n c ti o n s .

A ppr o x i ma ti o n s by the D ifie re n tial C al cu l u s

S o l u ti o n o f E q u a ti o n s by the D ifiere n tialC al cu l u s

P a r ti al an d T o ta l D ifiere n tial s
 T H E D I F F E RE NT I AL A N D I NT E G RA L C A L C U LU S .
9

near to i t a s we p l e as e by b ri n gin g B sufficien tl y ne ar

,

to A .

S o m uch for the m a gni tudes wh i ch com p o se th e

fi g ure : we pro ceed to co n s ider t hei r rati o s prem i s in g ,

th at the arc A B i s greater th an th e chord A B an d ,

les s th an BN N A Th e tri an gle E M A bein g alwa y s

.

si m il ar t o O D A thei r S ides ch an ge alwa y s i n the s am e

,

p ro p orti on an d th e si des of the fi rs t d ecre ase wi th

o u t l i m i t wh i ch is the case wi th o nly o ne side o f the
,

se co nd A n d S in ce O A a nd O D diffe r by D C wh ich
.
,

di m i ni sh es w i th ou t l i m i t a s co m p are d wi th OA th e ,

rati o O D O A i s a n in cre asin g rat i o wh o s e li m i t i s 1 .

But OD O A = BM BA We can therefore b ring .

B s o ne ar to A th at B M and B A sh all di ffer by a s

s m al l a frac t i on o f ei ther of the m as we p le as e .

To i ll ustrate th i s res ul t from th e t ri gon o m etri cal

t able s o b serve th at i f th e radi us O A b e the l ine a r
,

uni t an d A BO A d B M an d BA are re spectively

,
z
,
'

sin d an d Z S in i d L e t the n sin

an d 2 5 in § 9 = 0 1 7 4 5 3 0 ; wh en ce 2 si n % 0 —
.

si n 0
1 00003 very ne arly s o th a t B M d i ffers fro m B A by
-

l e ss th an fou r o f i ts own h un dred tho u sand th p arts -

.

I f A B O A = 4 the sam e rati o i s 1 0000002 d i fferin g

’
, ,

fro m uni ty by less th an th e hu ndred th p art o f the

di fferen ce in th e l as t e x am p l e .

A g ai n since D A di m in i she s con ti n u all y an d wi th

,

o u t l i mi t wh i ch i s no t th e case ei the r w i th O D or
,

OA th e rati o s O D
, D A an d 0 A D A i n crea se wi th
out limit The se a re respectively e q u al t o B M
. MA
an d B A M A ; when ce i t ap pe ars th a t let a n u m ber ,

he eve r s o gre at B ca n b e b rou gh t s o ne ar to A th at

, ,

B M and BA sh all e ach con tain M A m ore ti m e s th a n

there are uni ts i n th a t n u m ber Thu s i f 4 B O A . :

BM M A = 1 1 4 5 8 9 and B A '
M A = 1 1 4 6 93 ver y ~