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    Fdocuments - in - Api 571 Part 1

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    Fdocuments - in - Api 571 Part 1

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    Fdocuments - in - Api 571 Part 1

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    of 21

    4.

    3 Uniform or Localized
    Loss of Thickness
    均匀与局部厚度减薄
    4.3 Unifor m or Localized Los s of Thick ness
    均匀或局部厚度损失
    4.3.1 Galvanic Corrosion
    4.3.2 Atmospheric Corrosion
    4.3.3 Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)
    4.3.4 Cooling Water Corrosion
    4.3.5 Boiler Water Condensate Corrosion
    4.3.6 CO2 Corrosion
    4.3.7 Flue-Gas Dew-Point Corrosion
    4.3.8 Microbiologically Induced Corrosion (MIC)
    4.3.9 Soil Corrosion
    4.3.10 Caustic Corrosion
    4.3.11 Dealloying
    4.3.12 Graphitic Corrosion
    2013- API570 Examin ati on 2013-API510 Exami nati on
    Par. 3 – Definitions Par. 3. - Definitions
    4.2.7 – Brittle Fracture 4.2.3 – Temper Embrittlement
    4.2.9 – Thermal Fatigue 4.2.7 – Brittle Fracture
    4.2.14 – Erosion/Erosion Corrosion 4.2.9 – Thermal Fatigue
    4.2.16 – Mechanical Fatigue 4.2.14 – Erosion/Erosion-Corrosion
    4.2.17 – Vibration-Induced Fatigue 4.2.16 – Mechanical Failure
    4.3.1 – Galvanic Corrosion 4.3.2 – Atmospheric Corrosion
    4.3.2 – Atmospheric Corrosion 4.3.3 – Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)
    4.3.3 – Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) 4.3.4 – Cooling Water Corrosion
    4.3.5 – Boiler Water Condensate Corrosion 4.3.5 – Boiler Water Condensate Corrosion
    4.3.7 – Flue Gas Dew Point Corrosion 4.3.10 – Caustic Corrosion
    4.3.8 – Microbiological Induced Corrosion (MIC) 4.4.2 – Sulfidation
    4.3.9 – Soil Corrosion 4.5.1 – Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (Cl-SCC)
    4.4.2 – Sulfidation 4.5.2 – Corrosion Fatigue
    4.5.1 – Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (Cl-SCC) 4.5.3 – Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking
    4.5.3 – Caustic Stress corrosion Cracking 5.1.2.3 – Wet H2S Damage (Blister/HIC/SOHIC/SCC)
    5.1.3.1 – High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTTA) 5.1.3.1 – High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA)
    电偶腐蚀
    4.3.1 Galv anic Cor ro sion
    4.3.1.1 Description of Damage
    A form of corrosion that can occur at the junction of dissimilar metals when
    they are joined together in a suitable electrolyte, such as a moist or aqueous
    environment, or soils containing moisture.

    4.3.1.2 Affected Material


    All metals with the exception of most noble metals.
    4.3.1.3 Critical Factors 关键因素
    a) For galvanic corrosion, three conditions must be met:
    1. Presence of an electrolyte, a fluid that can conduct a current. Moisture
    or a separate water phase is usually required for the solution to have
    enough conductivity.
    2. Two different materials or alloys known as the anode and the cathode,
    in contact with an electrolyte.
    3. An electrical connection must exist between the anode and the
    cathode.
    b) The more noble material (cathode) is protected by sacrificial corrosion of
    the more active material (anode). The anode corrodes at a higher rate than
    it would if it were not connected to the cathode.
    c) A typical listing of the relative position of alloys in seawater is shown in
    Table 4-6.
    d) The farther the alloys are apart in the table, the higher the driving force for
    corrosion.
    e) The relative exposed surface areas between anodic material and the
    cathodic material has a significant affect.

    1. Corrosion rates of the anode can be high, if there is a small anode to


    cathode ratio.
    2. Corrosion rates of the anode will be less affected if there is a large
    anode to cathode ratio.
    3. If there is a galvanic couple, the more noble material may need to be
    coated. If the active material were coated, a large cathode to anode
    area can accelerate corrosion of the anode at any breaks in the coating.
    4. The same alloy may act as both an anode and a cathode due to
    surface films, scale, and/or local environment (for example, old steel
    pipe connected to new steel pipe).
    4.3.1.4 Affected Units or Equipment 影响单元/设备
    a) Galvanic corrosion can occur in any unit where there is a conductive fluid
    and alloys are coupled. Heat exchangers are susceptible if the tube material
    is different from the tubesheet and/or baffles, particularly if salt water
    cooling is utilized.
    b) Buried pipelines, electrical transmission support towers and ship hulls are
    typical locations for galvanic corrosion.
    Galvanic corrosion can occur in any unit where there is a conductive fluid
    and alloys are coupled. Heat exchangers are susceptible if the tube material
    is different from the tubesheet and/or baffles, particularly if salt water
    cooling is utilized.
    4.3.1.5 Appearance or Morphology of Damage 破坏外观形
    a) Damage occurs where two materials are joined at welded or bolted
    connections.
    b) The more active material can suffer generalized loss in thickness or may
    have the appearance of a crevice, groove or pitting corrosion, depending on
    the driving force, conductivity and relative anodic/cathodic areas ratio.
    c) Corrosion of the anode may be significantly higher immediately adjacent to
    the connection to the cathode, depending on solution conductivity
    (Figure 4-70 and Figure 4-71).
    Figure 4-71 – Galvanic corrosion of a carbon steel nipple in a SS vessel in warm water service.
    4.3.1.6 Prevention / Mitigation 预防/缓解
    a) The best method for prevention/mitigation is through good design.
    b) Differing alloys should not be in intimate contact in conductive
    environments unless the anode/cathode surface area ratio is favorable.
    c) Coatings can be helpful, but the more noble material should be coated.
    d) For piping, specially designed electric insulating bolt sleeves and gaskets
    can eliminate the electrical connection.
    e) Galvanic corrosion is the principle used in galvanized steel, where the Zn
    corrodes preferentially to protect the underlying carbon steel. (If there is a
    break in the galvanized coating, a large anode to small cathode area
    prevents accelerated corrosion of the steel). This anode-to-cathode
    relationship reverses at water temperatures over about 150 F (66 C).
    ° °
    4.3.1.7 Inspection and Monitoring
    Visual inspection and UT thickness gauging are very effective methods for
    detecting galvanic corrosion. The damage may sometimes be hidden
    underneath a bolt or rivet head.

    4.3.1.8 Related Mechanisms


    Soil corrosion (see 4.3.9).
    This anode-to-cathode relationship reverses at water temperatures over about
    150oF (66oC).

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