Code Pages 4
Code Pages 4
Code Pages 4
2 REFERENCES
The following standard contains provisions, which
through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this standard. At the time of publication, the edition
indicated was valid. All standards are subject to
revision, and parties to agreements based on this
standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility
of applying the most recent edition of the standard
indicated.
IS No. Title
15498 : 2004 Guidelines for improving the
cyclonic resistance of low rise houses
and other buildings/structures
3 NOTATIONS
3.1 The following notations shall be followed unless
otherwise specified in relevant clauses. Notations have
been defined in the text at their first appearance. A few
of the notations have more than one definition, having
been used for denoting different variables:
A = surface area of a structure or part of a
structure;
Ae = effective frontal area;
Az = the effective frontal area of the building at
height z;
b = breadth of a structure or structural member
normal to the wind stream in the horizontal
plane;
Bs = background factor;
Cd = drag coefficient;
Cfd' = force coefficient;
Cfn = normal force coefficient;
Cft = transverse force coefficient;
Cf' = frictional drag coefficient;
Cp = pressure coefficient;
Cpe = external pressure coefficient;
Cpi = internal pressure coefficient;
Cfs = cross-wind force spectrum coefficient;
Cf, z = drag force coefficient of the building
corresponding to the area Az;
C = coefficient, which depends on s, used in the
evaluation of k3 factor;
d = depth of a structure or structural member
parallel to wind stream in the horizontal
plane;
dw = wake width;
D = diameter of cylinder or sphere;
E = wind energy factor;
Fz = along wind load on the building/structure at
any height z;
F = force normal to the surface;
fa = first mode natural frequency of the building/
structure in along wind direction in Hz;
fc = first mode natural frequency of the building/
structure in across wind direction in Hz;
fs = vortex shedding frequency;
Fn = normal force;
Ft = transverse force;
F' = frictional force;
G = gust factor;
gR = peak factor for resonant response;
gv = peak factor for upwind velocity fluctuations;
h = height of structure above mean ground level;
hx = height of development of a velocity profile
at a distance x down wind from a change in
terrain category;
Hs = height factor for resonant response;
H = height above mean ground level on the
topography feature;
I = turbulence intensity;
Ih,i = turbulence intensity at height h in terrain
category i;
Iz,i = turbulence intensity at height z in terrain
category i;
IF = interference factor;
k = mode shape power exponent;
k1, k2, = wind speed modification factors;
k3, k4
2,i k = hourly mean wind speed factor;
K = force coefficient multiplication factor for
individual members of finite length;
Ka = area averaging factor;
Kc = combination factor;
Kd = wind directionality factor;
l = length of the member or larger horizontal
dimension of a building;
L = actual length of upwind slope;
Le = effective length of upwind slope;
Lh = integral turbulence length scale at the height
h;
m0 = average mass per unit height of the structure;
Ma = design peak along wind base bending
moment;
Mc = design peak across wind base bending
moment;
N = effective reduced frequency;
pd = design wind pressure;